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Native Bismuth

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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As a chemical element, Bismuth was officially discovered in 1753 by French scientist Claude Geoffroy. The origin of the name comes from the German words "Weisse Masse" meaning "white mass". However, around 1400 the element name is already present in some scientific treaties. In fact before Geoffroy, also the Swiss scientist Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493 - 1541) probably better known under his Latinized name of Paracelsus, mentioned the word “Bisemutum”. He said that the Latin word came from a German term, “Wissmut”. For him, the word “wissmut” was because in Saxony, around St. Georges, the mineral was extracted ("gemutet"), in the fields ("in den Wiesen"). For others, the word comes from another similar German word: "Weissmuth" = white material", and this is supported by the fact that bismuth is a bright metal of white colour.
Type Locality:
ⓘSchneeberg, Erzgebirgskreis, Saxony, Germany
Arsenic Group.

Although long thought to be stable, bismuth, as an element, was shown to be weakly radioactive, with an enormously long half-life period: 1.9 × 1019  years (de Marcillac et al., 2003).


Unique Identifiers

Classification of Native Bismuth

1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
C : Metalloids and Nonmetals
A : Arsenic group elements
Dana 7th ed.:
1.3.1.5
Dana 8th ed.:
1.3.1.4

1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
3 : Semi-metals and non-metals
Hey's CIM Ref.:
1.49

1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)

Mineral SymbolsJolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of Native Bismuth
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Reddish-white to creamy-white; tarnishes iridescent pinkish, yellowish or bluish
Streak:
Silver-white
Hardness:
2 - 2½ onMohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=16 - 18 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Sectile
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect {0001}, Good {1011}, poor {1014}
Density:
9.7 - 9.83 g/cm3 (Measured)    9.753 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Native Bismuth
Common Impurities:
Fe,Te,As,S,Sb

Crystallography of Native BismuthWolfram Camp, Queensland, Australia 2045
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.28 Å(100)
2.37 Å(40)
2.273 Å(41)
1.868 Å(23)
1.491 Å(11)
1.443 Å(16)
1.330 Å(11)
Comments:
Synthetic.

Geological Environment

Synonyms of Native Bismuth

Other Language Names for Native Bismuth

Varieties of Native Bismuth

Relationship of Native Bismuth to other Species
Other Members of Arsenic Group:
Native AntimonySbTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m
Native ArsenicAsTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m
StibarsenAsSbTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m

Common AssociatesTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m1.CA.05Native ArsenicAsTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m1.CA.05StibarsenAsSbTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m1.CA.10ArsenolampriteAsOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)1.CA.10Pararsenolamprite(As,Sb)Orth.mm2 :Pmn211.CA.15ParadocrasiteSb2(Sb,As)2Mon. 2 :B21.CA.20Native PhosphorusP4Iso.43m :I43m

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    • References for Native BismuthⓘZarkashan Au-Cu depositStephen G. Peters et al. (2011)+1 other reference
    Argentina
     
    Betts (n.d.)MUTTISkirrow et al. (2000)Coira et al. (1995)+1 other referenceBrodtkorb (2002)Williams et al. (1999)+1 other referenceGALLISKI (1983)+1 other referenceGalliski et al. (2006)Galliski et al. (2006)+1 other referenceGalliski et al. (2001)+1 other referenceGalliski et al. (2006)Galliski et al. (2006)de Brodtkorb (1973)Brodtkorb (2002)+1 other referenceUrbina NildaGalliski et al. (2015)Demartis et al. (2011)
    Armenia
     
