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Aurichalcite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored byGrounded Light Crystal
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ⓘLoktevskoye Mine (Loktevskii Mine), Upper Loktevka River, Altai Krai, Russia
A secondary mineral in copper and zinc deposits, aurichalcite is typically found as blue or green crusts or mats of tiny acicular crystals, often as feathery, tufted, druzes; more rarely it is found as columnar crystal aggregates or crusts of either lamellar aggregates or as granular aggregates.


Unique Identifiers

Classification of Aurichalcite

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
A : With Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn
Dana 7th ed.:
16.4.2.1
Dana 8th ed.:
16a.4.2.1

16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
4 : (AB)5(XO3)2Zq
Hey's CIM Ref.:
11.6.5

11 : Carbonates
6 : Carbonates of Zn and Cd

Mineral SymbolsJolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of Aurichalcite
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Pale green, sky blue, or greenish blue; colourless to light shades of blue or green in transmitted light
Streak:
Light blue
Hardness:
1 - 2 onMohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Fragile
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010} and {100}.
Parting:
None
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.96 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.93 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Aurichalcite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
relatively strong r < v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = Colourless
Y = Blue-green
Z = Blue-green

Chemistry of Aurichalcite
Common Impurities:
Ca

Crystallography of Aurichalcite79 mine, 4th level, Hayden, Gila County, Arizona, USA 1221
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
6.78 Å(100)
3.68 Å(70)
3.25 Å(30)
2.89 Å(40)
2.81 Å(30)
2.72 Å(40)
2.61 Å(80)
1.656 Å(40)
Locality:
Loktevskoye Mine (Loktevskii Mine), Upper Loktevka River, Altai Krai, Russia

Geological Environment

Synonyms of Aurichalcite

Other Language Names for Aurichalcite

Common AssociatesMon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10Mcguinnessite(Mg,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m5.BA.10Zincrosasite(Zn,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon.5.BA.10ParádsasváriteZn2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10Rosasite(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10NullaginiteNi2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10Georgeite[Cu(OH)2-x(H2O)x][CO3]x/2Amor.5.BA.10Glaukosphaerite(Cu,Ni)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10PokrovskiteMg2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10KolweziteCuCo(CO3)(OH)2Tric.5.BA.10ChukanoviteFe2+2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10PerchiazziiteCo2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.15HydrozinciteZn5(CO3)2(OH)6Mon. 2/m :B2/m5.BA.20HoldawayiteMn6(CO3)2(OH)7(Cl,OH)Mon. 2/m :B2/m5.BA.25UM1977-03-COSiO:CaClHCa10-11(CO3)7(SiO4)Cl1-2(OH)1-2Mon.5.BA.25DeferniteCa6(CO3)1.58(Si2O7)0.21(OH)7[Cl0.50(OH)0.08(H2O)0.42]Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma5.BA.30SclariteZn7(CO3)2(OH)10Mon. 2/m :B2/b5.BA.30Loseyite(Mn2+,Zn,Mg)4Zn3(CO3)2(OH)10Mon. 2/m

