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Witherite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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BaCO3
Colour:
Colourless, white, greyish, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
3 - 3½
Specific Gravity:
4.289 - 4.293
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Aragonite Group
Name:
Named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 after William Withering (17 March 1741, Wellington, Shropshire, England - 6 October 1799, Birmingham), English physician and naturalist, who first described the mineral.
Type Locality:
ⓘAnglezarke Mines, Anglezarke, Chorley, Lancashire, England, UK
The Ba analogue ofstrontianite andaragonite.
Found in low-temperature hydrothermal vein deposits.
Forms a series withstrontianite.

Compare'UM1974-03-CO:BaCaMg'.

Note on the type locality:
It was for a long time assumed to beAlston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, but Cotterell (2022) demonstrated that there is "evidence to show that Alston Moor was 'fabricated' as the Type Locality and that the real source was Anglezarke in Lancashire" (https://www.mindat.org/mesg-625213.html).

Visit gemdat.org forgemological information about Witherite.



Unique Identifiers
IMA Formula:
Ba(CO3)
First published:
1784
Type description reference:
Withering, W. (1784) Experiments and observations on the Terra Ponderosa, &c. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 293-311

Classification of Witherite

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
Dana 8th ed.:
14.1.3.2

14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
Hey's CIM Ref.:
11.5.2

11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
resinous on fractures
Colour:
Colourless, white, greyish, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 - 3½ onMohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {010} distinct; on {110} imperfect. Possibly also on {110} and {112}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.289 - 4.293 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.26(2) g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Witherite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
relatively weak

Chemistry of Witherite
CAS Registry number:
513-77-9

CAS Registry numbers are published by theAmerican Chemical Society
Common Impurities:
Ca,Sr

Crystallography of Witherite
Click on an icon to view
Witherite no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.10 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.11 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.19 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.22 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

Toggle
Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

View
Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal Structure
Epitaxy Comments:
Witherites in parallel growth on Barytocalcite (Blagill). Baryte on witherite, with baryte [010]{102} parallel with witherite [100]{011} and {031}; also otherwise oriented.

X-Ray Powder DiffractionCave-in-Rock, Hardin County, Illinois, USA 94
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.72 Å(100)
3.68 Å(53)
3.215 Å(15)
2.628 Å(24)
2.590 Å(23)
2.150 Å(28)
2.019 Å(21)

Geological Environment
Reference:
Withering, W. (1784) Experiments and observations on the Terra Ponderosa, &c. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 293-311

Synonyms of Witherite

Other Language Names for Witherite

Relationship of Witherite to other Species
Other Members of Aragonite Group:
AragoniteCaCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
CerussitePbCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
StrontianiteSrCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)

Common AssociatesTrig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05RhodochrositeMnCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05CalciteCaCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05SmithsoniteZnCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05GaspéiteNiCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05SpherocobaltiteCoCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05MagnesiteMgCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05OtaviteCdCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05 vaParakutnohorite5.AB.10DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.10MinrecorditeCaZn(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.10ŠkáchaiteCaCo(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.10AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.10KutnohoriteCaMn2+(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.15AragoniteCaCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)5.AB.15CerussitePbCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)5.AB.15StrontianiteSrCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)5.AB.20VateriteCaCO3Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P63/mmc5.AB.25HuntiteCaMg3(CO3)4Trig. 32 :R325.AB.30NorsethiteBaMg(CO3)2Trig. 32 :R325.AB.35AlstoniteBaCa(CO3)2Tric.5.AB.40ParalstoniteBaCa(CO3)2Trig. 32 :P3215.AB.40OlekminskiteSr(Sr,Ca,Ba)(CO3)2Trig. 32 :P3215.AB.45BarytocalciteBaCa(CO3)2Mon. 2/m :P21/m5.AB.50Carbocernaite(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO3)2Orth.mm25.AB.55BenstoniteBa6Ca6Mg(CO3)13Trig.3 :R35.AB.60JuangodoyiteNa2Cu(CO3)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b

