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Britholite-(Ce)

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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First found by Gustav Flink in 1897 in a nepheline-syenite pegmatite atNaujakasik, Ilimaussaq complex, Greenland, and provisionally named "a cappelenite-like mineral". Described and named by Chr. Winther (1901). Named after the greek βρῖθος (brithos) for weight, refering to the high specific gravity of the mineral. Later it was renamed as britholite-(Ce) as part of the changes in nomenclature for rare-earth minerals (Levinson 1966). The suffix "-(Ce)" refers to the dominance of cerium in the composition.
Type Locality:
ⓘNaujakasik (Naajakasik), Tunulliarfik Fjord, Ilímaussaq complex, Kujalleq, Greenland
A mineral in theBritholite Group of theApatite Supergroup. The mineral is typically Th-bearing and often metamict.


Unique Identifiers
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3(OH)
First published:
1901
Approval history:
Renamed 1987.

Classification of Britholite-(Ce)

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
H : Nesosilicates with CO3, SO4, PO4, etc.
Dana 8th ed.:
52.4.9.1

52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
4 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] and/or >[6] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:
17.6.15

17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
6 : Silicates with phosphate

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Colorless, pale pink to pink, pale blue, brown, greenish brown, yellow, resin brown, black.
Hardness:
5½ onMohs scale
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.20 - 4.69 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.65 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Britholite-(Ce)
Surface Relief:
Moderate

Chemistry of Britholite-(Ce)

Crystallography of Britholite-(Ce)
General Appearance of Type Material:
Brown, apparently hexagonal prisms embedded in a nepheline-syenite pegmatite matrix.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 85379.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Nepheline-syenite pegmatite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
AegirineArfvedsoniteEudialyteFeldspar GroupNepheline
SodaliteSteenstrupine-(Ce)

Synonyms of Britholite-(Ce)

Other Language Names for Britholite-(Ce)

Varieties of Britholite-(Ce)CefluosilA phosphate-free BritholiteThorian Britholite-(Ce)Britholite Group .

Relationship of Britholite-(Ce) to other Species
Other Members of Britholite Group:
Britholite-(La)Ca2(La,Ce,Ca)3(SiO4,PO4)3(OH,F)
Britholite-(Y)(Y,Ca)5(SiO4)3OHHex. 6/m :P63/m
Calciobritholite(Ca,Y)5(SiO4,PO4)3(OH)
Fluorbritholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3FHex. 6/m :P63/m
Fluorbritholite-(La)Ca2La3(SiO4)3FHex. 6/m :P63/m
Fluorbritholite-(Nd)Ca2Nd3(SiO4)3FHex. 6/m :P63/m
Fluorbritholite-(Y)(Y,Ca)5(SiO4)3FHex. 6/m :P63/m
Fluorcalciobritholite(Ca,REE)5(SiO4,PO4)3FHex. 6/m :P63/m
Tritomite-(Ce)Ce5(SiO4,BO4)3(OH,O)
Tritomite-(Y)Y5(SiO4,BO4)3(O,OH,F)

Common AssociatesHex. 6/m :P63/m9.AH.05Iimoriite-(Y)Y2[SiO4][CO3]Tric.1 :P19.AH.10Tundrite-(Ce)Na2Ce2Ti(SiO4)(CO3)2O2Tric.1 :P19.AH.10Tundrite-(Nd)Na2(Nd,Ce)2Ti(SiO4)(CO3)2O29.AH.15GaluskiniteCa7(SiO4)3(CO3)Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AH.15SpurriteCa5(SiO4)2(CO3)Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AH.20TernesiteCa5(SiO4)2(SO4)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma9.AH.20SilicocarnotiteCa5[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma9.AH.25Britholite-(Y)(Y,Ca)5(SiO4)3OHHex. 6/m :P63/m9.AH.25MattheddleitePb5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(Cl,OH)Hex. 6/m :P63/m9.AH.25Fluorbritholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3FHex. 6/m :P63/m9.AH.25FluorellestaditeCa5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5FHex. 6/m :P63/m9.AH.25Fluorbritholite-(La)Ca2La3(SiO4)3FHex. 6/m :P63/m9.AH.25Fluorbritholite-(Y)(Y,Ca)5(SiO4)3FHex. 6/m :P63/m9.AH.25HydroxylellestaditeCa5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(OH)Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P63/mcm9.AH.25Calciobritholite(Ca,Y)5(SiO4,PO4)3(OH)9.AH.25Britholite-(La)Ca2(La,Ce,Ca)3(SiO4,PO4)3(OH,F)9.AH.25Tritomite-(Ce)Ce5(SiO4,BO4)3(OH,O)9.AH.25Tritomite-(Y)Y5(SiO4,BO4)3(O,OH,F)9.AH.25Fluorcalciobritholite(Ca,REE)5(SiO4,PO4)3FHex. 6/m :P63/m9.AH.25ChlorellestaditeCa5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5ClHex. 6/m :P63/m9.AH.35DargaiteBaCa12(SiO4)4(SO4)2O3Trig. 3m :R3m9.AH.35NabimusaiteKCa12(SiO4)4(SO4)2O2FTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m9.AH.40StracheriteBaCa6(SiO4)2[(PO4)(CO3)]2FTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m9.AH.40ZadoviteBaCa6[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4)2FTrig. 3m :R3m9.AH.40GazeeviteBaCa6(SiO4)2(SO4)2OTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m9.AH.45FlamiteCa8-x(Na,K)x(SiO4)4-x(PO4)xOrth.mm29.AH.50ByzantieviteBa5(Ca,REE,Y)22(Ti,Nb)18(SiO4)4[(PO4),(SiO4)]4(BO3)9O22[(OH),F]43(H2O)1.5Trig. 3 :R39.AH.55Greenwoodite(Ba,V3+O)2V3+9(Fe3+,Fe2+)2Si2O22Trig.3m(32/m) :P3m19.AH.60Kihlmanite-(Ce)Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(HCO3)2(H2O)Tric.1 :P19.AH.65TsangpoiteCa5(PO4)2(SiO4)Hex.9.AH.70Enalite(Th,REE,Al) [(PO4),(SiO4),(OH)]Tet.