Fluorescence of Aurichalcite

Other Information
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    • References for AurichalciteSage (1791) Le Journal de physique et le radium, Paris: 38: 155 (as "Mine de Laiton de Pise en Toscane").
    Böttger, T. (1839) Chemische Untersuchung des Aurichalcits, eines neuen Kupfererzes vom Altai. Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 48: 495 (as Aurichalcit).
    Delesse (1846) Annales de chimie et de physique, Paris: 18: 478 (as Buratite).
    Glocker, Ernst Friedrich (1847)Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt, mineralium nomina complectens [A synopsis of the genera and species of minerals, according to their natural orders, including the names of all the minerals that have yet been discovered.]. Eduardus Anton. 348 pp.p.230 - as Orichalcit
    Risse (1865) Verein der Rheinlande Corr.-Bl.: 22: 95 (as Messingblüthe).
    Adam, M. (1869) Tableau minéralogique, Paris: 26 (as Messingite).
    Belar, A. (1889) Über Aurichalcit und künstliches Zinkcarbonat (ZnCO3 + H2O). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 17: 113.
    Penfield, S.L. (1891) On the chemical composition of aurichalcite. American Journal of Science: 41: 106-109.
    Collins, Henry F. (1892) Mineralogical Notes from Torreon, State of Chihuahua, Mexico.Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 10 (45) 15-19doi:10.1180/minmag.1892.010.45.04
    Cesàro, G. (1897) Description des minéraux phosphatés, sulfatés, et carbonatés du Sol Belge. Mémoires de la Société royale des sciences, de Belgique, Bruxelles: 53: 1-134.
    D'Achiardi, G.B. (1897) Aurichalcite de Campiglia Maritima et Valdaspar. Atti della Società toscana di scienze naturali Memori: 16: 1-15.
    Heddle, M.F. (1901) The Mineralogy of Scotland. 2 volumes, Edinburgh: 1: 146.
    Navarro, L.F. (1908) Datos cristalográficos de la Auricalcita. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid: 117-119.
    Lecroix, A. (1909) Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies. 739.
    Navarro, L.F. (1911) Krystallographische Daten des Aurichalcits. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 49: 297-298.
    Kato, T. (1913) Aurichalcite from the Tsuzuragahayama Mine, Prov. Nagato, Japan. Journal of the Geological Society of Tokyo: 20(243): 9-11.
    Ledoux, A. (1917) Aurichalcite from Big Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science: 7: 361-365.
    Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals.Bulletin 679. US Geological Surveydoi:10.3133/b679p.43
    Buttenbach (1924) Mémoires de la Société royale des sciences de Liège [3]: 12: 3.
    Pilipenko (1925) Min. Abs.: 2: 109.
    Hintze, C. (1929) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3A]: 3398.
    Lauro (1938) Periodico de Mineralogia-Roma: 9: 105.
    Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951)The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.249-250
    Jambor, J. L., Pouliot, G. (1965) X-ray crystallography of aurichalcite and hydrozincite.The Canadian Mineralogist, 8 (3) 385-389
    Alwan, Alwan K., Thomas, J. H., Williams, Peter A. (1980) Mineral formation from aqueous solution. Part III. The stability of aurichalcite, (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6, and rosasite (Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2.Transition Metal Chemistry, 5 (1). 3-5doi:10.1007/bf01396855
    Harding, M. M., Kariuki, B. M., Cernik, R., Cressey, G. (1994) The structure of aurichalcite, (Cu,Zn)5(OH)6(CO3)2, determined from a microcrystal.Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 50 (6) 673-676doi:10.1107/s0108768194007470
    Jambor, J.L. (1995) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 80: 1076.
    Gaines, Richard V., Skinner, H. Catherine W., Foord, Eugene E., Mason, Brian, Rosenzweig, Abraham, King, Vandall T. (1997)Dana's New Mineralogy (8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. p.1872
    Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2003)Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 5 - Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.p.39
    Reddy, B. J. (2004) Spectroscopic characterisation of rosasite and aurichalcite.Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 2004 (7) 302-316doi:10.1127/0028-3649/2004/2004-0302
    (2005) Aurichalcite.Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America
    Frost, Ray L., Hales, Matt C., Jagannadha Reddy, B. (2007) Aurichalcite – An SEM and Raman spectroscopic study.Polyhedron, 26 (13). 3291-3300doi:10.1016/j.poly.2007.03.003
    Frost, Ray L., Locke, Ashley, Reddy, B. Jagannadha, Hales, Matt C. (2008) Synthesis and vibrational spectroscopic characterisation of nickel containing aurichalcite.Polyhedron, 27 (3) 1033-1040doi:10.1016/j.poly.2007.11.032
    Frost, R. L., Locke, A. J., Hales, M. C., Martens, W. N. (2008) Thermal stability of synthetic aurichalcite implications for making mixed metal oxides for use as catalysts.Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 94 (1) 203-208doi:10.1007/s10973-007-8634-2
    Giester, Gerald, Rieck, Branko (2014) Crystal structure refinement of aurichalcite, (Cu, Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6, from the Lavrion Mining District, Greece.Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen: Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 191 (2) 225-232doi:10.1127/0077-7757/2014/0258
    Santamaría-Pérez, David, Chuliá-Jordán, Raquel, Otero-de-la-Roza, Alberto, Oliva, Robert, Popescu, Catalin (2023) High-Pressure Experimental and DFT Structural Studies of Aurichalcite Mineral.Minerals, 13 (5) 619doi:10.3390/min13050619

