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Thénardite

A valid IMA mineral species
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Na2SO4
Colour:
Colourless, very light grey, light brown; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.664
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Thenardite was named by J.L. Casaseca in 1826 and published both in French and English. In both articles, the mineral name was without the accent mark, even though the family name Thénard is spelled with an accent. Casaseca was a professor of chemistry at the university of Madrid (Spain), and he named the mineral after his teacher and mentor Louis Jacques Thénard (1777-1857), Professor of Chemistry, University of Paris (France). Both spellings, thenardite and thénardite, were used in literature until 2014, when IMA proposal 14-A was accepted and the mineral name "thenardite" became thénardite, in agreement with the original spelling of the family name.
Type Locality:
ⓘEspartinas Saltworks, Ciempozuelos, Community of Madrid, Spain
Dimorph of:
Metathénardite
Five polymorphs known (comparemetathénardite).
May occur as a dehydration product ofmirabilite. See also'UM1962-08-SO:HNa'.

As shown by experiments of Africano et al. (2002), it may deposit from volcanic gas in highfO2 conditions during cooling from ca. 800 down to 400°C, together withaphthitalite.



Unique Identifiers
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
Na2(SO4)
First published:
1826
Type description reference:
Casaseca, J.L. (1826) Analyse d'une nouvelle Substance minérale (la Thenardite). Annales de chimie et de physique: 32: 308-316.

Classification of Thénardite

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
A : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
Dana 8th ed.:
28.2.3.1

28 : ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
2 : A2XO4
Hey's CIM Ref.:
25.1.1

25 : Sulphates
1 : Sulphates of the alkali metals and ammonium

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, very light grey, light brown; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ - 3 onMohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010} perfect; on {101} fair; on {100} incomplete
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Hackly
Density:
2.664 g/cm3 (Measured)    2.674 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Thénardite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none

Chemistry of Thénardite

Crystallography of Thénardite

X-Ray Powder DiffractionBonita Flow, Flagstaff, Coconino County, Arizona, USA 478
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
4.66 Å(70)
3.84 Å(20)
3.178 Å(50)
3.075 Å(50)
2.783 Å(100)
2.646 Å(50)
2.329 Å(20)
1.864 Å(30)

Geological Environment
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 26.252 (holotype).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Salt lake.
Reference:
Casaseca, J.L. (1826) Analyse d'une nouvelle Substance minérale (la Thenardite). Annales de chimie et de physique: 32: 308-316.

Synonyms of Thénardite

Other Language Names for Thénardite

Common AssociatesTrig. 3m :P31c7.AD.DobrovolskyiteNa4Ca(SO4)3Trig. 3 :R37.AD.CalciolangbeiniteK2Ca2(SO4)3Iso. 23 :P2137.AD.MurphyitePb(Te6+O4)Mon. 2/m :P21/b7.AD.CuprodobrovolskyiteNa4Cu(SO4)3Trig. 3 :R37.AD.KristjániteKNa2H(SO4)2Mon. 2/m7.AD.05Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma7.AD.05ArcaniteK2SO4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)7.AD.10MercalliteKHSO4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbca7.AD.15MiseniteK8H6(SO4)7Mon.7.AD.20Letovicite(NH4)3H(SO4)2Tric.7.AD.25GlauberiteNa2Ca(SO4)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b7.AD.30MetathénarditeNa2SO4Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P63/mmc7.AD.30AnhydriteCaSO4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)7.AD.35BaryteBaSO4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma7.AD.35CelestineSrSO4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma7.AD.35OlsacheritePb2(Se6+O4)(SO4)Orth.7.AD.35AnglesitePbSO4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma7.AD.40KalistrontiteK2Sr(SO4)2Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m7.AD.40PalmieriteK2Pb(SO4)2Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m7.AD.45IvsiteNa3H(SO4)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b7.AD.55MarkhininiteTlBi(SO4)2Tric.1 :P1

Other Information
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    • References for ThénarditeⓘRuhabad MineOrris et al. (2002)
    Antarctica
     
    Liu et al. (2010)+1 other referenceGore et al. (2000)Bisson et al. (2015)Hodenberg et al. (1983)+1 other referenceHodenberg et al. (1983)+1 other referenceBrowneKammerer (2011)Vennum (1979)Vennum (1979)
    Argentina
     
    Benedetto et al. (1998)American Mineralogist: 51: 1-13+1 other referenceRaúl Jorge Tauber LarryAlonso (1999)Ovejero Toledo et al. (2009)Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry+1 other referenceRaúl J. Tauber Larry (2013)Raúl Jorge Tauber LarryRaúl Jorge Tauber Larry
    Australia
     
    Sutton (2004)Bridge et al. (1979)Mills et al. (2010)
    Austria
     
    Götzinger (2009)+1 other referenceGötzinger (2009)+1 other referenceGötzinger (2009)+1 other referenceGötzinger (2009)Götzinger (2009)Götzinger (2009)Exel (1993)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Meixner (1977)Exel (1993)Kirchner (1974)Exel (1993)Arthofer et al. (2025)
    Azerbaijan
     
