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Wad

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black wad; it is of a dark brown colour, partly in powder and partly indurated, and brittle." Earthy wad-like manganese minerals, of course, were used in glassmaking in ancient Rome and wads were used as pigments in prehistoric times. (Manganese metal was first isolated in impure form in 1774.) According to Thomas Robinson (1709), wad was also used relating to graphite by miners in the Westmoreland and Cumberland (Cumbria) regions of England. Robinson (1709) further indicated that the name "wadt" was used in Germany suggesting the black character of a substance. Jonathan Otley (1819) stated that a deed dated November 28, 1614, in Borrowdale, England referred to graphite as wad: "... the several names of wad, black cawke, black lead, plumbago and graphite, by which this mineral has been successively designated..."
A generic name for (often poorly crystalline) soft manganese oxides/hydroxides, often containing significant amounts of hydroxides/oxides of other metals and adsorbed metals (Ni, Co, Cu, Fe, and other transition metals, alkali elements, etc.)
See also the general termManganese Oxides.


Unique IdentifiersJolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of Wad
Colour:
Black, bluish black, brownish black
Streak:
Black, bluish black, brownish black, reddish brown, liver-brown
Hardness:
1 - 6½ onMohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Density:
2.8 - 4.4 g/cm3 (Measured)    

Chemical AnalysisCrocq, J. (1894) Découverte du cobalt dans les sables tertiaires de Woluwe-Saint-Lambert. Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique: 3e série, 28: 485.Analysis 2

Synonyms of Wad

Other Language Names for Wad

Varieties of WadCopper-bearing WadA copper-bearing variety of wad with an ill-defined composition.Ferrian WadAn iron-bearing wad.Lithian WadA lithium-bearing wad.ManganoxydaluminitAn aluminian variety of wad.Silver-bearing WadA silver-bearing variety of wad.WackenroditeA hydrated oxide of Mn and Pb, now generally accepted as a plumbian variety of Wad. [Clark, 1993, - "Hey's Mineral Index"]

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    • References for WadⓘBitinckeThorne et al. (2012)
    Antarctica
     
    AmMin 44:439Petersen et al. (2004)
    Argentina
     
    Raúl J. Tauber Larry´s collectionRaúl Jorge Tauber LarryAmerican Mineralogist (1978)LEALHelvaci et al. (2000)+1 other referenceGALLISKI (1983)Galliski et al. (2002)Paz et al. (2016)Roquet et al. (2011)PENALVAFranchini et al. (2005)
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    Mozgova et al. (2007)Gablina et al. (2018)Gablina et al. (2018)Maslennikov+6 other referencesD'Orazio et al. (2004)
    Australia
     
    McQueen+2 other referencesMcLean (2004)Ashley et al. (1999)Brown R.E. (SH/56-5)Hertzberger et al. (1978)Segnit (1973)Palache et al. (1944)Jones (1955)+1 other reference- (2023)+1 other referenceMunro-Smith et al. (2015)Updated list originally distributed by ...part of list University of QueenslandSA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...Brown (1899)Sutherland et al. (2004)Bottrill et al. (2006)Bottrill et al. (2006)Australian Journal of Mineralogy (2006)Pryce et al. (1974)Campbell (1906)Gibb-Maitland (1908)The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (1977)Sorrell (n.d.)Simpson (1948)Simpson (1948)Simpson (1948)Taylor (1998)
    Austria
     
    Zadorlaky-Stettner (1962)G. Niedermayr et al. (1988)www.indra-g.at (2016)Praetzel (1985)Praetzel (1985)H. Meixner: 32 (3)G. Blass (2001)Zadorlaky-Stettner (1962)www.indra-g.at (2016)Pichler (2003)Pichler (2003)G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001)Meixner (1980)Niedermayr et al. (1995)G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 180./100.:247-248 (1990)Huber et al. (1977)Hackenberg (2003)Auer (2023)Hackenberg (2003)Hackenberg (2003)Huber et al. (1977)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Auer (1995)Auer (1995)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)C.Auer (2016)Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010)Hackenberg (2003)Schweiger (1969)Chris AuerGerald Gesselbauer (2010)Offenbacher et al. (2015)Aufschluss 1972 (SB)Exel (1993)Alker (1957)Neschen (n.d.)Exel (1993)Haditsch (1967)Exel (1993)Meixner (1930)Meixner (1930)Hackenberg (2003)Schnorrer et al. (2005)PoeverleinSchnorrer et al. (2002)Exel (1993)- (1994, July)Bauer (1997)Exel (1993)
    Belgium
     
    Crocq (1894)+1 other referenceMélon et al. (1976)Cocheteux (1883)+1 other referenceDejonghe et al. (1993)www.fossiliraptor.be (2007)Hock (1878)+1 other reference
    Botswana
     
