. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as:Arch Virol. 2016 May 23;161(8):2351–2360. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2880-1

TAXONOMY OF THE ORDERMONONEGAVIRALES: UPDATE 2016

Claudio L Afonso¹,Gaya K Amarasinghe^2,^#,Krisztián Bányai^3,⁴,Yīmíng Bào⁵,Christopher F Basler^6,^#,Sina Bavari^7,^#,Nicolás Bejerman^8,⁹,Kim R Blasdell^10,^&,François-Xavier Briand¹¹,Thomas Briese^12,^$,Alexander Bukreyev^13,^#,Charles H Calisher^14,^&,Kartik Chandran^15,^#,Jiāsēn Chéng¹⁶,Anna N Clawson¹⁷,Peter L Collins^18,^{^},Ralf G Dietzgen^19,^†,^‡,^&,Olga Dolnik^20,^#,Leslie L Domier^21,^‡,Ralf Dürrwald^22,^$,John M Dye^7,^#,Andrew J Easton^23,^†,^{^},Hideki Ebihara^24,^#,Szilvia L Farkas³,Juliana Freitas-Astúa²⁵,Pierre Formenty^26,^#,Ron A M Fouchier^27,^{^},Yànpíng Fù¹⁶,Elodie Ghedin^28,^‡,Michael M Goodin²⁹,Roger Hewson^30,^#,Masayuki Horie^31,^$,Timothy H Hyndman³²,Dàohóng Jiāng^16,^‡,Elliot W Kitajima³³,Gary P Kobinger^34,^#,Hideki Kondo^35,^&,Gael Kurath^36,^†,^{^,}^&,Robert A Lamb^37,^38,^{^},Sergio Lenardon⁸,Eric M Leroy^39,^#,Ci-Xiu Li^40,⁴¹,Xian-Dan Lin⁴²,Lìjiāng Liú¹⁶,Ben Longdon^43,^&,Szilvia Marton³,Andrea Maisner^20,^{^},Elke Mühlberger^44,^#,Sergey V Netesov^45,^#,Norbert Nowotny^46,^47,^$,^†,Jean L Patterson^48,^#,Susan L Payne^49,^$,Janusz T Paweska^50,^#,Rick E Randall^51,^{^},Bertus K Rima^52,^†,^{^},Paul Rota^53,^{^},Dennis Rubbenstroth^54,^$,^†,Martin Schwemmle^54,^$,Mang Shi⁴⁰,Sophie J Smither^55,^#,Mark D Stenglein⁵⁶,David M Stone^57,^&,Ayato Takada^58,^#,Calogero Terregino⁵⁹,Robert B Tesh^13,^&,Jun-Hua Tian⁶⁰,Keizo Tomonaga^61,^$,Noël Tordo^62,^$,Jonathan S Towner^63,^#,Nikos Vasilakis^13,^†,^‡,^&,Martin Verbeek⁶⁴,Viktor E Volchkov^65,^#,Victoria Wahl-Jensen^66,^#,John A Walsh²³,Peter J Walker^10,^†,^&,David Wang^67,^‡,Lin-Fa Wang^68,^69,^{^},Thierry Wetzel⁷⁰,Anna E Whitfield^71,^&,Jiǎtāo Xiè¹⁶,Kwok-Yung Yuen⁷²,Yong-Zhen Zhang⁴⁰,Jens H Kuhn^17,^$,^#,^†,^‡,^*

¹Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA

²Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

³LABOKLIN, Bad Kissingen, Germany

⁴Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

⁵Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

⁶Center for Microbial Pathogenesis; Institute for Biomedical Sciences; Georgia State University; Atlanta, GA, USA

⁷United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA

⁸Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina

⁹Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina

¹⁰CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

¹¹French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, Ploufragan, France

¹²Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

¹³Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA

¹⁴Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

¹⁵Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

¹⁶State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Húběi Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huázhōng Agricultural University, Wǔhàn, China