    Singer et al. (2008)Singer et al. (2008)Singer et al. (2008)
    Australia
     
    Brown R.E. (1997)Hertzberger et al. (1978)Herzberger et al. (1978)Hertzberger et al. (1978)J. L. Willis and B. F. J. Stevens (1971)Hooke (1971)+1 other referenceHertzberger et al. (1978)Stevens (1972)Stevens (1972)Stevens (1972)Degeling (1982)Brown et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Gilligan et al. (1992)Gilligan et al. (1992)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Mineralogical Society of America - ...Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)GM 2009Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. 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(1995)McIlveen (1975)Hertzberger et al. (1978)Hertzberger et al. (1978)Weber (1978)Birch (1999)Byrnes (1993)Ryan (1961)Ryan (1961)Museum Victoria Mineralogy CollectionRyan (1961)Huston et al. (1993)Mumme (1975)Johnson (1989)Johnson (1989)Ivanac (1952)Skirrow (1993)Huston et al. (1993)Skwarnecki (2004)Fraser W Jwww.portergeo.com.au (2007)Hein (1994)Hein (1994)Ahmad et al.+1 other referenceWormald (1993)Costas Constantinides collectionBrooks et al. (1960)Sielecki (1988)Sielecki (1988)Williams et al. (2005)Laurie J. Lawrence et al. (1999)Leahey T.A. et al. (2010)Munro-Smith (2006)Harvey (1989)Reiner Mielke 2015Birch et al. (1998)Ball (1915)Ball (1915)Graham-Ruzicka (2014)Fraser (1972)King et al. (1988)+1 other referenceLehrmann (2012)Lehrmann (2012)Lehrmann (2012)E. Stevens & R. BottrillQld Dept of Mines+1 other referenceDen (1977)+1 other referenceDen (1977)+1 other referenceQld Dept of MinesQueensland Dept of MinesQld Dept Mines- mines recordLawrence (2000)Wang et al. (2024)Noble R.J et al. (1983)Robertson et al. (Compiler)Record of Mines Summary Card No:250Morales Ruano et al. (2002)Abbot (2005)+1 other referenceNoble et al. (1983)Record of mines (1980)Brown (1908)Coats et al. (1971)Coats et al. (1971)Record of mines (1980)Pring et al. (1990)SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...Tomkins et al. (2002)SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...Ehrig et al. (2012)Annells (1986)+1 other referenceJean Pierre BarralRossJennings (1979)Bottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)+1 other referenceBurchard (1977)Bottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)Sillitoe (1982)+1 other referenceBottrill et al. (2008)BottrillHall (1990)Hall (1990)+1 other referenceBottrill et al. (2007)Hajitaheri (1985)PattersonMartins da Pedra collectionMuseum Victoria collectionsBirch et al. (2007)report 121Willman et al. (2002)Ciobanu et al. (2010)Birch (1987)Henry et al. (2022)Museum Victoria Mineralogy CollectionMaitland (1919)Kalleske (2010)Collins et al. (2004)Mock et al. (1987)Simon (2019)Bridge et al. (1974)McCuaig (1997) ...Jacobson et al. (2007)+2 other referencesJacobson et al. (2007)+2 other referencesWoodward (1891)Ravensgate Mining Consultants (2007)+1 other referenceGroves et al. (1978)Gibson (1907)Voute et al. (2015)Liu (2002)Pirajno et al. (1998)Simpson (1948)+1 other referenceRichards et al. (2004)Kalgoorlie Western Argus newspaper (1905)Nex Metals Exploration Ltd (2010)Nex Metals Exploration Ltd (2010)Nex Metals Exploration Ltd (2010)Robertson et al (2004)Dalstra et al. (2023)CJR Migisha+3 other referencesSimpson (1928)Jacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)Fetherston (2004)Fetherston (2004)Jacobson et al. (2007)+2 other referencesFetherston et al. (2013)Calderwood+2 other referencesMaitland (1919)Simpson (1948)Meinert+1 other reference
    Austria
     
    Michael Waitzinger et al. (2021)H. Meixner: 32 (3)Meixner (1968)Meixner (1968)Meixner (1968)B. Matz: Carinthia II 137./57.:10-16 (1948)A. Brunlechner: Carinthia II 84:152-153 (1894)Meixner (1953)Paar et al. (2019)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Taucher (1998)F. Walter et al. (1998)Carinthia II (2012)+1 other referencePichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)+1 other referenceHorner et al. (1997)+1 other referenceHorner et al. (1997)Steiner (2017)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Brandstätter et al. (2006)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Holzer et al. (1962)+2 other referencesKolitsch (2014)Götzinger et al. (1994)Löffler et al. (2011)Kolitsch et al. (2020)Löffler et al. (2018)C.Auer (2025)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Paar et al. (1993)Miner.Arch.Salzb. (297)Putz+4 other referencesNiedermayr (1989)Walter et al. (2016)Steiner&Melcher (2020)Strasser (1989)Thalhammer et al. (1989)Topa et al. (2001)+1 other referenceLewandowski et al. (2006)Strasser (1989)Miner.Arch.Salzb. (297)Auer (2022)Tufar (1965)+1 other referencePostl (1990)+1 other referenceLeikauf et al. (2018)Taucher (1993)Picture first described in:+1 other referencewww.vstm.at (2004)Kolitsch et al. (2008)Pribitzer (1956)+2 other referencesAuer (2019)Leitner (2013)Raith et al. (2015)Jarlowsky (1964)+1 other referencePaar et al. (1979)Paar et al. (1979)Auer (2022)Tufar (1965)Vavtar (1995)Vavtar (1986)Vavtar (1977)Vavtar (1977)Daniel Ruech (200x)Vavtar (1985)Auer (2016)C.Auer (2016)Bechter (2010)+1 other referenceKolitsch (2014)Kolitsch (2015)Bechter (2010)Krause et al. (2025)+1 other referenceKolitsch (2013)
    Azerbaijan
     
    - (2005)
    Belgium
     
    Godfroid (1999)+1 other reference
    Bolivia
     
    Ahlfeld et al. (1964)Federico Ahlfeld y Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964)Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964)Ahlfeld et al. (1964)Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964)Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964)Ahlfeld et al. (1964)+1 other referenceAhlfeld & Schneider-Scherbina (1964)Ahlfeld & Schneider-Scherbina (1964)Sugaki (1985)+1 other referenceFederico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955)Ahlfeld et al. (1964)Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964)USGS Bulletin # 1975Cacho et al. (2015)+1 other referenceFederico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964)Torres et al. (2019)Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998)Wilson (2001)Ahlfeld (1955)Federico Ahlfeld & Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964)Ahlfeld & Munoz Reyes (1955)Wilson (2001)- (specimens mined in the 1990s now abundantly distributed in collections)Smith et al. (2001)+1 other referenceWilson (2001)Torró et al. (2019)Wilson (2001)Federico Ahlfeld y Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964)Ahlfeld et al. (1964)Dr. Robert Cook (Auburn University)
    Botswana
     