    Forrester+1 other reference
    Brazil
     
    Cassedanne et al. (1977)Queiroz (2016)Queiroz (2016)Alexandre Raphael Cabral et al. (2005)Cassedanne (1989)Rev. Esc. Minas vol.57 no.4 Ouro Preto ...Cassedanne et al. (1991)Walter et al. (1995)Coimbra et al. (1989)
    Cambodia
     
    Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)
    Cameroon
     
    Fosso Tchunte et al. (2018)
    Canada
     
    Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)Thompson (1954)Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description)personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description)- (n.d.)Simandl et al. (1997)Badham (1975)Blackadar (1981)Rich et al. (1977)R. Van Dommelen collectionKontak et al. (1996)P.B. Tomascak et al. (1994)R. W. Boyle and A. S. Dass (1971)Palache et al. (1951)Boyle (1961)Wengzynowski et al. (2006)data.geology.gov.yk.ca (n.d.)
    Chile
     
    WARREN (2005)Bárbara Romero et al. (2011)www.newsfilecorp.com (n.d.)Sonami: "Boletín de la Sociedad ...+1 other referenceRojas-Pardo et al. (2012, March)Zambra et al. (2007)Stgo de Chile.+1 other reference- (n.d.)+1 other referenceMaurizio Dini database 2007Maurizio Dini database 2007- (n.d.)+1 other referenceInstituto de Investigaciones Geológicas+3 other referencesInstituto de Investigaciones ...+2 other referencesPalache et al. (1951)I.Domeyko collection+2 other references- (2003)- (2003)
    China
     
    Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976)Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976)Hou Zengqian et al. (2008)Liangkai Gu (1986)Liangkai Gu (1986)Liangkai Gu (1986)Liangkai Gu (1986)Liangkai Gu (1986)Liangkai Gu (1986)Liangkai Gu (1986)Liangkai Gu (1986)Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976)+1 other referenceGuilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976)Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976)Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977)Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976)Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976) ...Fushan Wang (1991)Zhaojian Zeng (1997)Bingtao Li (1993)Baisheng Zhang (1998)Quanshi Zhuo and Xiubao Huang (2007)Xiaochao Hui (2014)Su Sun (1993)Ziyi Wan (1986)Kaiji Yu (1981)
    Colombia
     
    Benjamin LeRoy Miller (1924)
    Cyprus
     
    Prüfer (2010)
    Czech Republic
     
    Škácha et al. (2009)Pauliš+3 other referencesČernýVáclav Macháček collectionJanečka et al. (stav ke dni 1.7.1966)Pauliš P. et al. (2007)BradnaKruťaSejkora (1994)Fojt (A)Kruťa (Frýdberka)Prachař+6 other referencesNováčekChvátal (2003)www.mineralos.cz (2003)Sejkora (1994)BouškaStaněk (1991)+4 other referencesnew data on the type material. Journal of GEOsciences: 45 (1-2)+1 other referenceVelebil+5 other references
    DR Congo
     
    De Bondt (n.d.)John Veevaert specimen- (2005)Nasraoui et al. (1999)
    Egypt
     
    Mohamed (2013)El-Naby (2009)JKAU: Earth Sci. et al. (2008 A.D. / 1429 A.H.)Sallam (2020)Sallam (2020)Sallam (2020)
    Ethiopia
     
    López-García et al. (2020)
    Finland
     
    Sandström et al. (2009)
    France
     
    J.-J. Périchaud: Les Minéraux d'Auvergne et al. (1985)J.C. Delhomme (1980)Chauris (2014)Wittern et al. (1997)Archibald Liversidge (1888)Berger et al. (2011)+1 other referenceBRGM survey dataRef: Inventoire mineralogique de la ...Ref: Inventoire mineralogique de la ...Pierrot et al. (1976)Jean-Marie Claude collection+1 other referenceJean-Marie Claude collection
    Georgia
     