    Localities for AurichalciteⓘEl Llanito occurrenceN. Pezzutti y M. K. de Brodtkorb (1975)Brodtkorb et al. (1999)Brodtkorb (2006)
    Australia
     
    McQueen+2 other referencesDieter Mylius mineral collectionB. G. Lottermoser: P. M. Ashley (1997)B. G. Lottermoser: P. M. Ashley (1997)+1 other referenceBirch et al. (1997)Birch et al. (1997)Museum Victoria collectionCollection of RJ Martin inferred from ...Munro-Smith (2006)Tony Parker collectionCostas Constantinides collectionHaupt (2012)Haupt (2012)Haupt et al. (2025)Kolitsch et al. (1999)SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...Francis (2010)Noble et al. (1983)+1 other referenceBottrillNickel et al. (1993)Nickel et al. (1993)Simpson (1951)Downes et al. (2011)
    Austria
     
    Niedermayr et al. (1995)C. Auer (2011)Gröbner (1998)Blass et al. (2001)Niedermayr et al. (1995)J. Taucher: Carinthia II 186./106.:120-121 (1996)Kolitsch et al. (2013)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr (1987)+1 other referenceExel (1993)www.indra-g.at (2016)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1996)Meixner 1981Niedermayr et al. (1995)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)+1 other referencePichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Steir.Mineralog 25/2011G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 187./107.:174 (1997)Hiden (1997)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)A.Pichler (2012)Hiden (1997)G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Kolitsch (2016)Auer (1998)NIEDERMAYR (1988)Auer (2024)C.Auer (2013)Kirchner et al. (2007)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)+1 other referencePutz (2004)C.Auer (2018)Niedermayr (2008)Neschen (n.d.)Poeverlein (2008)Chris AuerStrasser (1989)Mrazek et al. (1992)Schnorrer et al. (2000)Neschen (n.d.)C.Auer (1988)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Aufschluss 1972 (SB)+2 other referencesSchachinger et al. (2013)Auer (2020)C.Auer (2019)Auer (2023)Neschen (n.d.)Auer (2018)Haditsch (1967)Neschen (n.d.)Jakely (2008)F.BernhardJakely (2008)Hanneberg et al. (2009)+1 other referenceLapis 29 (6)Schnorrer et al. (2008)PoeverleinSchnorrer et al. (2002)Poeverlein et al. (2007)Der Aufschluß (2006)58.+1 other referenceArlt et al. (1994)Schnorrer et al. (2007)Kolitsch (2014)Kolitsch (2014)Kolitsch (2014)Kolitsch (2014)Kolitsch et al. (2011)
    Belgium
     
    Joris Coron Collection+1 other referencede Koninck (1876)+3 other referencesHatert et al. (2002)Michel Blondieau collectionBlondieau (1997)
    Bulgaria
     
    Lips (2006)Svetoslav Petrussenko et al. (2007)
    Canada
     
    Personal collection of John DagenaisSabina+2 other referencesNorman Wilson collectionStavinga et al. (2017)nsminerals.atspace.com (2005)Cleaver et al. (2021)King (n.d.)Jambor (1967)Dawson Creek+1 other referenceDawson Creek+1 other reference
    Chile
     
    Lavinsky (n.d.)M. Dini & A.Molina Collections - analysed with quantitative and semi quantitative methods by Dr. Jochen Schluter (curator of Hamburg Mineral Museum)
    China
     
    Shen (n.d.)Shen (n.d.)Shen (n.d.)JSS collection
    Czech Republic
     
    RÜSENBERG et al. (1996)Šrein+1 other referencePauliš P. et al. (2015)+1 other referenceSejkora et al. (2006)FojtPauliš et al. (2023)Fojt (A)Kuttna+1 other referenceHouzarSejkora et al. (2012)SlavíčekPetr Fuchs collection (analysed by Ing. P. Pauliš)Analysed by geology lab Green Gas DPB
    DR Congo
     