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    • References for Britholite-(Ce)ⓘMonte VerdeGonçalves+1 other referenceTorró et al. (2012)
    Argentina
     
    Urbina Nilda+1 other referenceLira et al. (Ed. E.O. Zappettini)
    Australia
     
    Brugger et al. (2006)- (1992)+1 other reference
    Brazil
     
    Azzi (2017)Azzi (2019)+1 other referenceChris D. Parkinson et al.Campo Rodriguez et al. (2024)Vilalva et al. (2010)+2 other referencesde Barros Gomes et al. (2017)
    Canada
     
    Kyla M. Arden and Norman M. Halden (1999)Chafe (2015)GSC locality databaseGSC locality database+1 other referenceSheard et al. (2012)Pinckston et al. (1995)+1 other referenceMcLaughlin (1990)Currie et al. (1996)Sabina (1983)GOLD (1972)Gold (1969)+1 other referencePavel M. Kartashov 2018Liu (1993)Horváth et al. (1990)Horváth Collection - confirmed by ...Petrella (2013)
    China
     
    Qiang Wang et al. (2003)Zhang Peishan et al. (1996)Zonglin Hou (1989)+1 other referenceMa et al. (2022)+2 other referencesOrris et al. (2002)+1 other referenceYang et al. (2025)Yang et al. (2006)Orris et al. (2002)Wang et al. (2023)Wang et al. (2023)Wang et al. (2024)
    Finland
     
    Ani et al. (2013)Al-Ani Thair
    Germany
     
    Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe)www.mindat.org (2008)+1 other reference
    Germany/Belgium
     
    Knute Eldjarn
    Greenland
     
    Cegiełka et al. (2019)Danoe et al. (1959)Karup-Møller et al. (2017)Bøggild (1953)Winther (1901)+1 other referenceCollection of NHM+1 other reference
    Guinea
     
    Parodi et al. (2004)+1 other reference
    Hungary
     
    Nagy et al. (2003)
    India
     
    Bhushan (2015)Mishra (1987)+5 other references
    Italy
     
    Orlandi et al. (1989)Balassone et al. (2013)+1 other referenceRusso et al. (2004)Federico et al. (2002)Mattei et al. (2009)Oberti et al. (2001)Della Ventura et al. (1999)+3 other references"Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification)Stoppa et al. (2019)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Ciriotti et al. (2011)Lapis 28 (12)Gianfranco Ciccolini Collection
    Kazakhstan
     
    Kogarko et al. (1995)Mineralogical Society of America - ...
    Madagascar
     
    Wolfgang Hampel (2011)
    Malawi
     
    Orris et al. (2002)
    Mongolia
     
    G.S. Ripp data+1 other referencePavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012)Ripp+6 other references
    Morocco
     
    Khadem Allah (1993)
    Namibia
     
    Blancher (2008)
    North Korea
     
    Takubo (1941)
    Norway
     
    Andersen et al. (1996)Larsen et al. (2005)Peter Andresen collectionLarsen et al. (1976)Burvald (1993)Burvald (1993)+1 other referenceBerge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Andersen (1993)Andresen (2011)Berge (1993)Berge (n.d.)Larsen (1988)Larsen et al. (2015)Larsen et al. (2010)Berge (n.d.)Andersen et al. (1996)Engvoldsen et al. (1991)Knut Edvard Larsen collection and ...Collection of Peter Andresen.+1 other referenceAndersen et al. (1996)Berge (n.d.)Larsen et al. (2010)Berge (n.d.)Knut Edvard Larsen observation and ...Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-1381)Knut Edvard Larsen collection and ...Berge (n.d.)Knut Edvard Larsen (2023)Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-5171)Berge (n.d.)Berge et al. (1976)+1 other reference
    Poland
     
    Domańska-Siuda et al. (2022)
    Portugal
     
    Lavarde et al. (2019)Alves (n.d.)Alves (n.d.)
    Romania
     
    Hirtopanu Paulina et al. (2013)
    Russia
     
    Doroshkevich et al. (2012)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+3 other referenceswebmineral.ru (2016)Liferovich et al. (2006)I.I. Kupriyanova Mineralogy of ...Kalyago et al. (1990)Chakhmouradian et al. (2002)Mikhailova et al. (2007)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Konopleva et al. (2008) ...Pakhomovsky et al. (2014)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Bazai et al. (2009)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+2 other referencesPavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Kapustin Yu.L. (1989)
    South Africa
     
    Mitchell et al. (2006)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Rozendaa et al. (2012)
    South Korea
     
    Jitsutaro Takubo (1941)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
    Spain
     
    Ковальчук et al. (2014)+1 other referenceMangas J. et al. (1996)Dill et al. (2023)Salvioli-Mariani et al. (1996)Prado-Herrero et al. (2008)
    Sweden
     
    Thulin (1996)+1 other referenceAndersson et al. (2024)Andersson et al. (2024)Andersson et al. (2024)
    Ukraine
     
    Morozewicz (1904)Dubyna O.V. et al. (2020)Kogarko et al. (1995)
    USA
     
    www.koeln.netsurf.de (2001)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Trela et al. (2024)USGS Open File report 2010-5220Smith et al. (2000)
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