¹⁷Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA

¹⁸Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

¹⁹Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia

²⁰Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany

²¹Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Illinois, USA

²²IDT Biologika, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany

²³School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

²⁴Rocky Mountain Laboratories Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA

²⁵Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil

²⁶World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

²⁷Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

²⁸Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA

²⁹Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

³⁰Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Salisbury, UK

³¹Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan

³²Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

³³Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada a Agricultura, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

³⁴Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

³⁵Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan

³⁶US Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

³⁷Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA

³⁸Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA

³⁹Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Franceville, Gabon

⁴⁰State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control; National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Běijīng, China

⁴¹Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hángzhōu, China

⁴²Wēnzhōu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wēnzhōu, China

⁴³Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

⁴⁴Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

⁴⁵Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia

⁴⁶Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria

⁴⁷Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

⁴⁸Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA

⁴⁹Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

⁵⁰Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa

⁵¹Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK

⁵²Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK

⁵³National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

⁵⁴Institute for Virology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

⁵⁵CBR Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK

⁵⁶Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

⁵⁷Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth, Dorset, UK

⁵⁸Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan

⁵⁹Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, National/OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Legnaro, Padova, Italy

⁶⁰Wǔhàn Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wǔhàn, China

⁶¹Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

⁶²Institut Pasteur, Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers and Arboviruses, OIE Reference Laboratory for RVFV & CCHFV, Paris, France & Conakry, Guinea

⁶³Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

⁶⁴Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

⁶⁵Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France

⁶⁶National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA

⁶⁷Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

⁶⁸Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

⁶⁹Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore

⁷⁰DLR Rheinpfalz, Institute of Plant Protection, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany

⁷¹Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas, USA

⁷²State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Corresponding author: JHK: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Phone: +1-301-631-7245; Fax: +1-301-631-7389;kuhnjens@mail.nih.gov

The members of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)Bornaviridae Study Group;

The members of the ICTVFiloviridae Study Group;

^†

The members of the ICTVMononegavirales Study Group;

^‡

The members of the ICTVNyamiviridae Study Group;

^{^}

The members of the ICTVParamyxoviridae Study Group

The members of the ICTVRhabdoviridae Study Group

Issue date 2016 Aug.

PMC Copyright notice

PMCID: PMC4947412 NIHMSID: NIHMS792850 PMID:27216929

Abstract

In 2016, the orderMononegavirales was emended through the addition of two new families (Mymonaviridae andSunviridae), the elevation of the paramyxoviral subfamilyPneumovirinae to family status (Pneumoviridae), the addition of five free-floating genera (Anphevirus, Arlivirus, Chengtivirus, Crustavirus, andWastrivirus), and several other changes at the genus and species levels. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

Keywords:Anphevirus,Arlivirus,Bornaviridae,Chengtivirus,Crustavirus,Filoviridae, ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, mononegavirad,Mononegavirales, mononegavirus,Mymonaviridae,Nyamiviridae,Paramyxoviridae,Pneumoviridae,Rhabdoviridae,Sunviridae, virus classification, virus nomenclature, virus taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

The viral orderMononegavirales was established in 1991 to accommodate related viruses with nonsegmented, linear, single-stranded negative-sense RNA genomes. These viruses were initially assigned to three mononegaviral families:Filoviridae,Paramyxoviridae, andRhabdoviridae [20,21]. In subsequent years, these families continued to grow through the inclusion of numerous novel species and genera, and the order was therefore emended in 1995 [4], 1997 [23], 2000 [24], 2005 [25], and 2011 [8]. The familiesBornaviridae andNyamiviridae joined the other three mononegaviral families in 1996 [22] and 2014 [1,11], respectively. In 2015, the Study Groups of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) responsible for the taxonomy of the order and its five families embarked on a joint effort to assign unclassified mononegaviruses to existing or novel taxa and to streamline order nomenclature. Here we present a brief overview of the first round of these efforts, which by now is accepted by the ICTV Executive Committee and, thereby, is official taxonomy.