    Volcanogenic Non-Ferrous Deposits of ...
    Germany
     
    Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)www.mineralienatlas.de (2021)Hahn (1991)Lapis 1984 (1)Weiß (1990)Walenta (1992)Markl (1992)Steen (2013)Falkenstein (2010)Walenta (1992)Weiß (1990)Walenta (1992)Erzgräber 1987 (2)Erzgräber 1987 (2)[var: Wackenrodite]Palache et al. (1944)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Aufschluss 1987 (8/9)+1 other referenceAufschluss 1970 (5)Weiß (1990)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)90.+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)Frankenberger (2016)Weiß (1990)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)web.archive.org (2001)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Rank (1985)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)Weiß (1990)Weber (2013)Weiß (1990)Nickel et al. (1985)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Emser Hefte 1988 (1)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)PETITJEAN collectionNickel et al. (1985)Kirnbauer (1984)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)70.+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Weiß (1990)Wittern et al. (1986)Weiß (1990)Schnorrer et al. (2002)+1 other referenceKoch (2008)Gröbner (2001)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Prüfer (2007)Weiß (1990)Der Aufschluss 2000 (2)Henrich (2008)Weiß (1990)Lapis (12)Heckmann et al. (1990)Graf et al. (1982)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Lapis 1983 (7/8)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Emser Hefte 1987 (4)Aufschluss 62 (1)Aufschluss 69/ (7+8)+1 other referenceLapis (2)Heidtke (2001)Heidtke (2001)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Heidtke (2001)Graf (1991)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Der Aufschluss Vol.55Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)54 (in German)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Gröbner et al. (2011)Wittern (2001)Lapis (4)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Schlegel (1991)Wittern (2001)Kleeberg et al. (1992)+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)Lapis 11 (7/8)Doss (1914)Nasdala et al. (1991)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)www.mineralatlas.eu (n.d.)Wittern (2001)Rüger et al. (1992)
    Ghana
     
    Mücke et al. (1999)
    Greece
     
    [MinMax website]Vasilatos et al. (2022)Fritz Schreiber collectionVasilatos et al. (2022)Michailidis (1990)Michailidis (1990)Michailidis (1990)Ivarsson et al. (2010)
    Hungary
     
    Szakáll et al. (1996)NAGY et al. (2000)Koch (1985)Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter University of Miskolc (2018)Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter University of Miskolc (2018)Koch (1985)
    India
     
    Sivaprakash (1980)Sivaprakash (1980)Viladkar et al. (1992)+1 other reference
    Indian Ocean
     
    Nayak et al. (2011)Herzig et al. (1988)
    Indonesia
     
    Barton et al. (1978)Econ Geol (1990)Turner et al. (1994)A.S. Subandrio (2010)Yuningsih et al. (2014)Yuningsih (2010)Yuningsih et al. (2014)
    Iran
     
    Mousivand et al. (2018)Econ Geol (1992)Mousivand et al. (2018)Yasami et al. (2025)Gilg et al. (2003)
    Ireland
     
    de Haller
    Isle of Man
     
    D. Hollis (1989)
    Israel
     
    Bartura (1974)Shlomovitch et al. (1996)
    Italy
     
    Ferdinando Giovine coll.+1 other referencePezzotta et al. (1999)Prete (1995)Fadda et al. (2005)Exel (1987)Canal et al. (2012)Bortolozzi et al. (2021)MarinaiC.L. Garavelli (1957)E. Manasse (Isola d'Elba)OrlandiOrlandi et al. (1996)Betti et al. (2017)Betti et al. (2017)Betti et al. (2017)Betti et al. (2017)Betti et al. (2017)Betti et al. (2017)Betti et al. (2017)Betti et al. (2000)C. Betti et al. (1999)C. Betti et al. (1999)C. Betti et al. (1999)C. Betti et al. (1999)Lapis (12)+2 other references
    Japan
     
    Yamada (2004)- (n.d.)Nambu et al (1979)島倉広至 et al. (2015)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)Fujiwara: Nihon-no-kobutsu (1994)Ohnishi et al. (2001)
    Jordan
     
    Sokol+9 other referencesKim et al. (2021)Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 21:101-117.
    Kazakhstan
     
    Kalinin et al. (2018)Kalinin et al. (2018)Dyussembayeva et al. (2013)Jeremolenko (2002)Pekov (1998)Yegorov et al. (1970)Pekov (1998)
    Kosovo
     
    Hyseni et al. (2010)
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    Filippov et al. (2013)
    Luxembourg
     
    Filella et al. (2009)
    Madagascar
     
    Behier (1960)+1 other referenceLacroix (1899)
    Malawi
     
    Salima (2014)
    Mauritania
     
    Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)
    Mexico
     
    Rodriguez et al. (2019)González-Sánchez et al. (2017)Pi et al. (2014)+1 other referenceGemmell et al. (1988)+1 other reference
    Mongolia
     
    Seltmann et al. (2004)
    Morocco
     
    S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8)Samaoui et al. (2024)
    Namibia
     
    Ashworth (2014)Bowell et al. (2013)
    New Zealand
     
    Read et al. (1971)Rough Country Minerals specimens
    Nicaragua
     
    Darce (1990)
    Niger
     
    Pagel et al. (2005)
    North Macedonia
     
    Percival et al. (1994)
    Norway
     
    Goldschmidt (1911)Nordrum et al. (1981)Flink (1899)
    Pacific Ocean
     
    Antonio Borrelli collectionEcon Geol (1985)Vesselin et al. (1997)Hannington et al. (1986)Papanicolaou (2020)Hannington et al. (1986)Friesen et al. (1995)Volokhin et al. (2020, April)Astakhov et al. (2006)Mikhailik et al. (2021)
    Pacific Plate
     