    Kelepile (2017)
    Brazil
     
    Soares et al. (2025)Hadlich et al. (2024)+1 other reference- (2002)Moura et al. (2014)Anthony (1997)Silva (2017)Poggi et al. (2022)Cassedanne et al. (1982)Scholz et al. (2014)Atencio et al. (2004)Marchetto (1990)Cassedanne et al. (1981)Ore Geology Reviews 32 (2007)+1 other referenceCampo Rodriguez et al. (2024)Fletcher et al. (2004)+1 other referenceMurdoch (1955)Fernando Brederodes CollectionSouza Neto et al. (2008)+1 other referenceCosta et al. (2024)Palinkaš et al. (2014)João Adauto Souza Neto (2001)+1 other referenceCarlos BarbosaFernandes et al. (2022)Daniel Atencio et al. (1991)
    Bulgaria
     
    Cook et al. (2002)Cook et al. (2002)Kerestedjian (1997)Dekov et al. (2009)Dimitrova (2006)+1 other referenceCook et al. (2002)+2 other referencesCook et al. (2002)Lips (2006)Singer et al. (2008)+2 other referencesMladenova et al. (2001)+1 other reference
    Burundi
     
    The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)+1 other referenceThe Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)+1 other referencePohl et al. (2013)
    Cambodia
     
    Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)
    Canada
     
    unreliable+1 other referenceGaragan (2014)Economic Geology September 1944 v. 39 ...+1 other referenceminfile.gov.bc.ca (2022)Rhys (1993)Thompson (1957)Peatfield (n.d.)aris.empr.gov.bc.ca (n.d.)+3 other referencesManorAnthony et al. (1990)Afifi et al. (1988)Ray et al. (1994)Fleischer M (1945)+4 other referencesRay et al. (1983)Econ Geol (1992)+3 other referencesDawson+1 other referencePeatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)- (n.d.)Montgomery (n.d.)153-155.+4 other referencesCerny et al. 2012+2 other referencesAmer. Mineral. (1969)+3 other referencesSabina (2015)+1 other referencednre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006)Sabina (1967)Jambor (1982)Cardenas-Vera et al. (2025)D.V. Venugopal (1985)+1 other referenceK.G. Thorne et al. (2009)+1 other referenceNast et al. (1991)- (2022)Can Mineral May 1976 v. 14 no. 2 p. ...+2 other referencesPersonal correspondance with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description)Kelvin et al. Canadian Mineralogist 49- (n.d.)Higgins (1985)+2 other referencesHarris et al. (1969)+1 other referenceBadham (1975)Silke (2009)Badham (1975)D. C. Harris (1973)+1 other referenceBadham et al. (1980)Badham et al. (1980)Badham et al. (1980)Badham et al. (1980)Thompson (1951)Northern Mineral Showings DatabaseMesh Environmental (2008)+1 other referenceBurgess et al. (2014)+2 other referencesLang (1952)+2 other referencesLang (1952)Mielke (n.d.)+1 other referenceKidd et al. (1935)+1 other referenceLang (1952)ntgomap.nwtgeoscience.ca (2015)Landry et al. (2022)Dennis (1987)O'Reilly et al. (1982)Sabina (2015)Chatterjee+2 other referencesHarris et al. (1984)Grant (2009)Wehrle et al. (2023)Sabina (2000) ...+2 other referencesOntario Bureau of Mines (1906)Ames et al. (2003)Ames et al. (2003)Abel et al. (1979)+2 other referencesAmes et al. (2003)Hawley et al. (1962)+2 other referencesDavies (1988)Tindle et al. (2002)+1 other referenceJohnston F. J. (1968)157-158.+1 other referenceMDI Number: MDI41O09SE00005Ontario Geological Survey (2015)Selway (1993)Willet Miller (1905)159-161.+1 other referenceSergiadesMaggie WilsonPetruk et al. (1969)+1 other referenceMarshall (2008)Reiner Mielke 2016Traill (1983)Sabina (1974)Traill (1983)Sabina (2000)MDI31M05NE00197Sabina (2000)SergiadesPring et al. (1998)Traill (1983)Traill (1983)Mielke (n.d.)Traill (1983)Mielke (n.d.)+1 other referenceTraill (1983)the Canadian Mineralogist V 11 Part 1 ...Sixteenth Annual Report of The Bureau ...+3 other referencesReiner Mielke 2016Reiner Mielke 2017Traill (1983)Sabina (2000)Geological Survey of Canada+1 other referenceMDI Number: MDI31M05NE00207Sabina (2000)D.WeinrichSabina (2000)David JoyceR.MielkeBetts (n.d.)Traill (1983)Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ...+2 other referencesSabina (1974)+1 other referenceRobert C. SmithSergiades+1 other referenceBurrows (1922)Robert Land 2016Dana 7:I:193-194.+2 other referencesSabina (2000)Sabina (2000)Mielke (n.d.)+1 other referenceWH Collins (1913)+2 other referencesSabina (2000)Ontario MDI Number: MDI41P10NE00038Ontario MDI Number: MDI41P10NE00010+2 other referencesBurrows (1922)Sabina (1974)+1 other referenceAndrew Haighton CollectionMDI Number: MDI31M04NE00023Petruk (1971)+1 other referenceR. W. Boyle and A. S. Dass (1971)Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ...+1 other referenceTraill (1983)Sabina (2003)+1 other referenceSabina (2003)Traill (1983)Taner et al. (1998)Can Mineral May 1976 v. 14 no. 2 p. ...SIGEOM systeme d'information geominiere ...Sabina (2003)Boucher (2011)Sabina (2007)+1 other referenceEstrie and Gaspesie+2 other referencesGrice (1989)+1 other referenceJohan et al. (1987)Fraser (1993)+1 other referenceCote-Mantha et al. (2012)Sabina (2003)+1 other referenceHull-Maniwaki+1 other referenceM et al. (1971)Williams (1990)Econ Geol. (1995)Afifi et al. (1988)Alexander (2021)Traill (1970)Traill (1970)Traill (1970)Thiessen et al. (2011)Sabina (1972)- (Lloyd Twaites collection)Abercrombie (1991)+1 other reference- (1998)Singer et al. (2008)Lee et al. (2022)
    Chile
     