TAXONOMIC CHANGES AT THE ORDER LEVEL

In recent years, several mononegaviruses have been described that are only distantly related to the members of the families Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, Nyamiviridae, Paramyxoviridae, andRhabdoviridae. These viruses include Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (SsNSRV-1) found in an ascomycete in China [16]; Sunshine Coast virus (SunCV; previously called Sunshine virus) isolated from Australian carpet pythons [10]; and Líshí spider virus 2 (LsSV-2), Sānxiá water strider virus 4 (SxWSV-4), Tǎchéng tick virus 6 (TcTV-6), Wēnzhōu crab virus 1 (WzCV-1), and Xīnchéng mosquito virus (XcMV) detected in Chinese arthropods [15]. To accommodate these viruses in the order and to appropriately reflect their phylogenetic relationships to other mononegaviral taxa, two new families and four free-floating genera were established:Mymonaviridae (accommodating SsNSRV-1),Sunviridae (SunCV),Anphevirus (XcMV),Arlivirus (LsSV-2),Chengtivirus (TcTV-6),Crustavirus (WzCV-1), andWastrivirus (SxWSV-4). In addition, the paramyxoviral subfamilyPneumovirinae was elevated to family status (Pneumoviridae) because the members of this taxon are as closely related to filoviruses as to the members of the paramyxoviral subfamilyParamxyovirinae (now dissolved) (Table 1).

Table 1. Taxonomy of the orderMononegavirales as of 2016.

Listed are all mononegaviruses that have been classified into species. Asterisks denote type species.