    Deliens (1996)+1 other reference
    Egypt
     
    Gatto Rotondo et al. (2012)
    Europe
     
    www.geologija-revija.si (n.d.)+2 other references
    France
     
    Several AFM members collectionBarral (2023)Gramblička (n.d.)Stephane Maury CollectionCollected by Michel BlondieauY. Vessely collectionPalache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceFavreau G. et al. (1996)Data BRGM 0649-2X-4001Pascal Chollet collectionDe Ascencao Guedes R. (2001)Collection Yves MoureyMOUREY Y. (2017)OLLIC Pascal CollectionPasssaqui et al. (2007)Duriez (1983)HP Schröder collectionWittern et al. (1997)Wittern et al. (1997)Wittern et al. (1997)Thierry Brunsperger & Alain Schaefer ...Cédrick Gineste photo & collection (Photo id 355214)Gol (2012)Remy Ph. (2003)Patrice Queneau Collection and ...Gol (2014)Forner et al. (1997)Berbain C. & Aymar J. (1991)Berbain et al. (2000)Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude )Berbain et al. (2005)www.zampano.com (n.d.)Leconte J. et al. (2016)Jean-Marie LAURENT collectionFavreau et al. (2010)Gol (2012)Jean Claude DolSeveral AFM members collectionGol et al. (2010)Stephane Maury CollectionQueneau (n.d.)Queneau (n.d.)Gol et al. (2010)Marcel Valladares collectionQueneau (n.d.)BERBAIN et al. (2010)Berbain et al. (2005)Berbain et al. (2005)Berbain et al. (2005)Berbain et al. (2007)Dubru. M (1986)Berbain et al. (2005)Laurent J-M. (2003)Guy Bernadi collection; EDX analysis ...+1 other referenceLegrand et al. (1986)R. PierrotJean-Luc Portes CollectionStephane Maury Collection
    Germany
     
    Walenta (1992)Weiß (1990)Walenta (1992)Weiß (1990)Gruber (2000)Walenta (1994)Walenta (1992)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990) ...Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Blaß et al. (2000)Walenta (1992)+1 other referenceWalenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1998)Poeverlein (1984)90.+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Hanneberg et al. (2009)+1 other referenceObermüller (2003)PETITJEAN collectionWeiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Luetcke (n.d.)Wittern et al. (1986)Neschen (n.d.)Gröbner et al. (2011)Erik Vercammen collectionGröbner et al. (2011)Gröbner (2001)Gröbner et al. (2011)Wittern (2001)Weiß (1990)Blaß et al. (2021)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Weiß (1990)+1 other referenceSchnorrer-Köhler (1991)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Henrich (2009)Schnorrer-Köhler (1987)Weiß (1990)International Association of Collectors of Slag Minerals (3)+1 other referenceGraf et al. (1982)Graf et al. (1992)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Lapis 1988 (1)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)+1 other referenceVetter (1991)Weiß (1990)+1 other referenceSchnorrer et al. (2000)Weiß (1990)Henrich (2007)Vanrusselt (2023)Vanrusselt (2023)Günter Frenz collection+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Graf (1991)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Der Aufschluss Vol.55Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Thomas Kleser CollectionGröbner et al. (2011)Gerfried Seidel collectionThomas Luehr collectionGröbner et al. (2011)Thomas Lühr CollectionGröbner et al. (2011)Silvio HerrmannGerhard Möhn Collection Analyzed by ...Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Möhn et al. (12/2020)Mädler (1992)Hochleitner (1990)+1 other referenceSebastian MöllerHajek (2010)Haake et al. (1994)Witzke (2023)Gröbner et al. (2006)
    Greece
     
    Giester et al. (2014)Colleen Thomson collectionLAPIS 24 (7/8)+1 other referenceKolitsch et al. (2014)Lapis et al. (1999)Blaß et al. (1998)Frenzel (1895)Lapis et al. (1999)Rieck (n.d.)Blaß et al. (1998)Lapis et al. (1999)Bracke (n.d.)
    Hungary
     
    Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya+2 other referencesSzakáll: Minerals of RudabányaSzakáll: Minerals of RudabányaSzakáll: Minerals of RudabányaSándor et al. (2005)Sándor et al. (2005)+1 other referenceSándor et al. (2005)
    Iran
     
    Lapis 1977/VI+1 other referenceMaziar Nazari (2005)Henk van der Pijl specimensWilke (1977)Collection of RJ Martin from the (labelled)Wilke (1977)
    Ireland
     
    de Haller+1 other referenceSir Arthur Russell Collection (NHM London)D Jordan collection
    Italy
     