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    China
     
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    Czech Republic
     
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    Ecuador
     
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    Egypt
     
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    Finland
     
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    France
     
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    Kosovo
     
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    Kyrgyzstan
     
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    Madagascar
     
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    Malaysia
     
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    Mauritania
     
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    Mongolia
     
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    Montenegro
     
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    Morocco
     
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    Mozambique
     
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    Myanmar
     
    Namibia
     
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    New Zealand
     
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    Nigeria
     
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    North Korea
     
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    North Macedonia
     
    Peltekovski et al. (2012)Serafimovski et al. (2013)+1 other reference
    Norway
     
    Frigstad (1968)Frigstad (1968)+1 other referenceFrigstad (1999)Bjørlykke (1937)Frigstad (1968)Brøgger (1906)Oftedal (1943)+1 other reference- (2006)Goldschmidt (1911)Goldschmidt (1911)+1 other referenceGoldschmidt (1911)Goldschmidt (1911)+1 other referenceGoldschmidt (1911)+1 other referenceRosenquist (1949)Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...+1 other referenceCook (1996)Husdal (2008)Husdal (2020)Husdal (2008)Husdal (2008)Cook et al. (1998)Lindahl (1973)Karup-Møller (1971)+1 other referenceGeological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Saager (1967)Husdal et al. (2020)Kristiansen (2014)Brøgger (1906)Broch (1934)Neumann (1985)Urban (1971)Pedersen (1975)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Oftedal (1959)Størseth (2003)Kristiansen (2008)Larsen et al. (2019)Neumann (1985)Nordrum et al. (1981)Vogt (1886)Lindahl (1975)- (1997)- (1997)Kleine-Hering (1973)- (1997)Nilsen (1978)Jøsang (1964)Jøsang (1964)Jøsang (1964)Jøsang (1964)Størseth (2016)
    Pacific Ocean
     
    Eos Trans. AGU (48)+1 other reference
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Rinne et al. (2018)Rinne et al. (2018)
    Peru
     
    Yáñez et al. (2014, May)Benites et al. (2022)+1 other referenceCarlson et al. (1980)Mineralium Deposita (2003)+2 other references
    Poland
     
    Singer et al. (2008)Gołębiowska B. et al. (2006)+3 other referencesSzełęg E. et al. (Dolnośląskie Surowce Skalne S.A.)+2 other referencesSZUSZKIEWICZ et al. (2013)+1 other referenceSiuda+3 other referencesSiuda (2001)Paulo A. 1970: Minerały niklu i bizmutu w żyłach kruszcowych okolicy Chełmca (Góry Kaczawskie, Dolny Śląsk)+1 other referenceMuszyński et al. (2023)Lis et al. (1986)Mochnacka et al. (2009)+1 other referenceDomań+4 other referencesZagożdżon et al. (2009)Mochnacka et al. (2012)+1 other referenceMochnacka et al. (2012)Lis et al. (1986)Siuda et al. (2003)Długoszewska A. (2006)+2 other referencesMochnacka et al. (2015)Kozłowski et al. (2016)Hoehne (1936)+2 other referencesMochnacka et al. (2015)+1 other referenceKozłowski et al. (2022)Eligiusz Szełęg private collection+4 other referencesKozłowski et al. (2024)Kozłowski et al. (2024)Piestrzyński et al. (2012)Kucha H.Małek et al. (2019)Piestrzela (2019)+1 other referenceKucha et al. (1986)+1 other referenceFoltyn et al. (2020)Lis et al. (1986)Piestrzyński et al. (1992)+1 other referenceKozłowski A. & Metz P. 2003: ...Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Sałaciński R. (1978)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Mikulski (2005, January)Pieczka+4 other referencesMikulski (2013)Singer et al. (2008)Karwowski et al. (2012)
    Portugal
     
    Sant’Ovaia et al. (2023)Reiser et al. (2011)+1 other referenceCabri et al. (1998)Antunes et al. (2010)+1 other referenceLNEG - Siorminp database informationA. Almeida and F. NoronhaA. Almeida and F. NoronhaGomes (2000)+1 other referenceGomes (2000)Gustavo Pereira FernandesAlves (n.d.)Leal et al. (2022)Bussink (1984)+1 other referenceMaijer 1965Eduardo Ferreira da Silva - ...Daniel P. S. de Oliveira et al. (2013)Fuertes-Fuente et al. (2011)+2 other referencesMoura et al. (2014)Bobos et al. (2021)+1 other referenceGaspar+2 other referencesMartins (2018)Martins (2018)Leal et al. (2019)+1 other referenceLNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...+1 other referenceDias et al. (2009)Gomes (2000)
    Romania
     