Genus	Species	Virus (Abbreviation)
FamilyBornaviridae
Bornavirus	Elapid 1 bornavirus	Loveridge’s garter snake virus 1 (LGSV-1)
	Mammalian 1 bornavirus*	Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1)
		Borna disease virus 2 (BoDV-2)
	Passeriform 1 bornavirus	canary bornavirus 1 (CnBV-1)
		canary bornavirus 2 (CnBV-2)
		canary bornavirus 3 (CnBV-3)
	Passeriform 2 bornavirus	estrildid finch bornavirus 1 (EsBV-1)
	Psittaciform 1 bornavirus	parrot bornavirus 1 (PaBV-1)
		parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2)
		parrot bornavirus 3 (PaBV-3)
		parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4)
		parrot bornavirus 7 (PaBV-7)
	Psittaciform 2 bornavirus	parrot bornavirus 5 (PaBV-5)
	Waterbird 1 bornavirus	aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1)
		aquatic bird bornavirus 2 (ABBV-2)
FamilyFiloviridae
Cuevavirus	Lloviu cuevavirus*	Lloviu virus (LLOV)
Ebolavirus	Bundibugyo ebolavirus	Bundibugyo virus (BDBV)
	Reston ebolavirus	Reston virus (RESTV)
	Sudan ebolavirus	Sudan virus (SUDV)
	Taï Forest ebolavirus	Taï Forest virus (TAFV)
	Zaire ebolavirus*	Ebola virus (EBOV)
Marburgvirus	Marburg marburgvirus*	Marburg virus (MARV)
		Ravn virus (RAVV)
FamilyMymonaviridae
Sclerotimonavirus	Sclerotinia sclerotimonavirus*	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (SsNSRV-1)
FamilyNyamiviridae
Nyavirus	Midway nyavirus	Midway virus (MIDWV)
	Nyamanini nyavirus*	Nyamanini virus (NYMV)
	Sierra Nevada nyavirus	Sierra Nevada virus (SNVV)
Socyvirus	Soybean cyst nematode socyvirus*	soybean cyst nematode virus 1 (SbCNV-1)
FamilyParamyxoviridae
Aquaparamyxovirus	Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus*	Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (AsaPV)
Avulavirus	Avian paramyxovirus 2	avian paramyxovirus 2 (APMV-2)
	Avian paramyxovirus 3	avian paramyxovirus 3 (APMV-3)
	Avian paramyxovirus 4	avian paramyxovirus 4 (APMV-4)
	Avian paramyxovirus 5	avian paramyxovirus 5 (APMV-5)
	Avian paramyxovirus 6	avian paramyxovirus 6 (APMV-6)
	Avian paramyxovirus 7	avian paramyxovirus 7 (APMV-7)
	Avian paramyxovirus 8	avian paramyxovirus 8 (APMV-8)
	Avian paramyxovirus 9	avian paramyxovirus 9 (APMV-9)
	Avian paramyxovirus 10	avian paramyxovirus 10 (APMV-10)
	Avian paramyxovirus 11	avian paramyxovirus 11 (APMV-11)
	Avian paramyxovirus 12	avian paramyxovirus 12 (APMV-12)
	Newcastle disease virus*	avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1)¹
Ferlavirus	Fer-de-Lance paramyxovirus*	Fer-de-Lance virus (FDLV)²
Henipavirus	Cedar henipavirus	Cedar virus (CedV)
	Ghanaian bat henipavirus	Kumasi virus (KV)³
	Hendra virus*	Hendra virus (HeV)
	Mojiang henipavirus	Mòjiâng virus (MojV)
	Nipah virus	Nipah virus (NiV)
Morbillivirus	Canine distemper virus	canine distemper virus (CDV)
	Cetacean morbillivirus	cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV)
	Feline morbillivirus	feline morbillivirus (FeMV)⁴
	Measles virus*	measles virus (MeV)
	Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus	peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV)
	Phocine distemper virus	phocine distemper virus (PDV)
	Rinderpest virus	rinderpest virus (RPV)
Respirovirus	Bovine parainfluenza virus 3	bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3)
	Human parainfluenza virus 1	human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV-1)
	Human parainfluenza virus 3	human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3)⁵
	Porcine parainfluenza virus 1	porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV-1)
	Sendai virus*	Sendai virus (SeV)⁶
Rubulavirus	Human parainfluenza virus 2	human parainfluenza virus 2 (HPIV-2)
	Human parainfluenza virus 4	human parainfluenza virus 4a (HPIV-4a)
		human parainfluenza virus 4b (HPIV-4b)
	Mapuera virus	Mapuera virus (MapV)
	Mumps virus*	mumps virus (MuV)
		bat mumps virus (BMV)⁷
	Parainfluenza virus 5	parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV-5)⁸
	Porcine rubulavirus	La Piedad Michoacán Mexico virus (LPMV)⁹
	Simian virus 41	simian virus 41 (SV-41)
FamilyPneumoviridae
Metapneumovirus	Avian metapneumovirus*	avian metapneumovirus (AMPV)¹⁰
	Human metapneumovirus	human metapneumovirus (HMPV)
Orthopneumovirus	Bovine respiratory syncytial virus	bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
	Human respiratory syncytial virus*	human respiratory syncytial virus A2 (HRSV-A2)
		human respiratory syncytial virus B1 (HRSV-B1)
		human respiratory syncytial virus S2 (HRSV-S2)
	Murine pneumonia virus	murine pneumonia virus (MPV)
FamilyRhabdoviridae
Cytorhabdovirus	Alfalfa dwarf cytorhabdovirus	alfalfa dwarf virus (ADV)
	Barley yellow striate mosaic cytorhabdovirus	barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV)
	Broccoli necrotic yellows cytorhabdovirus	broccoli necrotic yellows virus (BNYV)
	Festuca leaf streak cytorhabdovirus	festuca leaf streak virus (FLSV)
	Lettuce necrotic yellows cytorhabdovirus*	lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV)