    De Michele (1974)Bartoli et al. (2008)Bartoli et al. (2008)Scacchetti et al. (2023)Sylvano IOB Collection+1 other referenceBortolozzi et al. (2015)+1 other referenceBortolozzi (n.d.)Negretti+2 other referencesCiuffardi et al. (2008)Marchesini M.Balestra-Castellaro-KampfPelloux (1926)+1 other referenceCastellaro-Kampfanalysed by Dr. Anthony KampfAntofilli et al. (1983)+1 other referenceBertolini A. Rivista Mineralogica ...Gramaccioli et al. (1992)G.M.GramaccioliMondillo et al. (2020)Maida (2002)Maida (2002)P. Capitanio collectionMaida (2002)Maida et al. (2012)Vergani et al. (2021)Collection Luigi Possenti-Giancarlo ...Vergani et al. (2020)Luigi Possenti CollectionLuigi Possenti CollectionVergani et al. (2020)Battaini et al. (1942)Vergani F. et al. (2020)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Bedognè+2 other referencesBedognè et al. (2006)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Preite et al. (1995)Albertini C. (2014)Fernando Caboni et al. (2023)+1 other referenceStara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1999)Olmi F. et al. (1995)Orlandi et al. (2007)+1 other referenceBortolozzi (n.d.)Luigi Chiappino dataStara P. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)De Michele (1974)Brizzi G. et al. (1989)Stara et al. (1996)Brizzi G. et al. (1989)Pflügel (1982)Stara et al. (1996)Stara P. (1996)Preite et al. (2007)Stara et al. (1996)Antonio Gamboni collection+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)Stara et al. (1995)Lovisato (1908)+3 other referencesRivista Mineralogica Italiana 3/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis)Stara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1993)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Mair (1996)Bortolozzi (n.d.)+1 other referenceMair (1996)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Exel (1987)+1 other referenceFerretti P. et al. (Lavis, Trentino-Alto Adige)Canal et al. (2012)Rocchetti I. (2012)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Vecchi et al. (2013)Bortolozzi et al. (2013)Raman SpectroscopyGasparetto et al. (2014)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Erica Bittarello+3 other referencesBortolozzi (n.d.)"Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ...Bazzoni C. et al. (2011)Bazzoni C. et al. (2011)Sabelli C. et al. (1996)Bazzoni et al. (2007)"Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ...Bazzoni C. et al.Batacchi et al. (2011)Bazzoni et al. (2001)Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (1)Biagioni et al. (2013)Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2)+1 other referencewww.comune.pisa.it (2000)+1 other referenceNannoni R. et al. (2012)+1 other referenceDini A. (2013)vom Rath G. (1868)+2 other referencesDe Michele (1974)Palache et al. (1951)Bortolozzi (n.d.)REGIONE TOSCANANannoni R. et al. (2012)+1 other referenceJansen et al. (1998)Cerutti et al. (1995)Barsotti et al. (2006)Selmi (1982)+1 other referenceNannoni R. et al. (2012)Orlandi et al. (2009)Orlandi et al. (2004)Orlandi et al. (2009)Orlandi et al. (2009)+1 other referenceBoscardin et al. (1983)+1 other referenceOrlandi et al. (2009)Orlandi et al. (2000)Betti C. (2000)Orlandi (2005)Capperi M. et al. (FI)Brizzi et al. (3)Bazzoni et al. (2016)De Michele (1974)Boscardin et al. (2011)Pegoraro et al. (1997)+2 other referencesSergio Pegoraro et al. (2022)+2 other referencesPegoraro S. et al. (2009)Pegoraro S. (2014)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Saccardo D. et al. (Torrebelvicino, Vicenza)Matteo ChinelettoBoscardin et al. (2011)LapisZordan et al. (2001)+2 other references
    Japan
     
    Yamada (2004)Yamada (2004)Yamada (2004)Cook (2005)- (n.d.)Ohe Rikosha specimensUehara et al. (2014)Uehara et al. (2014)Kusachi et al (1986)Ohnishi et al. (2001)Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto)Yamada (2004)Cook (2005)Uehara et al. (2014)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Evseev (1995)Litvinovich et al. (1960)Pekov (1998)Pekov (1998)
    Madagascar
     
    Behier (1963)
    Mexico
     
    Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Querol+1 other referenceSpeckels (1965)+6 other referencesMoore (2008)Panczner (1987)Dana 7:II:959+1 other reference
    Morocco
     
