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Beudantite

A valid IMA mineral species
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PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6
Colour:
Black, dark green, brown, dark yellow, red, greenish yellow, brown
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy
Hardness:
3½ - 4½
Specific Gravity:
4.48
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by Armand Lévy in 1826 in honor of François Sulpice Beudant [September 5, 1787, Paris, France – December 10, 1850, Paris, France], systematic Mineralogist, University of Paris, Paris, France. Beudant introduced many new mineral names in his books that have superseded older names.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
The arsenate analogue ofcorkite with which a complete solid-solution range exists. Also forms a solid solution withsegnitite andplumbojarosite from which it is difficult to distinguish.

A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of polymetallic deposits. It shows a large variety of different habits (tabular, acute rhombohedral, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-cuboctahedral, very rarely also acicular).
Some beudantite (and segnitite) may contain minor Sb replacing Fe.

Compare chemically very similar unnamed species:UM1976-04-AsOSO:CuFeHPb andUM1975-08-AsOSO:FeHPb.


Unique Identifiers

IMA Classification of Beudantite
First published:
1826

Classification of Beudantite

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
43.4.1.1

43 : COMPOUND PHOSPHATES, ETC.
4 : Anhydrous Compound Phosphates, etc·, Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
22.3.24

22 : Phosphates, Arsenates or Vanadates with other Anions
3 : Phosphates, arsenates or vanadates with sulphates

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
May be frosted.
Colour:
Black, dark green, brown, dark yellow, red, greenish yellow, brown
Streak:
Grayish yellow to green
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {0001}
Density:
4.48(2) g/cm3 (Measured)    4.49 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Beudantite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = Yellow to red-brown
E = Colourless to yellow
Comments:
Anomalously biaxial, exhibiting sectoring. Crystals may exhibit three biaxial sectors around an uniaxial core (Laurion).

Chemistry of Beudantite
Common Impurities:
Cu,Al,P

Chemical Analysis
Click on an icon to view
Beudantite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Beudantite no.2 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Beudantite no.4 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

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Crystal Structure
General Appearance of Type Material:
Aggregates of small crystals. Truncated equant rhombohedrons.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (type).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of a polymetallic ore deposit.

Synonyms of Beudantite

Other Language Names for Beudantite

Varieties of Beudantite

Relationship of Beudantite to other Species
Other Members of Beudantite Group:
ClouditeBaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m
CorkitePbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m
GallobeudantitePbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig. 3m :R3m
HidalgoitePbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig. 3m :R3m
HinsdalitePbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m
KemmlitziteSrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m
OberwolfachiteSrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m
SlottaiteSrFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m
SvanbergiteSrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m
UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaHBaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6
Unnamed (Fe-analogue of Weilerite and Ba-analogue of Oberwolfachite)BaFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6
WeileriteBaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Hex.
WoodhouseiteCaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m
Forms a series with:

Common AssociatesMon. 2/m :P21/m8.BL.MetaheimitePbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3Mon. 2/m :P21/b8.BL.Graulichite-(La)LaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.ClouditeBaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.OberwolfachiteSrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.05GallobeudantitePbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig. 3m :R3m8.BL.05SlottaiteSrFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.05CorkitePbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.05HidalgoitePbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig. 3m :R3m8.BL.05HinsdalitePbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.05UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaHBaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)68.BL.05KemmlitziteSrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.05WeileriteBaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6Hex.8.BL.05WoodhouseiteCaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.05SvanbergiteSrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10SegnititePbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10ArsenogoyaziteSrAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10ArsenogorceixiteBaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10DussertiteBaFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10GalloplumbogummitePb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m :R3m8.BL.10StibiosegnititePb(Fe3+2.5Sb5+0.5)(AsO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10 vaViséite8.BL.10ArsenocrandalliteCaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m)8.BL.10BenauiteSrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10PhilipsbornitePbAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10CrandalliteCaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10SpringcreekiteBaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10EylettersiteTh0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10KintoreitePbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10PlumbogummitePbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.10GorceixiteBaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6Mon.m :Bm8.BL.10GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.13Florencite-(Ce)CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.13Florencite-(La)LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.13Florencite-(Nd)NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.13ZaïriteBiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.13Arsenoflorencite-(La)LaAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.13Arsenoflorencite-(Nd)NdAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6Trig.8.BL.13Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite)(Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)68.BL.13Arsenoflorencite-(Ce)CeAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.13Graulichite-(Ce)CeFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.13ArsenowaylanditeBiAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6Trig.8.BL.13WaylanditeBiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.13Florencite-(Sm)SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m8.BL.15ViitaniemiiteNa(Ca,Mn2+)Al(PO4)(F,OH)3Mon. 2/m :P21/m8.BL.25PattersonitePbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)5 · H2OTric.1 :P1

