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Nature Geoscience
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Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries

Nature Geosciencevolume 12, pages922–928 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Climate warming and human impacts are thought to be causing peatlands to dry, potentially converting them from sinks to sources of carbon. However, it is unclear whether the hydrological status of peatlands has moved beyond their natural envelope. Here we show that European peatlands have undergone substantial, widespread drying during the last ~300 years. We analyse testate amoeba-derived hydrological reconstructions from 31 peatlands across Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia and Continental Europe to examine changes in peatland surface wetness during the last 2,000 years. We find that 60% of our study sites were drier during the period 1800–2000 ce than they have been for the last 600 years, 40% of sites were drier than they have been for 1,000 years and 24% of sites were drier than they have been for 2,000 years. This marked recent transition in the hydrology of European peatlands is concurrent with compound pressures including climatic drying, warming and direct human impacts on peatlands, although these factors vary among regions and individual sites. Our results suggest that the wetness of many European peatlands may now be moving away from natural baselines. Our findings highlight the need for effective management and restoration of European peatlands.

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Fig. 1: Standardized WTD data from each site classified into three broad geographic regions (Britain and Ireland; Scandinavia and Baltics; Continental Europe).
Fig. 2: Compiled standardized water-table data from all sites and the three broad geographic regions (Britain and Ireland; Scandinavia and Baltics; Continental Europe).
Fig. 3: Comparison of peatland and climatic datasets.
Fig. 4: Matrix indicating the type and level (major, moderate, minor, none known) of human impacts on each study site.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are provided in Supplementary Section7.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the organizations that have funded the data used in this analysis: Academy of Finland (grant no. 296423); Department for Employment and Learning (Northern Ireland); European Commission (Fifth Framework); INTERACT (European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme); Irish Discovery Programme; Leverhulme Trust; National Science Centre (Poland); Natural Environment Research Council (UK); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research; Polish National Science Centre (grant no. 2015/17/B/ST10/01656); Quaternary Research Association; Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 19-14-00102); Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union; Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science; Swiss National Science Foundation; World University Network; Wüthrich Fund (University of Neuchâtel); and Yorkshire Water. T.G.S. is funded by the Leeds–York Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Doctoral Training Partnership (grant no. NE/L002574/1). T.E.T. acknowledges NERC Doctoral Training Grant no. NE/G52398X/1. For J.M.G., this paper represents a contribution from Natural Resources Canada (NRCan contribution number/Numéro de contribution de RNCan, 20190079). G.T.S. acknowledges financial support from the Dutch Foundation for the Conservation of Irish Bogs. We thank L. Brown and A. Baird (University of Leeds) for constructive comments on the manuscript. This is a contribution to the PAGES C-PEAT group. PAGES is supported by the US National Science Foundation and the Swiss Academy of Sciences. We dedicate this work to co-author Richard J. Payne who was tragically killed while climbing Nanda Devi in the Garhwal Himalayas whilst the manuscript was in review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Graeme T. Swindles, Paul J. Morris, T. Edward Turner, Thomas Sim & Antony Blundell

  2. School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

    Graeme T. Swindles, Donal J. Mullan, Maarten Blaauw, Gill Plunkett & Helen M. Roe

  3. Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Graeme T. Swindles

  4. Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK

    Richard J. Payne

  5. Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Thomas P. Roland, Matthew J. Amesbury, Angela Gallego-Sala, Dan J. Charman & Sophie M. Green

  6. Environmental Change Research Unit, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Matthew J. Amesbury, Atte Korhola & Minna Väliranta

  7. Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

    Mariusz Lamentowicz, Katarzyna Kajukało, Łukasz Lamentowicz & Katarzyna Marcisz

  8. School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

    Iestyn D. Barr

  9. Centre for Environmental Change and Quaternary Research, School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK

    Frank M. Chambers

  10. Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Angelica Feurdean

  11. Department of Geology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Angelica Feurdean

  12. Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Jennifer M. Galloway

  13. Geological Survey of Canada/Commission géologique du Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    Jennifer M. Galloway

  14. Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Mariusz Gałka

  15. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Edgar Karofeld

  16. School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Peter Langdon

  17. School of Geosciences, The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Dmitri Mauquoy

  18. Department of General Ecology and Hydrobiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    Yuri A. Mazei & Andrey N. Tsyganov

  19. Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand

    Michelle M. McKeown

  20. Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Edward A. D. Mitchell

  21. Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Edward A. D. Mitchell

  22. Department of Physical Geography and Landscape Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    Elena Novenko

  23. Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia

    Elena Novenko

  24. Geological Survey of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden

    Kristian Schoning

  25. Vaida Elementary School, Vaida, Estonia

    Ülle Sillasoo

  26. Department of Zoology and Ecology, Penza State University, Penza, Russia

    Andrey N. Tsyganov

  27. BIAX Consult, Zaandam, the Netherlands

    Marjolein van der Linden

  28. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

    Barry Warner

Authors
  1. Graeme T. Swindles
  2. Paul J. Morris
  3. Donal J. Mullan
  4. Richard J. Payne
  5. Thomas P. Roland
  6. Matthew J. Amesbury
  7. Mariusz Lamentowicz
  8. T. Edward Turner
  9. Angela Gallego-Sala
  10. Thomas Sim
  11. Iestyn D. Barr
  12. Maarten Blaauw
  13. Antony Blundell
  14. Frank M. Chambers
  15. Dan J. Charman
  16. Angelica Feurdean
  17. Jennifer M. Galloway
  18. Mariusz Gałka
  19. Sophie M. Green
  20. Katarzyna Kajukało
  21. Edgar Karofeld
  22. Atte Korhola
  23. Łukasz Lamentowicz
  24. Peter Langdon
  25. Katarzyna Marcisz
  26. Dmitri Mauquoy
  27. Yuri A. Mazei
  28. Michelle M. McKeown
  29. Edward A. D. Mitchell
  30. Elena Novenko
  31. Gill Plunkett
  32. Helen M. Roe
  33. Kristian Schoning
  34. Ülle Sillasoo
  35. Andrey N. Tsyganov
  36. Marjolein van der Linden
  37. Minna Väliranta
  38. Barry Warner

Contributions

G.T.S. designed the study. G.T.S., P.J.M., D.J.M., R.J.P., T.P.R, M.J.A., M.L., T.E.T, A.G.S. and T.S. compiled site-based data and performed analyses. All other authors provided data or carried out a minor component of data compilation or analysis. G.T.S., P.J.M. and D.J.M. carried out the composite data analysis and wrote the manuscript, with input from all authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toGraeme T. Swindles.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Peer review information Primary handling editor(s): James Super, Melissa Plail.

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Sections 1–6.

Supplementary Dataset 1

Literature-based analysis.

Supplementary Dataset 2

Water-table reconstruction datasets.

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Swindles, G.T., Morris, P.J., Mullan, D.J.et al. Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries.Nat. Geosci.12, 922–928 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0462-z

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