    Favreau (n.d.)Favreau (n.d.)Favreau et al. (2006)Favreau et al. (2006)Favreau (n.d.)Barral (2023)
    Namibia
     
    von Bezing et al. (2016)Palache et al. (1951)von Bezing et al. (2016)
    Norway
     
    Breivik (2015)Goldschmidt (1911)Raade (1995)Nordrum (2002)Peter Andresen collectionGoldschmidt (1911)+1 other referenceKnut Edvard Larsen collection MM # 3403Peter Andresen collectionKnut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-4539 (Visual Id)Knut Edvard Larsen (2023)NHM Oslo collection+1 other referenceBjørlykke (1959)
    Peru
     
    Mondillo et al. (2014)
    Poland
     
    Domań+2 other referencesEligiusz Szełęg collection (SEM/EDS identification)
    Portugal
     
    Antonio Jesus Pimentel and José Gomes ...+1 other referenceAlves (n.d.)Pedro Alves analytical dataLuis Martins colection
    Republic of the Congo
     
    Leon Hupperichs collectionwww.spiriferminerals.com (2020)Didier Descouens in Wikimedia Commons+2 other referencesPalache et al. (1951)
    Romania
     
    Szakáll (2002)Onac (2002)Canadian Mineralogist 40:1693+1 other referenceOnac et al. (2002)Onac et al. (2002)www.minerals-of-the-carpathiansPalache et al. (1951)Constantinescu et al. (1982)Acta Mineralogica Petrographica+1 other reference
    Russia
     
    webmineral.ru (2020)Boettger T (1839)+2 other referencesGrant et al. (2001)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
    Slovakia
     
    Kodě+2 other referencesKodě+1 other referenceŠtevko M. (2019)Koděra (1986)
    Slovenia
     
    Žorž et al. (2002)
    South Africa
     
    S. Weinert (2006)+1 other referenceStephen J. Gomersall CollectionSAMS (South African Micromount Society)Cairncross et al. (1995)Reeks (2007)South African Micromount newsletter
    Spain
     
    Viñals et al. (2008)Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ...Viñals et al. (2004)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Castro et al. (2019)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Romero Silva et al. (2013)Romero Silva (2003)Calvo (2008)Calvo Rebollar (2008)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Gutiérrez et al. (2000)Gutiérrez et al. (2009)Rafa Muñoz Alvarado collection ...Calvo Rebollar (2012)fabreminerals.comRevista de minerales (Mars)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Echevarría (2000)Echevarría (2000)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Cesar Menor SalvanCalvo Rebollar (2012)Calvo et al. (2002)Mata i Perelló (1990)Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3)Mata i Perelló (1990)Mata i Perelló (1990)Calvo et al. (Spain)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Joan Abella i Creus (2008)Mata i Perelló (1990)Garcia G. et al. (2004)www.mineralogia.es (n.d.)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Calvo Rebollar (2012)
    Sweden
     
    Öhman et al. (2000)
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Le Cristallier Suisse (7)Vanini F. et al. (1998)Stéphane Eggs & Alexandre SalzmannAnsermet S. (1996)Stalder et al. (1998)Philippe Roth's collectionStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)+1 other referenceEDXS analyses86. (in German)+2 other referencesEDXS analyses+2 other referencesStalder et al. (1998)+1 other reference
    Tajikistan
     
    St. Petersburg University's Mineral ...Badalov et al. (1975)Turlychkin et al. (1972)
    Turkey
     