Fluorescence of Beudantite

Other Information
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  • References for BeudantiteCerro Blanco pegmatite district ?Dina (1993)Bedlivy et al. (1972)Bedlivy et al. (1972)+4 other referencesHolley (2012)
    Australia
     
    Ashley et al. (1999)Gilligan et al. (1992)Rankin et al. (2002)Graham et al. (2005)Chapman et al. (2005)+2 other referencesGilligan et al. (1995)Birch et al. (1997)Day (1998)Byrnes (1993)Byrnes (1993)Parbhakar-Fox (2016)Parbhakar-Fox (2016)Harris et al. (2003)Kolitsch et al. (1999)Noble R.J et al. (1983)Bottrill+1 other referenceBottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)Birch (2017)+1 other reference[Mandarino+1 other referenceNickel et al. (1993)Grice et al. (1991)Dana (xxxx)+3 other referencesAnnual Report of the Western Australian ...Simpson Mineral Collection of the ...+2 other referencesDownes et al. (2006)Dunkan et al. (1990)+4 other referencesBottle Creek Gold deposits+2 other referencesDownes et al. (2011)
    Austria
     
    Kolitsch et al. (2013)A.Pichler (2003)Niedermayr et al. (1995)C.Auer (2024)Pichler (2009)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr (2001)Auer (2021)Putz (2007)R.Poeverlein (2016)R.Poeverlein (2016)Strasser (1989)Neschen (n.d.)C.Auer (2021)Strasser (1989)Niedermayr et al. (2009)Tomazic (1999)Auer (2023)Auer (2019)Schebesta (1992)Schachinger et al. (2015)Jakely (2008)Bojar (1993)Poeverlein et al. (2007)Lapis 2007
    Azerbaijan
     
    Imamverdiyev et al. (2022)
    Belgium
     
    Blaß et al. (1995)Dehove et al. (2006)
    Brazil
     
    Analisys from professor Dr Ricardo ...
    Canada
     
    Ingelson et al. (1989)- (n.d.)McClenaghan et al. (2015)Sabina (1967)Budulan et al. (2009)- (2022)Norman Wilson collectionSabina (2003)+1 other referenceSabina (1967)Grice (1989)+1 other referenceAlexander (2021)Traill (1970)Sabina (1992)+1 other referenceBoyle (1965)Traill (1970)Traill (1970)Sabina (1992)+1 other referenceJambor et al. (1962)Traill (1970)Boyle (1965)Gomi (2001)
    Chile
     
    Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen SchluterSamples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University)SEM-EDS by Joy DesorRemy Phillippe personal communicationSamples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University)"Faja de mineralización de oro+2 other referencesDeyell et al. (2005)Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter et al. (Salzburg Department of Mineralogy)
    China
     
    Jurui He et al. (1992)www.trinityminerals.com (2004)Yi Li (2001)+1 other referenceYi Li and Lairen Lai (2004)Jensen (2009)+1 other referenceQida Zhang and Dakang Song (1990)+2 other referencesPeng et al. (2022)Nikischer et al. (2025)Fuguang Zhao (2007)
    Cuba
     
    Romero (2010)
    Czech Republic
     
    Kocourková-Víšková et al. (2015)RÜSENBERG et al. (1996)Lapis 2002 (7/8)Litochleb J. et al. (Šumava, Česká republika)Pauliš+3 other referencesVrtiška et al. (2024)Sejkora (1994)VÍŠKOVÁ et al. (2022)
    DR Congo
     
    Deliens (1996)
    Egypt
     
    Helmy et al. (2021)Afify et al. (2022)
    Eritrea
     
    Barrie (2007)
    Europe
     
    Sejkora et al. (2001)+1 other reference
    Finland
     
    Ilkka Mikkola collection
    France
     
    Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD + SEM-EDS)Pascal Chollet collection+1 other referenceAnalysed DRX by MNHN of Paris France ...Pélisson (1989)Queneau (n.d.)Queneau (n.d.)perso.wanadoo.fr (2003)P.-C. Guiollard (2002)+1 other referenceJ. GeffroyQueneau (n.d.)Vessely Yannick collectionBoisson et al. (2019)Favreau G. et al. (1996)Yves Mourey CollectionGOURAULT C. (2006)Personally collected by Yves MOUREY in ...GOURAULT C. (2011)Yves Mourey CollectionLe Roch (2009)Chauris (2014)Germain C. et al. (1990)Germain C. et al. (1990)Thierry Brunsperger collection.Wittern et al. (1997)Alain Schaefer collectionR Stein collectionLebocey et al. (2010)Anthony et al. (2000)Queneau (n.d.)Jean Chervet collection+1 other referenceQueneau (n.d.)Forner et al. (1997)Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude )www.zampano.com (n.d.)Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ...+1 other referenceGayraud et al. (2011)+1 other referenceFavreau et al. (2010)Jean Claude DolJean Claude DolJohannet (2012)Lheur et al. (1998)Berbain et al. (2005)GAYRAUD (2010)+1 other referenceJean-Luc Portes CollectionGUILLEMIN (1952)+3 other references
    Germany
     