	Lettuce yellow mottle cytorhabdovirus	lettuce yellow mottle virus (LYMoV)
	Northern cereal mosaic cytorhabdovirus	northern cereal mosaic virus (NCMV)
	Sonchus cytorhabdovirus 1	sonchus virus (SonV)
	Strawberry crinkle cytorhabdovirus	strawberry crinkle virus (SCV)
	Wheat American striate mosaic cytorhabdovirus	wheat American striate mosaic virus (WASMV)
Dichorhavirus	Coffee ringspot dichorhavirus	coffee ringspot virus (CoRSV)
	Orchid fleck dichorhavirus*	orchid fleck virus (OFV)¹¹
Ephemerovirus	Adelaide River ephemerovirus	Adelaide River virus (ARV)
	Berrimah ephemerovirus	Berrimah virus (BRMV)
	Bovine fever ephemerovirus*	bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV)¹²
	Kotonkan ephemerovirus	kotonkan virus (KOTV)
	Obodhiang ephemerovirus	Obodhiang virus (OBOV)
Lyssavirus	Aravan lyssavirus	Aravan virus (ARAV)
	Australian bat lyssavirus	Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV)
	Bokeloh bat lyssavirus	Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV)
	Duvenhage lyssavirus	Duvenhage virus (DUVV)
	European bat 1 lyssavirus	European bat lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1)
	European bat 2 lyssavirus	European bat lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2)
	Ikoma lyssavirus	Ikoma lyssavirus (IKOV)
	Irkut lyssavirus	Irkut virus (IRKV)
	Khujand lyssavirus	Khujand virus (KHUV)
	Lagos bat lyssavirus	Lagos bat virus (LBV)
	Mokola lyssavirus	Mokola virus (MOKV)
	Rabies lyssavirus*	rabies virus (RABV)
	Shimoni bat lyssavirus	Shimoni bat virus (SHIBV)
	West Caucasian bat lyssavirus	West Caucasian bat virus (WCBV)
Novirhabdovirus	Hirame novirhabdovirus	Hirame rhabdovirus (HIRV)
	Oncorhynchus 1 novirhabdovirus*	infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)
	Oncorhynchus 2 novirhabdovirus	viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV)¹³
	Snakehead novirhabdovirus	snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV)
Nucleorhabdovirus	Datura yellow vein nucleorhabdovirus	datura yellow vein virus (DYVV)
	Eggplant mottled dwarf nucleorhabdovirus	eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV)
	Maize fine streak nucleorhabdovirus	maize fine streak virus (MSFV)
	Maize Iranian mosaic nucleorhabdovirus	maize Iranian mosaic virus (MIMV)
	Maize mosaic nucleorhabdovirus	maize mosaic virus (MMV)
	Potato yellow dwarf nucleorhabdovirus*	potato yellow dwarf virus (PYDV)
	Rice yellow stunt nucleorhabdovirus	rice yellow stunt virus (RYSV)
		rice transitory yellowing virus (RTYV)
	Sonchus yellow net nucleorhabdovirus	sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV)
	Sowthistle yellow vein nucleorhabdovirus	sowthistle yellow vein virus (SYVV)
	Taro vein chlorosis nucleorhabdovirus	taro vein chlorosis virus (TaVCV)
Perhabdovirus	Anguillid perhabdovirus	eel virus European X (EVEX)
	Perch perhabdovirus*	perch rhabdovirus (PRV)
	Sea trout perhabdovirus	lake trout rhabdovirus (LTRV)
Sigmavirus	Drosophila affinis sigmavirus	Drosophila affinis sigmavirus (DAffSV)
	Drosophila ananassae sigmavirus	Drosophila ananassae sigmavirus (DAnaSV)
	Drosophila immigrans sigmavirus	Drosophila immigrans sigmavirus (DImmSV)
	Drosophila melanogaster sigmavirus*	Drosophila melanogaster sigmavirus (DMelSV)
	Drosophila obscura sigmavirus	Drosophila obscura sigmavirus (DObsSV)
	Drosophila tristis sigmavirus	Drosophila tristis sigmavirus (DTriSV
	Muscina stabulans sigmavirus	Muscina stabulans sigmavirus (MStaSV)
Sprivivirus	Carp sprivivirus*	spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV)
	Pike fry sprivivirus	grass carp rhabdovirus (GrCRV)
		pike fry rhabdovirus (PFRV)
		Tench rhabdovirus (TenRV)
Tibrovirus	Coastal Plains tibrovirus	Coastal Plains virus (CPV)
	Tibrogargan tibrovirus*	Bivens Arm virus (BAV)
		Tibrogargan virus (TIBV)
Tupavirus	Durham tupavirus*	Durham virus (DURV)
	Tupaia tupavirus	tupaia virus (TUPV)
Varicosavirus	Lettuce big-vein associated varicosavirus*	lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV)¹⁴
Vesiculovirus	Alagoas vesiculovirus	vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus (VSAV)
	Carajas vesiculovirus	Carajás virus (CJSV)
	Chandipura vesiculovirus	Chandipura virus (CHPV)
	Cocal vesiculovirus	Cocal virus (COCV)
	Indiana vesiculovirus*	vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV)
	Isfahan vesiculovirus	Isfahan virus (ISFV)
	Maraba vesiculovirus	Maraba virus (MARAV)
	New Jersey vesiculovirus	vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV)
	Piry vesiculovirus	Piry virus (OIRYV)
Unassigned	Flanders virus	Flanders virus (FLAV)
	Ngaingan virus	Ngaingan virus (NGAV)
	Wongabel virus	Wongabel virus (WONV)
FamilySunviridae
Sunshinevirus	Reptile sunshinevirus 1*	Sunshine Coast virus (SunCV)
Unassigned
Anphevirus	Xinchng anphevirus*	Xînchéng mosquito virus (XcMV)
Arlivirus	Lishi arlivirus*	Líshí spider virus 2 (LsSV-2)
Chengtivirus	Tacheng chengtivirus*	Tãchéng tick virus 6 (TcTV-6)
Crustavirus	Wenzhou crustavirus*	Wçnzhôu crab virus 1 (WzCV-1)
Wastrivirus	Sanxia wastrivirus*	Sânxiá water strider virus 4 (SxWSV-4)