    Palache et al. (1951)
    Bolivia
     
    Ahlfeld & Muñoz Reyes (1955)+2 other referencesBentz (2017)Bentz (2017)Bentz (2017)Lizeca et al. (1999)
    Bosnia and Herzegovina
     
    Janjić et al. (1971)
    Brazil
     
    Azzi (2019)Gomes et al. (2023)
    Canada
     
    Kohut et al. (1993)Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)Woodside collectionS. J. Mills (XRD data)Battler et al. (2013)Sabina (2015)+1 other referenceChen et al. (2013)HORVÁTH et al. (2000)+1 other reference176-178.+2 other referencesLast (1990)Shang (2000)Greengrass et al. (1999)
    Cape Verde
     
    Silva et al. (2019)
    Chad
     
    Palache et al. (1951)
    Chile
     
    Palache et al. (1951)British Natural History Museum online ...Palache et al. (1951)XRD by Joachim LorenzBandy (1938)+1 other referenceCameron et al. (2007)Robinson (1993)Collao et al. (2002)Marta et al. (1996)Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University)Pueyo et al. (2021)samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ...
    China
     
    Yu et al. (2001)Li et al. (2023)Sun Da-peng et al. (2002)Dapeng Sun et al. (1984)+2 other referencesXiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981)+3 other referencesXifang Liu and Mianping Zheng (2010)Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981)+1 other referenceShaoxiu (1991)Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981)+1 other referenceXiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981)+1 other referenceXiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981)+1 other referenceXiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981)+2 other referencesShaoxiu (1991)Shaoxiu (1991)+2 other referencesOkada et al. (1994)Okada et al. (1994)Okada et al. (1994)Okada et al. (1994)Okada et al. (1994)Yanling Tang (2005)Bingxiao (1992)Okada et al. (1994)Bingxiao (1992)Bingxiao (1992)+1 other referenceBingxiao (1992)Yanling Tang (2005)Bingxiao (1992)Okada et al. (1994)Yanling Tang (2005)Zhaoxin Han et al. (2004)+1 other referenceYuezhen Gao (1993)+1 other referenceYanling Tang (2005)Bingxiao (1992)Bingxiao (1992)Bingxiao (1992)Meixiang et al. (1987)Meixiang et al. (1987)Li et al. (2015)
    Costa Rica
     
    Garvie (2021)
    Czech Republic
     
    Jirásek (2001)FialaLapis 2002 (7/8)CílekScharm+7 other referencesMatýsek et al. (2022)Hršelová et al. (2013)
    DR Congo
     
    Deleins (1975)+1 other referenceBailey (1980)
    Egypt
     
    Marchesini et al. (2009)+1 other referenceSapsford (2009)+1 other referenceSapsford (2009)Melanie Sapsford (2009)+1 other referenceMarchesini et al. (2019)Salem et al. (2018)
    El Salvador
     
    Hughes et al. (1985)+1 other reference
    France
     
    Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009)D. Laurent et al. (2023)Favreau et al. (2024)Favreau et al. (2024)Vlastélic et al. (2013)
    Germany
     
    in the collection of Christof SchäferWeiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Blaß et al. (1999)+1 other referenceBlaß et al. (2005)+1 other referenceBlaß et al. (2005)Hentschel (2014)+1 other referenceWitzke et al. (2011)Witzke (1994)
    Greece
     
    Rieck et al. (2020)Rieck et al. (2020)Rieck et al. (2020)Dotsika et al. (2009)Stamatakis (1989)
    Guatemala
     
    Stoiber et al. (1974)
    Hungary
     
    Szakáll et al. (1997)Sándor et al. (2005)Sándor et al. (2005)Szakáll et al. (1996)+1 other referencewww.minerals- of-the- carpathians.eu (Editor:Szakáll)Szakáll & Gatter: Hungarian Mineral ...Szakáll: Minerals of RudabányaSzakáll: Minerals of RudabányaACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII.+1 other referenceACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII.Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec.+1 other referenceSzakáll-Jánosi: Minerals of HungaryACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII.Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian ...
    Iceland
     
    Balić-Žunić et al. (2016)Balić-Žunić et al. (2024)Mitolo et al. (2008)Jakobsson et al. (1992)JAKOBSSON et al. (1986)+1 other reference
    Iran
     
    Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts (2011)Ghadimi et al. (2013)
    Italy
     
    Palache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceSinno R. – (1957)Pelloux (1927)+1 other referenceAnnamaria Pellino et al. (Italy)Cristian Ghia Collection+1 other referenceD'Angeli et al. (2018)Forti et al. (1995)+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)+1 other referencewww.cse.speleo.it+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)P.Forti (1994)Anthony et al. (2003)De Vecchi et al. (pp. 417-443)
    Japan
     
    - (n.d.)Seki et al. (1987)Oana (1962)Africano et al. (2002)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Pekov et al. (1993)Palache et al. (1951)
    Kenya
     
    Vergouwen (1981)Vergouwen (1979)Vergouwen (1981)
    Mexico
     
    Megaw (1990)Taran et al. (2000)+1 other reference
    Morocco
     
    Joan Rosell. RosellMinerals
    Namibia
     
    Foshag (1933)+1 other reference
    Netherlands
     
    T.G. Nijland
    Niger
     
    Palache et al. (1951)+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)
    Norway
     