    Ciobanu et al. (2006)Szakáll (2002)Mandarino (1996)+2 other referencesShimizu et al. (1998)+1 other referenceZajzon et al. (2012)+1 other referenceTămaș+2 other referencesShimizu et al. (1998)Cook et al. (2002)Cook et al. (2002)Cook et al. (2003)Cook et al. (2001)Stefan Nicolescu (1996)Cook et al. (2002)Szakáll (2002)Tschermak (1866)Cook et al. (2002)Marias FranciscKOVÁCS et al. (2020)- (1998)Hîrtopanu et al. (2012)Paulina HIRTOPANU & Gheorghe UDUBASA (2015)+2 other referencesUdubaşa S.S. (2004)+1 other reference
    Russia
     
    Kasatkin et al. (2025)Eremin+3 other referencesEttlinger et al. (1991)Potseluev et al. (2006)Cherkasova et al. (2015)Pavlova et al. (2009)Pavlova et al. (2009)Pavlova et al. (2009)Pavlova et al. (2009)Rozhdestvina et al. (2024)Gvozdev et al. (2013)Vakh et al. (2009, March)+2 other referencesMelekestseva (2005)+1 other referenceChernyshov et al. (2009, November)Kiseleva+3 other referencesDamdinov et al. (2022)Galuskin (2007)Kasatkin et al. (2025)Rogov et al. (2023)Rogov et al. (2023)Plotinskaya et al. (2020)Nagornaya et al. (2020)+1 other referenceBortnikov et al. (2004)Kurguzova et al. (2014)Alekseev et al. (2015)Sidorov et al. (2007)Distler et al. (2005)Shvedov et al. (2017)+1 other reference ...E. Kaigorodova analytical dataPavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Tolstykh et al. (2017)Sandimirova et al. (2014)Kemkina et al. (2018, July)Lennikov et al. (2004)- (2016)+1 other referenceRodionov et al. (2001)+2 other referencesKorostelev et al. (2009)Tamara Yu. Yakich * et al. (2024)+1 other referenceAlekseev et al. (2015)Chikisheva et al. (2020)P.M. Kartashov and V.V. Strekopytov dataSoloviev et al. (2022)Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ...Shaparenko et al. (2023)Palyanova et al. (2025)- (2014)Spiridonov et al. (2008)Volkov et al. (2013)Политов В.К. (1983)Goryachev et al. (2014)Savva et al. (2022)Volkov et al. (2009)Krinov D.I. et al. (2011)Neradovskii et al. (1982)Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986)Grokhovskaya et al. (2003)[World of Stones 95:5-6Bazai et al. (2009)Bazai et al. (2009)Chernyavsky et al. (2012)+1 other referenceTatyana A. Gornostaeva analytical dataKalinin et al. (2024)Zozulya et al. (2024)Kalinin et al. (2020)Gavrilenko (2001)Groznova et al (2005)+1 other referenceSvetlitskaya+2 other referencesVikent’ev et al. (2006)Hawthorne et al. (1988)Malinko S.V. et al. (1990)Dobovol'skaya et al. (1990)+2 other referencesSimanenko (2006)+1 other referenceRatkin et al. (2021)Gvozdev et al. (2014)Gvozdev et al. (2016)Grebennikova et al. (2023)Grebennikova et al. (2023)Nokleberg et al. (1996)+1 other referenceGorelikova et al (2006)www.fegi.ru (2001)Gonevchuk et al. (2005)+1 other referenceGvozdev (2001)+2 other referencesAlekseev et al. (2015)Perevoznikova et al. (2022)Перевозникова et al. (СИХОТЭ-АЛИНЬ)+1 other referenceKazachenko et al. (2013)Dobrovol’skaya et al. (2008)Kuleshevich et al. (2008)Singh et al. (2009)American Mineralogist+2 other referencesIvashchenko (2024)A. E. ToerneboehmIvashchenko et al. (2006)+1 other referenceIvashchenko et al. (2011, September)Лавров (2021)Ivashchenko et al. (2018, June)+1 other referenceV. I. Ivashchenko et al. (2007)+1 other referenceTrunilina et al. (2021)Pekov (1998)+1 other referenceKondratieva et al. (2021)Kondratieva et al. (2021)Kondratieva et al. (2021)Kondratieva et al. (2021)33rd International Geological Congress (2008)Kondratieva et al. (2023)Savva et al. (2022)Kostin (2021)Gerasimov et al. (2025)Kostin (2020)Gamyanin+6 other referencesGvozdev (2002)+1 other referenceBortnikov et al. (2007)Seltmann et al. (2010)Seltmann et al. (2010)Evseev (1973)L.A. Kondrat’eva+2 other referencesPavlova et al. (2009)Pavlova et al. (2009)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other referencePavlova et al. (2009)Nokleberg et al. (2010)Gamyanin et al. (1998)+1 other referencePavlova et al. (2009)Gamyanin et al. (2015)Pavlova et al. (2009)Pavlova et al. (2009)Yarosh et al. (1955)Murzin et al. (1999)Koroteev et al. (2017)+1 other referenceAvdonin V.N. (2004)USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p173ff+1 other referenceKuzhuget et al. (2020)Kuzhuget et al. (2020)Kuzhuget et al. (2022)Shadchin et al. (2024)Kuzhuget et al. (2023)USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p174Evseev (1973)+1 other referenceBorisenko et al. (1999)Rappenglück (2022)Vikentyev et al. (2023)Litoshko et al. (1984)+1 other referenceVikentyev et al. (2023)Vikentyev et al. (2023)Kovalev et al. (2019)Redin et al. (2015)+1 other referenceRedin et al. (2014)+1 other referenceVictor V. Sharygin analytycal data (2012)Kasatkin et al. (2020)Fialova et al. (2013)Mineralogical Society of America - ...Pekov (1998)+1 other reference- (1998)- (1998)Eremin et al. (2014)Yurgenson et al. (2023)Gvozdev et al. (2020)Yurgenson et al. (2023)Krivitskaya et al. (2008)Prokof'ev et al. (2004)+2 other references
    Rwanda
     