Other Information
External Links
Search for toxicity information at the United States National Library of Medicine

Internet Links for Witherite
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    • External Links:
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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF
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    • References for WitheriteⓘSang-i-Law MineOrris et al. (2002)
    Angola
     
    Castellano Calvo A et al. (2014)Cruz et al. (2008)
    Australia
     
    Kawachi et al. (1994)+1 other referenceSA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...Ralph Bottrill collection
    Austria
     
    Kolitsch et al. (2013)Gruber et al. (1985)+4 other referencesPichler (2009)Kolitsch et al. (2025)Fugger (1878)Strasser (1989)Niedermayr et al. (2009)www.vstm.at (n.d.)Redlich et al. (1923)Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010)+2 other referencesFranz Bernhard collectionhistoric localityExel (1993)Weber (1990)Zepharovich (1859)C. Auer (2022)C. Auer (2022)Grachev (Ed)+1 other reference- (1994, July)- (1994, July)Arlt et al. (1994)
    Brazil
     
    Guarino (2010)Cassedanne et al. (1982)
    Bulgaria
     
    Marcus Vau Collection
    Canada
     
    Dalsin et al. (2015)Peatfield (n.d.)Anton R. Chakhmouradian and Roger H. Mitchell (2001)Rich et al. (1977)SAGE (1981)Palache et al. (1951)Robert Hauck+2 other referencesDana et al. (1892)Willet Miller (1905)Nadeau et al. (2015)Montgomery et al. (1972)+2 other referencesKampf et al. (2014)Gardner et al. (1985)Ansdell et al. (1989)+1 other reference
    China
     
    www.chuanyumining.com (n.d.)+1 other referenceShaoyin Huang (1975)Zhu et al. (2025)Jingfang Jin and Hui Jin (2000)Lü Zhi-cheng et al. (2005)Yubo Ma et al. (2012)Jiang et al. (2025)Shenghua Wu et al. (2010)+2 other referencesShenghua Wu et al. (2011)Jiang et al. (2025)Jiang et al. (2025)Jiang et al. (2025)Lü Zhi-cheng et al. (2005)Feng et al. (2024)Jiang et al. (2025)Jiang et al. (2025)Jiang et al. (2025)Tang Juxing et al. (1998)Zhongcheng Wang (1996)Xiaoyu Li (2005)+1 other referenceHou et al. (2009)
    Czech Republic
     
    [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002+1 other referenceKudělásekFenglNovák
    DR Congo
     
    Cook (2007)
    Eswatini
     
    Roerdink et al. (2016)
    Finland
     
    Vartiainen+22 other references
    France
     
    TREILLARD Michel collectionBariand et al. (n.d.)+2 other referencesPalache et al. (1951)Pélisson (1989)TREILLARD Michel collection
    Germany
     
    Linhard (2005)Weiß (1990)Dana 7:II:195.+2 other referencesPalache et al. (1951)Weber (1992)www.mineralienatlas.de (2016)
    Greece
     
    Tsirigoti et al. (2025)
    India
     
    Kaur et al. (2016)Rock et al. (1992)Tripathi et al. (2022)Saini et al. (2022)Kent et al. (1998)
    Indonesia
     
    Idrus et al. (2015)
    Italy
     
    Giovanni Scapin CollectionStoppa et al. (2019)Alfors et al. (1984)StaraDel Caldo et al. (1973)Pegoraro S. (2014)
    Japan
     
    Palache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceHirowatari and Fukuoka (1983)Nishio-Hamane et al. (2012)
    Kazakhstan
     
    - (2005)
    Mexico
     
    Alfors et al. (1984)+1 other reference
    Morocco
     
    Bea et al. (2013)
    Namibia
     
    - (1977)Dunn (1991)Gardner et al. (1985)
    Netherlands
     
    T.G. Nijland
    Norway
     
    Nordrum (2004)33rd International Geological Congress (2008)Nordrum (2001)Kjærnet (2012)
    Pakistan
     