    Nordrum (2002)Bøe (1998)Husdal (2019)Bryhni (1993)+1 other reference
    Peru
     
    Tyc et al. (2022)Mees et al. (1991)Diaby et al. (2006)
    Poland
     
    Dudek et al. (2014)Wiewiórka J. 1972: Wtórny mirabilit z ...Kruszewski (2013)Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data (to be published soon)Kruszewski et al. (2018)
    Romania
     
    Russia
     
    Vladykin et al. (2018)Ovdina+2 other referencesRyabin et al. (1920)Solotchin et al. (2015)Cesnokov et al. (1998)found in volcanic fumaroles of the ...Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011)Pekov et al. (2012)Siidra et al. (2020)Mineralogical Magazine: 80: 915–922+3 other referencesShablinskii et al. (2022)Okrugin (2004)www.kscnet.ru (2019)Bortnikova et al. (2017)Arkhipov et al. (2015)Arkhipov et al. (2015)Dmitry TonkacheevChayka et al. (2021)Palache et al. (1951)Anthony et al. (2000) ...Prokopyev+4 other referencesNaumov et al. (2008)Africano et al. (2003)+1 other reference
    Slovakia
     
    Szakáll et al. (2014)
    South Africa
     
    Kamenetsky et al. (2014)Tarasov et al. (2021, April)+1 other referenceRoelofse (2010)Roelofse (2010)
    Spain
     
    Navarro et al. (2009)Schnorrer (2000)Vizcayno et al. (1995)Vizcayno et al. (1995)Vizcayno et al. (1995)Vizcayno et al. (1995)Mees et al. (2011)Collection of NHMCalvo Rebollar (2014)Buey et al. (2025)Buey et al. (2025)Sanz-Montero et al. (2019)+1 other referenceDesor (2018)euromin.w3sites.net (2002)Casaseca (1826)Palache et al. (1951)Garrett (2001)Calvo Rebollar (2014)Benavente et al. (2018, September)
    Sweden
     
    Kresten (1990)
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)
    Tanzania
     
    Victoria Sekisova et al. (2015)
    Turkey
     
    Helvaci et al. (2004)Helvaci (1998)+1 other referenceOrtı́ et al. (2002)Vergouwen (1981)Vergouwen (1981)García-Veigas et al. (2010)+1 other referenceAltay et al. (2010)
    Turkmenistan
     
    Palache et al. (1951)
    Uganda
     
    Kasedde et al. (2014)
    UK
     
    Ansermet (2007)Young et al. (1985)Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : ...
    Ukraine
     
    Nesterovskiy et al. (2015)Alexander I. Tischenko (1996)Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic ...Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic ...Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic ...Geologiya SSSR. Poleznye iskopaemye (The geology of USSR. Commercial mineral)Dvoichenko (1914)+1 other referenceGeologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR)
    USA
     
    Regis (1967)+1 other referenceUniversity of Arizona Mineral Museum ...Anthony et al. (1995)Kampf et al. (2019)Kampf et al. (2019)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)Guild (1910)+3 other referencesThompson (1983)Anthony et al. (1995)Tenny (1928)+1 other referenceGrant et al. (2005)Tucker (1921)+8 other referencesTucker (1924a)+1 other referenceAdams et al. (2014)Adams et al. (2014)Adams et al. (2014)Adams et al. (2014)Adams et al. (2014)Adams et al. (2014)Bodewig (1885)+2 other referencesBailey (1902)767 pp.: 129+9 other references- (2005)a spectroscopic exploration. Economic ...+1 other referenceErd et al. (1970)+1 other referenceMcAllister (1961)+2 other referencesSmith et al. (1987)Post (1984)Ver Planck et al. (1958)+6 other referencesCal Div of Mines & Geology "Mineral ...Pemberton et al. (1960)+1 other referenceWells (1937)+1 other referenceIngalls et al. (1908)Tucker et al. (1943)+4 other referencesRobottom (1874)+8 other referencesPalache et al. (1951)Arnold (1909)+3 other referencesEckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Zielinski et al. (2001) ...American Mineralogist (1921)Palache et al. (1951)HonRocks & Min.Joeckel et al. (1999)Cahit Helvaci et al. (2012)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Buck et al. (2006)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Silver Coin Mine. Compact Disc. Paul ...Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Heins (1937)+2 other referencesCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Jensen (1993)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Northrop et al. (1996)10th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ...NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ...2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ...Northrop et al. (1996)JonesPersonal Message - Jeri L Joneswww.dmr.nd.gov (2009)Ransom (1974)Carlson (2015)Smith et al. (1997)Gold (2006, October)Bullock (1981)Am. Min. 48 (1963)+1 other referenceBullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Wendlandt et al. (2006)Kampf et al. (2018)Bullock (1981)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1985)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Cannon (1975)www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/okanogan.htm.
    Uzbekistan
     
    Slyusareva (1964)+1 other reference
    Zambia
     
    Van Ranst et al. (2008)
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