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Includes: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and pigeon paramyxovirus;

synonym: anaconda paramyxovirus;

synonym: GH-M74a virus;

⁴

abbreviation as recently introduced in [26];

⁵

historically, an isolate from a samango monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) in 1963 was long classified as a distinct species called simian agent 10 (SA-10), but was shown later to be HPIV-3. SA-10 was sometimes called SV-10;

⁶

synonym: murine parainfluenza virus 1;

⁷

synonym: bat paramyxovirus;

⁸

synonym: simian virus 5;

⁹

synonym: porcine rubulavirus;

¹⁰

synonyms: avian pneumovirus, turkey rhinotracheitis virus;

¹¹

synonyms: citrus leprosis virus nuclear type, citrus necrotic spot virus;

¹²

synonym Tzipori virus;

¹³

synonyms: Egtved virus, Paralichthys olivaceus rhabdovirus;

¹⁴

synonym: tobacco stunt virus.

TAXONOMIC CHANGES AT THE FAMILY LEVEL

The monogeneric familyBornaviridae was reorganized in 2015 by establishing five distinct species in the genusBornavirus [2,12] following a non-Latinized binomial species name format [29]. These efforts were continued in 2016 by expanding the genus by an additional two species (Elapid 1 bornavirus for Loveridge’s garter snake virus 1 [27] andPsittaciform 2 bornavirus for parrot bornavirus 5 [9,18]) (Table 1).

The monogeneric familyNyamiviridae was expanded to include a second genus (Socyvirus) for the until-then free-floating nyamivirus speciesSoybean cyst nematode virus. This species name was changed toSoybean cyst nematode socyvirus to adhere to the non-Latinized binomial species name format [29] (Table 1).