    Richard Bayerl collectionErik Vercammen collection and field ...
    UK
     
    Golley et al. (1995)Golley et al. (1995)+1 other referenceCollection Richard De NulDunham et al. (2nd Edition)Bridges et al. (1998)Bridges et al. (1998)Cooper et al. (1990)Kingsbury et al. (MS)+2 other referencesCooper et al. (1990)Kingsbury et al. (MS)+3 other referencesKingsbury et al. (1957)Kingsbury et al. (MS)+3 other referencesDay (1999)Green et al. (2008)Bridges et al. (2008)Greg et al. (1858)+7 other referencesPaul Nicholson CollectionStanley et al. (1991)Day (1999)Lloyd Llewellyn collection (visual identification)Day (1999)[BMS]P. Nicholson CollectionFord et al. (1993)Render (n.d.)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 441-449+2 other referencesBMS Collection+1 other referenceFord et al. (1993)Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 441-449+1 other reference[Specimen in the Natural History Museum+3 other referencesFord et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 441-449Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Steve Sorrell CollectionOwn collectionRender (n.d.)Lloyd Llewellyn - collected from ...Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Young et al. (1997)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Day (1999)Render (n.d.)P. Nicholson CollectionRender (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Day (1999)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Ford et al. (1993)Rust (1995)Mineralogical Magazine 36 (1968)+1 other referenceMineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 441-449Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 441-449Render (n.d.)Tindle (2008)Livingstone et al. (1976)Render (n.d.)Day (1999)Day (1999)Russell Society Newsletter 5Day (1999)Day (1999)Day (1999)S Rust collectionS. Rust collectionJones (1987)Green et al. (1996)+1 other referenceDay (1999)Day (1999)S.Rust CollectionRender (n.d.)Day (1999)Cotterell et al. (2011)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Day (1999)
    USA
     
    Anthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)Graeme (1993)Kunz (1885)+4 other referencesKing (n.d.)Dana 6:1093."The Accidental Pocket" talk presented ...Luetcke (n.d.)Cooper (1951)+2 other referencesMRDS database Dep. ID file #10039384Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Howell (1977)Luetcke (n.d.)Butler et al. (1938b)+2 other referencesThorne (n.d.)Galbraith (1959)+1 other referenceLuetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)MRDS database Dep. ID file #10027116Anthony et al. (1995)- (1951, July)+2 other referencesMRDS database Dep. ID file #10046274MRDS database Dep. ID file #10048118Anthony et al. (1995)Leicht (1971)+1 other referenceKeith (1972)+1 other referenceDouglas Merson collectionAnthony et al. (1995)MinRec 19 (3)Anthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)- (1951, July)MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039625Keith (1974)+2 other referencesAnthony et al. (1995)Galbraith (1959)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Lavinsky (n.d.)Anthony et al. (1995)Williams (1961)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)Luetcke (n.d.)Galbraith (1959)+2 other referencesDana 6 & Dana 7:I+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)Wilson (1984)Galbraith (1959)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Eckhard D. StuartHoward (1987)+1 other referenceSmith (1988)- (2005)Smith (1988)- (2005)Rocks & Min.:64:288-292.Rocks & Min.: 64 (4)Howard (1989)Rocks & Min.: 64 (4)Howard (2007)Howard (1987)+1 other referenceMcLaughlin et al. (1985)Andrew Haighton CollectionCrowley (1975)+3 other referencesMurdoch et al. (1942)+4 other referencesPemberton (1983)+3 other references[… (abstract)+7 other referencesDunning+2 other referencesCalif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189 et al. (1966)+1 other referencewith a section on the stratigraphy of ...+8 other referencesWalstrom (n.d.)Mackevett (1953)+4 other referencesRobert M. Housley (2005)Tom Trebisky - collection+2 other referencesMurdoch et al. (1966)Troxel et al. (1962)+3 other referencesEakle (1922)+1 other referenceHewett (1956)+2 other referencesPemberton (1983)+2 other referencesHewett (1956)+2 other referencesHewett (1956)+2 other referencesThe Blue Bell Claims San Bernardino ...+1 other referenceCollected by and in the collection of ...Burton M. Jirgl collection.DeVito (1991)Eckel et al. (1997)U.S. Geological Survey Professional ...+2 other references- (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Rocks & Minerals: SeptLoughlin (1918)Loughlin (1918)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Loughlin (1918)Eckel et al. (1997)Rocks & Min.: 65:61.Eckel et al. (1997)Thorne (n.d.)Rocks & Minerals 82:368-380Rocks & Minerals 82:368-380Eckel et al. (1997)James A. Bauer CollectionRocks & Minerals 81:356-361Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)David Busha collectionMiller (circa 1986)Former Ed Force collection.Moritz (n.d.)Januzzi et al. (1976)former Ronald Januzzi collection.Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Ream (2005)Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (2004)The Kansas University QuarterlyAnderson (1994)Goldstein (2006)Castor et al. (2004)King et al. (1994)W. B. Thompson et al. (2005)King et al. (1994)King et al. (1994)Bernstein (1980)Heyl et al. (1965)Gleba (2008)Gleba (2008)AmMin 25:375George Vaux collectionLeonhard (1886)+1 other reference- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Keller (1940)Tom Buchholz found location and tested ...Sherwood et al. (1998)www.mineralnews.com (2002)Gobla (2012)Rob Lavinsky (ex. Dennis Mullane specimen)Gobla (2012)Gobla (2012)Chris Tucker CollectionWaisman (1992)+1 other referenceMin News 21:7 p 1Min News 20:6 pp11-12Geology and Ore Deposits of the Elkhorn ...+2 other referencesCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Longwell et al. (1965)Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.USGS PP 162]+2 other referencesLongwell et al. (1965)+1 other referencePatrick HaynesRocks & Min.:11:243.Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.USGS PP 162]+1 other referenceHewett (1931)Longwell et al. (1965)+2 other referencesLongwell et al. (1965)+1 other referenceLongwell et al. (1965)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ...Collected by and in the collection of ...Castor et al. (2004)Geoff Sterling CollectionCastor et al. (2004)- (2005)from Jungles collectionRocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Jensen et al. (2010)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Min News (1993)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Personal observation of specimens from ...Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)A. Plante collection+3 other referencesRansom (1974)NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt (1900)Palache (1935)+1 other referencePeters et al. (1983)Personally collected by Modris Baum & ...Palache (1935)+3 other referencesPatrick HaynesNorthrop et al. (1996)Michael C Michayluk CollectionPatrick HaynesNorthrop et al. (1996)Brighton Alfred Collection.[Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ...[Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ...David Von Bargen et al. (1993)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Northrop et al. (1996)Lasky (1947)+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 34-43Eckhard D. Stuart - collectionWalstrom (n.d.)2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ...Walstrom (n.d.)Minerals of the Granite Gap Mines+1 other referenceR. D. Green photoR&M 77:5 p298-305NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2003)Robert E.Walstrom CollectionLuetcke (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ...Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ...Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Northrop et al. (1996)+1 other referenceEckhard D. Stuart - collectionNorthrop et al. (1996)Walstrom (n.d.)Northrop et al. (1996)5th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium (1985)+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)DeMark (1989)Visually identified by Patrick Haynes.Northrop et al. (1996)M Massis collectionJerry Cone CollectionJerry Cone CollectionDeMark et al. (1999)Gibbs (1989)USGS PP 200 (Loughlin,1942)Gibbs (1989)Betts (n.d.)Anthony et al. (2016)Robinson et al. (2007)Jeremy Zolan CollectionNY State Museum spec. no. 290.5- (2005)Wilson et al. (1978)Ross (1935)Dana 6:1067+1 other referenceGordon (1922)Smith (1977)MatrixSamuel S. Gordon+1 other referenceLapham et al. (1965)Smith (1977)www.jonesgeo.com (2011)Lapham et al. (1965)Michael W. Kieron collectionRocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117-118.Michael Lambert II CollectionRocks & Minerals: 66 (3)Rocks & Min.Dana et al. (1892)+2 other referencesBullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)+1 other referencePatrick Haynes. Most minerals ID'd via ...Butler (1913)Thorne (n.d.)Thorne (n.d.)R&M 68:6 p381-393Collection of Alex EarlCollection of Alex EarlBullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Thorne (n.d.)collected by and in the collection of ...Thorne (n.d.)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)+1 other referenceBullock (1981)Roberts et al. (1997)Bullock (1981)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Bullock (1981)Dana 6: 1092.Calkins+5 other referencesCollected by and in the collection of ...Thorne (n.d.)R&M 68:6 p372-380+1 other referenceCollection of Rick Dalrymple- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Rocks & Min.: 20: 213.+2 other references- (2005)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)+1 other referenceArea (S.W. Oquirrh Mountains)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 52-62+1 other referenceBullock (1981)+1 other referenceBullock (1981)Collected by and in the collection of ...Thorne (n.d.)Bullock (1981)Specimen in the Donald Volkman ...Bullock (1981)+1 other referenceBullock (1981)Dietrich (1990)Dunn (2024)Falls et al. (1985)+1 other referenceHeyl et al. (1959)Heyl et al. (1959)Cordua (1998)Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998)Cordua (1998)Rosemeyer (1997)Hausel et al. (2001)- (2005)
    Vietnam
     
    Cook (2005)
    Zambia
     
    Korowski et al. (1980)+1 other reference
    Zimbabwe
     
    Wolfgang Hampel (SEM-EDS, November 2014)
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