    Jan et al. (1981)+2 other references
    Poland
     
    Huber et al. (1980)
    Romania
     
    Hirtopanu et al. (2015)
    Russia
     
    Konev et al. (1993)Lapis Nov -94 p48-49Mitchell et al. (1993)Palache et al. (1951)Groth (1891)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Lyalina et al. (2014)Pekov et al. (2004)Ivanyuk et al. (2017)Mikhailova et al. (2015)Zaitsev et al. (2004)Belovitskaya et al. (2004)
    Slovakia
     
    Jeleň et al. (2006)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika)Števko M. (2021)Novotný P. & Pauliš P.Novotný P. & Pauliš P. 2005: Witherit z Vyšné Boce et al. (in Czech)
    Slovenia
     
    Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ...
    South Africa
     
    Kamenetsky et al. (2014)LM et al. (2009)Giuliani et al. (2017)+1 other referenceMoore et al. (2011)+1 other referenceCostin et al. (2015)Costin et al. (2015)Costin et al. (2014)+1 other reference
    South Korea
     
    Pavel M. Kartashov's analytical data
    Sweden
     
    Cámara et al. (2021)
    Tanzania
     
    Victoria Sekisova et al. (2015)
    Turkey
     
    Arik (2012)
    UK
     
    Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Spencer (1910)+3 other referencesDunham et al. (2nd Edition)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Dunham K C. 1990. Geology of the ...Palache et al. (1951)Shaw (1972)+3 other referencesStanley et al. (1991)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Cotterell (2022)+1 other referenceDunham et al. (2nd Edition)Day (1999)[Specimen in the Natural History MuseumDunham et al. (2nd Edition)Day (1999)Fisher (2009)Dunham K CAlan Ions collectionRumsey et al. (2008)Cotterell (2022)+1 other referenceRender (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Dunham Sir K C. Geology of the Northern ...Render (n.d.)PaulRender (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Wood (1993)Wood (1993)Render (n.d.)Paul Nicholson CollectionRender (n.d.)Paul Nicholson CollectionRender (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Braithwaite et al. (1992)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Hall (1868)+2 other referencesSpencer (1910)+4 other referencesDunham et al. (2nd Edition)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Dunham: The Geology of the Northern ...Render (n.d.)Day (1999)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Hall (1868)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Ford (2000)Moles et al. (2024)Day (1999)Day (1999)Day (1999)Day (1999)Day (1999)Day (1999)Render (n.d.)Day (1999)[www.thamesvalleyminerals.com]National Museum of Wales database+1 other reference
    USA
     
    - (2008)- (2008)Schardt (2008)- (2008)- (2008)MRDS file #10064848.+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Nevius (1912)Galbraith (1959)+1 other referenceErickson+2 other referencesRocks & Min.: 56:248 & 63:113.Newberry et al. (1981)Bob WalstromAlfors et al. (1965)+2 other referencesWalstrom (n.d.)+2 other referencesMorgan et al. (1969)+2 other referencesRogers (1932)+4 other references- (2005)Palache et al. (1951)Dolbear (1917)+5 other referencesDunning et al. (2005)Alfors et al. (1984)Gross et al. (1965)+3 other referencesPalache et al. (1951)Tony Kampf (PXRD analysis)+2 other referencesAlfors et al. (1984)+1 other referenceWalstrom (n.d.)Tank (1972)+1 other referenceGoldstein (1997)Goldstein (1997)Rocks & Min.: 63:211.Rocks & Min.: 63: 211Rocks & Minerals: 63: 221.+2 other referencesRocks & Min.: 24:359+1 other referenceDanny JonesBracke (n.d.)Beste (1996)Anderson (1994)Palache et al. (1951)Goldstein (2006)Gleba (2008)Heinrich et al. (2004)Leonhard (1886)+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)+1 other reference- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Stewart et al. (1977)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Robinson et al. (2007)Robinson et al. (2007)Rocks & Min.:64 (5)Paris (2011)Thurston et al. (1954)Robin D. Tibbit (deceased)Jackson (1986)Mrose et al. (1961)
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