    De Clercq (2012)+2 other referencesBertossa (1968)+1 other reference
    Saudi Arabia
     
    Economic Geology (1996)Afifi et al. (1988)
    Senegal
     
    Lambert-Smith et al. (2020)
    Serbia
     
    Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013)Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic et al. (2007)Radosavljević-Mihajlović et al. (2017)Singer et al. (2008)Huska et al. (2015)Pačevski et al. (2018)
    Slovakia
     
    Ďuďa R. et al. (1993)Pršek et al. (2010)Pršek et al. (2001)Koděra (1986)Maťo et al. (stredné Slovensko)Bálintová T. (2006)+1 other referenceKoděra (1986)Trdlička Z. (1962)Bakoš F. et al. (Slovenské Rudohorie, veporikum)Števko M. et al. (2012)Uher et al. (2000)Andráš P.Háber et al. (SGR)Háber M. (1980)Háber M. (1969)+1 other referenceHáber M. (1980)Lapis 2003 (1)Pauliš et al. (2002)Ferenc Š. et al. (2024)Koděra (1986)Háber M. (1980)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Háber M. (1980)Grecula (1995)Háber M. (1980)Ondrejka et al. (2024)Koděra (1986)Peterec D. (1989)Koděra (1986)Pršek et al. (2008)Grecula (1995)Grecula (1995)Martin Števko-unpublishedKoděra (1986)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Martin Števko-unpublishedPauliš et al. (2002)Pecho J. et al. (1981)Beňka J. (1994)Ferenc et al. (2021)Koděra (1986)Rozložník O.Halahyjová-Andrusovová G. et al. (in Slovak)Koděra (1986)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Števko et al. (2021)Koděra (1986)+1 other referenceGrecula (1995)Grecula (1995)Pauliš et al. (2002)Grecula (1995)Mikuš T. et al. (2018)Grecula (1995)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Ďuďa et al. (1996)Koděra (1986)Hurný J. (1978)Antal B. (1991)Ďuďa R.Ďuďa R.Ozdín D. et al. (Slovak Republic)Duda et. all.Ďuďa R. (2001)Pršek et al. (2005)+1 other referenceOzdín et al. (2009)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Ozdín et al. (1999)
    South Africa
     
    Cairncross et al. (1995)McFall et al. (2019)Manyeruke (2007)ROBB L. J. and ROBB V. M. ( 1986)Cairncross et al. (1995)Malcolm Southwood (2002)Van der Merwe (2011)Hutchinson et al. (2005)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1992)+1 other referenceOtto et al. (2008)Harley et al. (1990)Partington G. A. and Williams et al. (iron)+4 other referencesSwiegers (1948)Swiegers (1948)Swiegers (1948)Swiegers (1948)Swiegers (1948)Swiegers (1948)Swiegers (1948)Swiegers (1948)Kinloch et al. (1990)+1 other referenceS.M.C. Verryn et al (1991)Hammond et al. (2006)Rozendaal et al. (2017)- (1994)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Söhnge (1950)+1 other referenceCairncross et al. (1995)+1 other reference
    South Korea
     
    Park et al. (1992)Dongbok Shin et al.66.249.93.104 (n.d.)Ahn et al. (2017)Mizuta et al. (1990)+1 other referenceLee et al. (1989)Park (1993)+1 other referenceYoo et al. (2011)Econ Geol (1994)Econ Geol (1994)Econ Geol (1994)Econ Geol 92 (1997)Lee et al. (1998)IMAI et al. (1986)+1 other referenceSo+2 other referencesIMAI et al. (1986)- (1998)Chi et al. (1989)Chi et al. (1989)Shin et al. (1987)Imai (1942)IMAI et al. (1984)+3 other references
    Spain
     