    Emser Hefte 15 (3)Weiß (1990)Walenta (1996)Walenta (1996)Walenta (1996)Holger Klapproth collectionSchlomann et al. (1988)Pöllmann et al. (1990)Walenta (1996)Walenta (1994)+1 other referenceLapis 1985 (11)Walenta (1992)+2 other referencesSchlomann et al. (1991)https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=53526Walenta (1989)+1 other referenceMarkl (1992)+1 other referenceWalenta (1996)Walenta (1989)Weiß (1990)Walenta (1996)Walenta (1998)Weiß (1990)Dill et al. (2012)PETITJEAN collection No. GH017Fettel (1988)Collection of Steffen MichalskiCollection of Steffen MichalskiAntnonyCollection of Steffen MichalskiCollection of Steffen MichalskiIn the collection of Brent Thorne. ...Collection of Steffen MichalskiCollection of Steffen MichalskiPetitjean et al. (2000)Collection of Steffen MichalskiBelendorff et al. (1987)Collection of Steffen MichalskiVom Rath (1871)Legner et al. (2022)Weiß (1990)Gröbner et al. (2011)collection Manfred Groß"Lithothek" collection of the ...Gröbner et al. (2011)Eigenfunde/Halde Manfred GrossWittern (2001)Bender et al. (1994)Reinhardt (2011)Reinhardt et al. (2016)Blaß et al. (1995)Blaß et al. (1995)Blaß et al. (1995)Lapis 1988 (1)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Lapis 1988 (1)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)von Sandberger (1857)+4 other referencesGolze+3 other referencesSchnorrer et al. (1998)Weiß (1990)Hartmut Hensel collectionNoll (1984)Markl et al. (1990)Lapis (9)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Der Aufschluss Vol. 60Palache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceGröbner et al. (2011)Th.Lühr collectionGröbner et al. (2011)Gröbner et al. (2011)Gröbner et al. (2011)Gröbner et al. (2011)Junker et al. (1991)Gröbner et al. (2011)Massanek et al. (2005)Martin et al. (1994)Gröbner et al. (2006)Hajek (2010)Kleeberg et al. (1992)www.dergraul.de (2001)www.dergraul.de (2001)Martin et al. (1992)+1 other referenceMassanek et al. (2005)Wittern (2001)
    Greece
     
    Blaß et al. (1998)Branko Rieck collectionRieck et al. (1999)Chukanov et al. (2007)Gröbner et al. (2002)+1 other referenceWendel et al. (1999)+1 other referenceHanke (1998)Gröbner (2001)Rieck (n.d.)Gelaude et al. (1996)Rieck (n.d.)Triantafyllidis et al. (2024)42.+1 other referenceUwe Kolitsch (unpublished SEM-EDS analyses)Wendel et al. (1999)Branko Rieck and Uwe Kolitsch ...Rieck (199x)+1 other referenceBlaß et al. (1998)Kolitsch et al. (2014)Ko JansenUwe Kolitsch & Branko Rieck (unpubl. SEM-EDS results)Triantafyllidis (2019)Drahota et al. (2024)Fornadel et al. (2011)Dill et al. (2010)
    Greenland
     
    Petersen (2001)
    Hungary
     
    Acta Min. Petro. (Szeged)Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997)Szakáll: Minerals of RudabányaSándor et al. (2005)Sándor et al. (2005)Szakáll: Minerals of Szár HillHOM DatabaseHOM Collection
    Iran
     
    Boni et al. (2007)
    Ireland
     
    de Haller+2 other references
    Italy
     
    Sylvano IOB Collection+1 other referenceBortolozzi et al. (2015)Ciriotti M.E. (2011)C. BalestraBracco R. (2007)+1 other referencecollected by F. Castellaro and probed ...Lastrico (2006)Vergani et al. (2020)Carmagnola et al. (2019)Vergani et al. (2020)Vergani et al. (2020)Gentile et al. (2023)Bruno Marello collection+1 other referenceCiriotti et al. (2021)Ciriotti et al. (2019)Vincenzo Miletto CollectionCiriotti et al. (2019)Ciriotti et al. (2019)Piccoli et al. (2007)ALBERTINI C. (2014)Luigi Chiappino dataStara et al. (1996)Mariani P. et al. (1975)Brizzi et al. (1994)Lecca et al. (2024)Ciriotti M.E. and Blass.G. (2010)- (2023)Daniel LorenzFerretti et al. (2017)Campostrini I. (2013)Conedera M. et al. (2016)Bortolozzi et al. (2022)SEM/EDX analysis by Dario Cericola+1 other referenceCanal et al. (2012)Rocchetti I. (2012)Vecchi et al. (2013)Bortolozzi et al. (2013)Gasparetto et al. (2014)SEM/EDS analysis by AMI SIUKErica Bittarello+3 other referencesFerretti et al. (2019)"Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ...Jansen et al. (1998)Biagioni C. et al. (2016)Biagioni et al. (2013)Biagioni et al. (2013)Nannoni et al. (2008)Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2)Jansen et al. (1998)Cerutti et al. (1995)Saccardo D. et al. (Torrebelvicino, Vicenza)
    Japan
     
