Overcoming these obstacles in carbon markets can speed up decarbonization.

Large language models (LLMs) can enhance experimental research via the design and implementation of studies, and data analysis. When available, we suggest using LLM-based tools that require no coding skills and only a simple human–AI interaction. We discuss the social risks associated with this integration.

Failure to agree on global grants to help low- and middle-income countries to achieve net-zero emissions cannot be the end of the story. An urgent solution is needed.

Central bank management of climate risks is associated with climate politics, as opposed to a country’s economic exposure to transition risk, including stranded asset and clean energy investment risk. Central banks are not entirely autonomous actors that correct for the lack of national decarbonization policy—they rather complement existing national policies that aim to shift the economy from fossil fuels to clean energy.

A framework to understand the labour market reveals a nested hierarchical architecture in human capital in which specific knowledge and skills are contingent upon foundational, general skills and knowledge. This nested skill structure provides a new perspective on wage premiums and persistent wage disparity observed across different demographic groups.