The familyParamyxoviridae was emended by expanding the genusAvulavirus by three species (Avian paramyxovirus 10–12 for avian paramyxoviruses 10–12, respectively [5,19,28]), the genusHenipavirus by three species (Cedar henipavirus for Cedar virus [17],Ghanaian bat henipavirus for Kumasi virus [GH-M74a] [7], andMojiang henipavirus for Mòjiāng virus [31]), the genusMorbillivirus by one species (Feline morbillivirus for feline morbillivirus [30]) and the genusRespirovirus by one species (Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 for porcine parainfluenza virus 1 [14]). The speciesSimian Virus 10 was dissolved on the evidence that simian virus 10 is an isolate of human parainfluenzavirus 3 rather than a distinct virus [13]. The genusPneumovirus, now included in the new familyPneumoviridae, was renamedOrthopneumovirus to avoid confusion between family and genus members (Table 1).

The familyRhabdoviridae was expanded by two genera:Dichorhavirus (new; [6]) andVaricosavirus (previously free-floating outside of the order) to accommodate bisegmented plant viruses (coffee ringspot virus and orchid fleck virus; lettuce big-vein associated virus). The speciesAlfalfa dwarf cytorhabdovirus (for alfalfa dwarf virus [3]) was added to the genusCytorhabdovirus. Finally, the non-Latinized binomial species name format [29] was applied throughout the family (Table 1).

A summary of the current, ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the orderMononegavirales is presented inTable 1.

Acknowledgments

We thank Laura Bollinger (NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA) for critically editing the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I. A subcontractor to Battelle Memorial Institute who performed this work is: J.H.K., an employee of Tunnell Government Services, Inc. This work was also funded in part under Contract No. HSHQDC-07-C-00020 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (V.W.-J.); and National Institutes of Health (NIH) contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 (N.V., R.B.T.). Y.B. was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine.

Footnotes

COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL STANDARDS

The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the US Department of the Army, the US Department of Defense, the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. In no event shall any of these entities have any responsibility or liability for any use, misuse, inability to use, or reliance upon the information contained herein. The US departments do not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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TAXONOMY OF THE ORDERMONONEGAVIRALES: UPDATE 2016

Claudio L Afonso

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Krisztián Bányai

Yīmíng Bào

Christopher F Basler

Sina Bavari

Nicolás Bejerman

Kim R Blasdell

François-Xavier Briand

Thomas Briese

Alexander Bukreyev

Charles H Calisher

Kartik Chandran

Jiāsēn Chéng

Anna N Clawson

Peter L Collins

Ralf G Dietzgen

Olga Dolnik

Leslie L Domier

Ralf Dürrwald

John M Dye

Andrew J Easton

Hideki Ebihara

Szilvia L Farkas

Juliana Freitas-Astúa

Pierre Formenty

Ron A M Fouchier

Yànpíng Fù

Elodie Ghedin

Michael M Goodin

Roger Hewson

Masayuki Horie

Timothy H Hyndman

Dàohóng Jiāng

Elliot W Kitajima

Gary P Kobinger

Hideki Kondo

Gael Kurath

Robert A Lamb

Sergio Lenardon

Eric M Leroy

Ci-Xiu Li

Xian-Dan Lin

Lìjiāng Liú

Ben Longdon

Szilvia Marton

Andrea Maisner

Elke Mühlberger

Sergey V Netesov

Norbert Nowotny

Jean L Patterson

Susan L Payne

Janusz T Paweska

Rick E Randall

Bertus K Rima

Paul Rota

Dennis Rubbenstroth

Martin Schwemmle

Mang Shi

Sophie J Smither

Mark D Stenglein

David M Stone

Ayato Takada

Calogero Terregino

Robert B Tesh

Jun-Hua Tian

Keizo Tomonaga

Noël Tordo

Jonathan S Towner

Nikos Vasilakis

Martin Verbeek

Viktor E Volchkov

Victoria Wahl-Jensen

John A Walsh

Peter J Walker

David Wang

Lin-Fa Wang