    Hirama et al. (2011)Yamada (2005)Yamada (2004)Kouno et al. (2007)Uehara et al. (2014)Yamada (2004)- (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors)+1 other referencePetrov (n.d.)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Evseev (1995)+1 other referenceEvseev (1995)Anthony et al. (2000)
    Mexico
     
    Megaw (2023)- (2004)Wilson (2004)Smith et al. (1953)www.abcrox.com (n.d.)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)
    Morocco
     
    Favreau (n.d.)Georges FAVREAU collection + EDSFavreau et al. (2006)Favreau (2012)
    Namibia
     
    Gebhard (1999)von Bezing (2007)
    Netherlands
     
    Norway
     
    Kamphaug (1986)+1 other referenceRaade (1993)Husdal (2019)
    Peru
     
    Longo et al. (2005)Boni et al. (2009)
    Poland
     
    Warchulski et al. (2014)
    Portugal
     
    Alves (n.d.)MINERAL UP MAGAZINEAlves et al. (2017)Alves (n.d.)Alves (n.d.)Gomes et al. (2016)Alves (n.d.)Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ...Leal GomesNuno Afonso collection (XRD-analysed)Alves (2017)Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ...Rui Nunes and Pedro Alves collections+1 other referenceKo Jansen collection
    Russia
     
    Kasatkin et al. (2025)Belogub et al. (2003)+1 other referenceTamara Yu. Yakich * et al. (2024)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Grant et al. (2001)Wilson (2016)+1 other referencePonomareV (2022)Pekov (1998)Kasatkin et al. (2014)Yurgenson et al. (2011)
    Slovakia
     
    Vlasáč et al. (2021)
    South Africa
     
    Cairncross et al. (2008)Atanasova et al. (2016)Cairncross et al. (1998)Atanasova et al. (2016)Atanasova et al. (2016)Atanasova et al. (2016)SAMS (South African Micromount Society)Robert O. Meyer collection+2 other referencesReeks (2007)
    Spain
     
    Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ...Calvo (2015)Ko Jansen collectionGeorges FAVREAU collection & EDX ...CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025)Valente et al. (2013)Calvo (2015)Calvo (1999)Calvo (2015)Gröbner et al. (1999)Abella i Creus (2018)Tánago et al. (2012)Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023)Gonzalez Del Tanago+3 other referencesCalvo Rebollar et al. (2022)Castroviejo (1990)Lopez (1987)Borja Sainz de Baranda (1996)Calvo Rebollar (2014)
    Switzerland
     
    Roth et al. (2025)Stalder et al. (1998)EDXS analysesStalder et al. (1998)EDXS analysesMeisser (2012)Ansermet (2012)Stalder et al. (1998)
    Thailand
     
    Queneau (n.d.)
    UK
     
    Kingsbury et al. (1960)Weiss et al. (2007)PS. Rust collection.Golley et al. (1995)Kingsbury et al. (1960)+2 other referencesFluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ...Kingsbury et al. (1960)+1 other referenceKingsbury et al. (1960)+1 other referenceMichael MerryKingsbury (1954)+3 other referencesKingsbury et al. (1960)Golley et al. (1995)Kingsbury et al. (1960)+1 other referenceDay (1999)Cooper et al. (1990)Cooper et al. (1990)+1 other referenceKingsbury et al. (1957)+3 other referencesKingsbury et al. (1960)+3 other referencesKingsbury et al. (1957)+4 other referencesKingsbury et al. (1957)+5 other referencesCooper et al. (1990)+1 other referenceKingsbury et al. (1956)+4 other referencesKingsbury et al. (1957)+1 other referenceKingsbury et al. (1957)+3 other referencesMike Leppington collection (visual ID)Kingsbury (1951)+4 other referencesKingsbury et al. (MS)+4 other references- (2003)Day (1999)Paul Nicholson CollectionKingsbury et al. (1960)+1 other referenceStanley et al. (1991)Cooper et al. (1990)BMS Collection.+8 other referencesKingsbury et al. (1960)+2 other referencesKingsbury et al. (1960)Day (1999)Mineralogical Magazine 1966 35 : ...Tindle (2008)Mason et al. (1997)National Museum of Wales database+1 other reference
    USA
     
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    Vietnam
     
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