    Zhou+7 other references
    Palau
     
    Miller et al. (1987)
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Yates et al. (1967)Seccombe et al. (2005)Espi et al. (2005)+1 other referenceNelson et al. (1988)Nelson et al. (1988)Sillitoe et al. (1984)Espi et al. (2002)
    Peru
     
    Gustavo Durieux et al (2029)Boni et al. (2009)+2 other referencesLewis (1964)Bussell et al. (1990)+1 other referenceAlvarez A et al. (1988)
    Philippines
     
    Watanabe+5 other references
    Poland
     
    Lis et al. (1986)Domań+2 other referencesLis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Fiedler H. (1863)Lis et al. (1986)
    Portugal
     
    LNEG/Siorminp databaseDaza Brunet et al. (2014)LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (Siorminp ID 635Mn)LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (Siorminp ID 635Mn)LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...Oliveira et al. (2025)LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...IST Lisbon (Alfredo Bensaude museum)LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...João Farinha Ramos (2007)LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...
    Republic of the Congo
     
    Demetrius Pohl
    Romania
     
    D. Radulescu & R. Dimitrescu (1966)Udubasa et al. (1996)
    Russia
     
    Am Min 90:1402-1412 (deposit item)E.V. et al. (2025)Nishanbaev et al. (2016)Palache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceMakshakov+2 other referencesPekin et al. (2010)+1 other referenceFeklichev et al. (1998)Azarova et al. (2009)Pekov et al. (2003)Pekov (1998)Pekov et al. (2001)Pekov et al. (2004)Yakovenchuk et al. (2011)Kalinina (2015)Perevoznikova et al. (2009)
    Rwanda
     
    Daltry et al. (1998)
    Saudi Arabia
     
    USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC187-C189Luce et al. (1976)
    Slovakia
     
    UherPaulišPaulišKoděra (1986)PaulišKoděra (1986)Pauliš et al. (2002)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Maťo et al. (stredné Slovensko)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Grecula (1995)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Háber et al. (SGR)Háber et al. (SGR)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Pauliš et al. (2002)Koděra (1986)BačoKoděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Cílek V.Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)BacsóKoděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Ďuďa et al. (1996)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Uher et all.Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)DudaDuda et. all.Koděra (1986)ĎuďaKoděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Ozdín et al. (1999)Koděra (1986)
    South Africa
     
    Benedict Kinshasa Pharoe and Kuiwu Liu: Stratigraphy of the pedogenic manganese nodules in the Carletonville area (in press 2018)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Wight (2002)Wilson et al. (2006)Gutzmer (1996)Cairncross et al. (1995)
    South Korea
     
    Kinosaki (1943)Choi et al. (2005)
    Spain
     
    Abad+3 other referencesGröbner et al. (1999)Joaquim MollfulledaAlfredo Petrov field trip observations.Laura Palacios PérezJosep Sanchez-LaFuente i Mariol (INTAN)Aufschluss 1978 (5)Aufschluss 1975 (6)Alfonso et al. (2018)Calvo et al. (1991)Calvo et al. (1991)Adrián Pesudo
    Sweden
     
    Weibull (1884)Weibull (1883)Weibull (1884)Wilke (1997)Svanberg (1844)
    Switzerland
     
    Meisser (2012)
    Taiwan
     
    Tanzania
     
    Cabri et al. (2017)Gallagher (1941)
    Thailand
     
    Econ Geol (1995)
    Turkey
     
    Rabayrol et al. (2023)Yigit (2012)Nikiforov et al. (2014)Helvaci et al. (2013)Eren et al. (2014)
    UK
     
    Woodward A S (1884)Russell (1946)Phillips (1823)Hall (1868)Hill et al. (1906)Phillips (1823)+3 other referencesHall (1868)+1 other referenceHill et al. (1906)JarvisBridges et al. (2008)Bridges et al. (2008)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Farey (1811)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1965)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Collins (1871)Alabaster (1990)[Specimen in the collection of the ...Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Burr (1996)Palache et al. (1951)Render (n.d.)Steve Rust collectionSteve Rust collectionSteve Rust collectionSteve Rust collectionFord (2000)Render (n.d.)Ixer et al. (2005)Pers CommNicholson (1989)S Rust collectionNicholson (1986)Ixer et al. (1996)Le Neve Foster (1879)P.M. AllenRender (n.d.)
    Ukraine
     
    Econ Geol (1988)
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