    Martínez-Frías et al. (2004)Calvo (2015)Calvo (2009)Joan Rosell (2022)Dr. Günter Grundmann collectionFabre (n.d.)Calvo Rebollar (2003)Calvo (2003)Calvo Rebollar (2003)Schnorrer (2000)JL Carrizo collectionTornos et al. (1998)Ruiz et al. (2002)Miguel Calvo Rebollar (2003)Bocamina (4)Calvo (2003)Almodóvar et al. (1997)Mateo+4 other referencesFanlo et al. (2004)+2 other referencesLopez Ciriano et al. (1997)Calvo (2008)Cepedal et al. (2004)Arcos et al. (1996)Calvo Rebollar (2014)Mangas et al. (1988)Revista de minerales (Mars)Pascua et al. (1997)Calvo Rebollar (2003)Laura Palacios PérezAlfonso Abella et al. (1995)Bareche (2005)Castillo et al. (2009)+1 other referenceC. Canet et al.C. Canet et al.Joan RosellJoan Abella i Creus (2008)Jordá (2008)Ref: Jiménez R. et al. (2004)VindelTánago et al. (2012)Menor et al. (2010)González del Tánago et al. (2002)Casquet et al. (1998)Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023)Sainz de Baranda Graf (2013)Aguado González (1985)Weibel (1954)Weibel (1954)Weibel (1954)+1 other referenceGarófano-Medina et al. (2021)+1 other referenceMinero (2014)Gouanvic (1985)Castroviejo (1990)Castroviejo (1990)Castroviejo (1990)Canosa et al. (2011)Alfonso et al. (2018)+1 other referenceBorrajo et al. (2024)
    Sweden
     
    Sundius (1951)Nordstrom (1872)Holtstam et al. (1999)www.k1q.net (2003)Grensman et al. (2001)Kieft et al. (1984)Kramm et al. (1988)Wahlstrom (1985)J.Mansfeld.: ...Billström et al. (2022)Torstensson (2002)Zakrzewski et al. (1986)The Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska riksmuseet)+1 other referenceSandström et al. (2011)Econ Geol (1985)Gatedal (n.d.)Gatedal (n.d.)Gatedal (n.d.)Gatedal (n.d.)Gatedal (n.d.)Gatedal (n.d.)Zakrzewski et al. (1982)Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM)Dobbe (1991)MinPetr 44+2 other referencesDobbe (1993)+1 other referenceDamman et al. (1990)Damman et al. (1991)Zakrzewski (1984)Gatedal (n.d.)+1 other referenceGatedal et al. (2003)Lindeberg (2013)+1 other referenceBurke et al. (1983)Magnusson (1929)Magnusson (1929)Skřápková et al. (2025)Sandström et al. (2009)Econ Geol (1984)Gatedal (n.d.)Rincon (2022)Laitos (2014)International Geological Congress (2008)Econ Geol (1996)+2 other referencesDenis Martin Schlatter (2007)T. WikströmSandström (2008)Andersson et al. (2024)Andersson et al. (2024)Öhman et al. (2005)Andersson et al. (2024)Andersson et al. (2024)
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Beda Hofmann (1986)Schweizer StrahlerKöppel (1966)Köppel (1966)Köppel (1966)Huttenlocher (1936)Stalder et al. (1998)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)+1 other referenceAnsermet (2012)Ansermet (2012)Stalder et al. (1998)+1 other reference
    Tajikistan
     
    Pautov et al. (2004)+1 other referencePavlova et al. (2009)Kovalenker et al. (1984)+1 other referenceBadalov et al. (1975)+1 other referenceЯтимов et al. (2019)+1 other referenceSoloviev et al. (2019)Moralev et al. (1999)Turlychkin et al. (1972)+1 other referenceCole et al. (2000)Novgorodova et al. (1991)+1 other referenceD.I.Belakovskiy data
    Tanzania
     
    Maier et al. (2010)
    Thailand
     
    Zaw et al. (2007)
    Tunisia
     
    Slim-Shimi et al. (1990)
    Turkey
     
    Yigit (2012)+1 other referenceÇAĞATAY et al. (1990)ÇAĞATAY et al. (1990)Powell et al. (2021)
    UK
     
    Golley et al. (1995)Hall (1868)+3 other referencesDarnley et al. (1965)Hill et al. (1906)+1 other referencePhillips (1823)+4 other referencesLeBoutillier et al. (2000)George Eric Stanley Curtis collectionHall (1868)PDe Bondt (n.d.)Golley et al. (1995)Smith et al. (1996)Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870)Dana 6:13+5 other referencesRollinson et al. (2017)Hey M H et al. (1938)Hogg (1825)+2 other referencesBetterton (1996)Steve Rust collectionHall (1868)+2 other referencesDines (1956)Dines (1956)Hogg (1825)+3 other referencesP Haas collectionAustralian Museum specimenDarnley et al. (1965)Henwood (1843)+1 other referenceCollins (1871)+1 other referenceIxer et al. (1979)+1 other referenceSolferino et al. (2021)Day (1999)Solferino et al. (2021)Greg et al. (1858)+2 other referencesStanley et al. (1991)Tooke (1837)+9 other referencesShaw (1972)+1 other referenceKingsbury et al. (1956)Wirth et al. (2002)Stanley et al. (1979)+2 other referencesDay (1999)Day (1999)Stanley et al. (1979)+1 other referenceRender (n.d.)Dana 6:13.Darnley et al. (1965)www.mineralman.f9.co.uk (2001)Rumsey et al. (2005)+1 other referenceTindle (2008)[johnbetts-fineminerals.com]R. S. W. Braithwaite and J. R. Knight (1990)+1 other referenceLowry et al. (1994)Pattrick (1979)+2 other referencesPattrick (1984)Day (1999)
    Ukraine
     
    Geology+3 other referencesAlexander Babynin & Eugenia Slivko (1999)+1 other referenceMudrovska et al. (2005)+3 other referencesShumlyanskyy et al. (2000)
    USA
     
    Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)USGS OFR 98-287 (Freeman,1998)- (2008)USGS OFR 98-287 (Freeman,1998)+1 other reference- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)Rombach et al. (2002, October)+1 other referenceIllig (2015)- (2008)Alaska Geological Survey Public-data F ...+1 other reference- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)Graeme (1993)Graeme (1993)+2 other referencesGalbraith (1947)+1 other referenceGalbraith (1947)Galbraith (1959)+1 other referencePalmer (1909)+2 other referencesGalbraith (1947)Collected by Keith Jenkerson--Summer ...Galbraith (1947)Galbraith (1947)+1 other referenceGalbraith (1947)+1 other referenceGalbraith (1947)+1 other referenceGalbraith (1947)+1 other referenceJahns (1952)+1 other referenceJahns (1952)Jahns (1952)Dunning et al. (2002)California Geology: 48 (5)Stolburg (1984)Hall (1958)+3 other referencesMargerum (2004)Margerum (2004)Murdoch (1966)Murdoch (1966)Murdoch (1966)Lindgren (1896a)+3 other referencesDunning et al. (2005)Ronald Wynn Sheets et al. (1995)Merrill (1916)+1 other referenceMark Mauthner+1 other referenceWeber (1963)+2 other referencesSeaman (1976)- (2005)Seaman (1976)+1 other referenceJahns et al. (1951)+2 other referencesFoord et al. (1989)+1 other referenceRogersGross et al. (1967)+2 other referencesMurdoch (1966)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Dana 7:I:135.Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Ransome (1901)+1 other reference- (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Dana 6:13.+1 other referenceDana 6: 13 & 62+3 other referencesJanuzzi et al. (1976)Januzzi (1994)Personally collected by David Busha 6/95former Ronald Januzzi collection.JanuzziJanuzzi et al. (1976)Rocks & Min.:13:20.Rocks & Min.:64:198.- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Ream (1995)- (2005)- (2005)Ream (1995)Ream (1995)- (2005)Ream (1995)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)USGS OFR 87-410- (2005)- (2005)King et al. (1994)W. B. Thompson et al. (2005)Morrill et al. 1958.+2 other referencesKing et al. (1994)Falster et al. (2019)King et al. (1994)+1 other referenceThompson et al. (1998)King et al. (1994)King et al. (1994)Travis Olds collectionHeinrich et al. (2004)R&M 74:3 p160-176- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)USGS Open-File Report 76-56U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report ...+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)USGS Bull 2009+1 other referenceMankins (2022)Mankins (2022)Mankins (2022)Mankins (2022)Mankins (2022)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Schilling (1979)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Jensen (1993)Jensen (1993)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Bjareby (1965)Nashua Mineralogical Society Display ...Whitmore et al. (2004)Day (1888)NMGS 38th Field ConferenceNorthrop et al. (1996)Gillerman (1964)Northrop et al. (1996)Gillerman (1964)Lindgren et al. (1910)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Am Min 1953 p1090- (1965)Bingler (1968)+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)- (2005)Lasky (1932)Jahns et al. (1977)+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)Christopher P.Indorf et al. (v.76,p.1170)Koschmann et al. (1968)Dana 6:13Smith et al. (2000)Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117-118.Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117.+1 other referenceSmith et al. (2000)USGS Bull 380D+1 other referenceRoberts et al. (1965)Smith et al. (2000)Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6)+2 other referencesParis (2011)Smith (1991)Alminas+2 other referencesBullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Stanley et al. (1992)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)- (2005)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Kearns et al. (2016)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)- (2005)+1 other referencewww.pnwfm.org (2006)Econ Geol (1992)+1 other referenceSinger et al. (2008) ...+1 other referencePhipps+3 other referencesCannon (1975)Buchholz et al. (2007)+1 other referenceBuchholz et al. (2019)Hausel et al. (2001)- (2005)
    Uzbekistan
     
    Kovalenker et al. (1995)Fuquan Yang et al. (2005)Koneev et al. (2005)Eshimov et al. (1987)+1 other referenceСайитов et al. (2023)Ishkov et al. (2022)Ashirov et al. (2023)Kovalenker (2003)+1 other referencePekov (1998)
    Vietnam
     
    Svetlitskaya et al. (2015)Nguyen et al. (2022)Nguyen et al. (2022)Vasiliev V.I. et al. (2011)Jadwiga PIECZONKA et al. (2019)RICHARDS (2003)+1 other referenceNevolko et al. (2019)Nevolko et al. (2022)
    Zimbabwe
     
    Klemm et al. (2000)Oberthür et al. (2008)Lavinsky (n.d.)+1 other referenceGoodenough et al. (2025)Cairncross (2004)Oberthür et al. (2008)Blenkinsop et al. (1996)+2 other referencesCairncross (2004)Cairncross (2004)Cairncross (2004)HARRISON (N.M.)Cairncross (2004)Frei (2005)
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