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Synchysite-(Ce)

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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Named in 1901 by Gustav Flink from the Greek σύγχΰσις "synchys" for "confounding" in allusion to its initially being mistaken for parisite. The suffix "-(Ce)" was added by the IMA due to the dominance of cerium in the composition.
Type Locality:
ⓘNarssârssuk pegmatite, Narsaarsuk Plateau, Igaliku, Kujalleq, Greenland
Dimorph of:
UM1997-26-CO:CaFREE
Synchysite Group.

Ce analogue ofSynchysite-(Y) andSynchysite-(Nd); Ca analogue ofHuanghoite-(Ce).
F-dominant analogue of "Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce)" (not approved).

Chemically related toparisite-(Ce), andröntgenite-(Ce).

May be intergrown withbastnäsite-(Ce) (syntactic intergrowths are fairly common).


CompareUM1998-04-CO:CaCeF,UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF,UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF,UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF,UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, andUM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.


Unique Identifiers
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
Approval year:
1982

Classification of Synchysite-(Ce)

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
Dana 8th ed.:
16a.1.3.1

16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
Hey's CIM Ref.:
12.1.13

12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Gray, gray-yellow, orange-yellow, brown, beige, light green, white
Hardness:
4½ onMohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Splintery, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.9 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.88 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Synchysite-(Ce)
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Weak

Chemistry of Synchysite-(Ce)

Crystallography of Synchysite-(Ce)
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Pegmatitic segregations in syenite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
AegirineAlbiteAstrophylliteCatapleiiteCordylite-(Ce)
ElpiditeEpididymiteFluoriteMicroclineNeptunite
Rhodochrosite

Synonyms of Synchysite-(Ce)

Other Language Names for Synchysite-(Ce)

Relationship of Synchysite-(Ce) to other Species
Other Members of Synchysite Group:
Huanghoite-(Ce)BaCe(CO3)2FTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m
Huanghoite-(Nd) BaNd(CO3)2FTrig. 3m :R3m
Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce)Ca(Ce,La)(CO3)2(OH)
Synchysite-(La)Ca(La,Nd)(CO3)2F
Synchysite-(Nd)CaNd(CO3)2FOrth.
Synchysite-(Y)CaY(CO3)2FMon. 2/m :B2/b

Common AssociatesHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P63/mmc5.BD.05Cordylite-(Ce)NaBaCe2(CO3)4FHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P63/mmc5.BD.05Unnamed (Cordylite-like Calcium-Barium-Cerium Carbonate-Fluoride)Ca◻Ba2Ce4[CO3]8F25.BD.05Lukechangite-(Ce)Na3Ce2(CO3)4FHex. 6mm :P63mc5.BD.10Zhonghuacerite-(Ce)Ba2Ce(CO3)3FTrig.5.BD.10Kukharenkoite-(Ce)Ba2Ce(CO3)3FMon. 2/m :P21/m5.BD.10Kukharenkoite-(La)Ba2(La,Ce,Th)(CO3)3FMon. 2/m :P21/m5.BD.15Cebaite-(Ce)Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2Mon. 2/m :B2/m5.BD.15Cebaite-(Nd)Ba3(Nd,Ce)2(CO3)5F2Mon.5.BD.18Arisite-(Ce)NaCe2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]FHex.6m2 :P6m25.BD.18Arisite-(La)NaLa2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]FHex.6m2 :P6m25.BD.20cSynchysite-(Nd)CaNd(CO3)2FOrth.5.BD.20cSynchysite-(Y)CaY(CO3)2FMon. 2/m :B2/b5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(Ce)Ce(CO3)FHex.6m2 :P6c25.BD.20bParisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2Mon.m :Bb5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(La)La(CO3)FHex.6m2 :P62c5.BD.20bParisite-(Nd)Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2Mon.m :Bb5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(Y)Y(CO3)FHex.6m2 :P62c5.BD.20bParisite-(La)CaLa2(CO3)3F2Mon.5.BD.20dRöntgenite-(Ce)Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3Trig. 3 :R35.BD.20aThorbastnäsiteThCa(CO3)2F2 · 3H2OHex.6m2 :P62c5.BD.20aHydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce)Ce(CO3)(OH)Hex.6 :P65.BD.20aHydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd)Nd(CO3)(OH)Hex.6m2 :P62c5.BD.20cHydroxylsynchysite-(Ce)Ca(Ce,La)(CO3)2(OH)5.BD.20cSynchysite-(La)Ca(La,Nd)(CO3)2F5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(Nd)Nd(CO3)FHex.6m2 :P62c5.BD.20aHydroxylbastnäsite-(La)(La,Nd,Ce)(CO3)(OH,F)Hex.6 :P65.BD.25Qaqarssukite-(Ce)Ba(Ce,REE)(CO3)2FTrig. 3 :P35.BD.25Horváthite-(Y)NaY(CO3)F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pmmn5.BD.35Huanghoite-(Ce)BaCe(CO3)2FTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m5.BD.35Huanghoite-(Nd) BaNd(CO3)2FTrig. 3m :R3m5.BD.45Bayanoboite-(Y)Ba2Y(CO3)2F3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbcn

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    • References for Synchysite-(Ce)ⓘKhanneshin complexAsadzadeh et al. (2025)Tucker et al. (2012)
    Angola
     
    Gonçalves+1 other referenceZHENG et al. (2014)+1 other referenceTorró et al. (2012)
    Argentina
     
    Colombo et al. (2011)
    Australia
     
    Birch et al. (1987)+1 other referenceBrugger et al. (2006)Lottermoser (1995)+2 other referencesHabibi et al. (2025)Bottrill et al. (2021)Unpub data R Bottrill & C HughesDownes et al. (2014)
    Austria
     
    Blass et al. (2001)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Brandstätter et al. (1987)+1 other referenceKolitsch et al. (2018)Kolitsch et al. (2016)+1 other referenceFranz Bernhard (EDS-analyses of several synchysite samples)Walter (2010)Steiner&Melcher (2020)Strasser (1989)- (n.d.)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Postl (2007)Folie et al. (1999)Exel et al. (1988)+1 other referenceHorninger (1936)+1 other reference
    Belgium
     
    Hatert (2002)+2 other references
    Brazil
     
    de Barros Gomes et al. (2017)
    Canada
     
    Dalsin (2013)+1 other referencePeatfield (n.d.)Ducharme (2020)Feng et al. (2015)Sheard et al. (2012)Sheard (2010)+1 other referencePe-Piper+1 other referenceHorváth collection - XRD analysisCanadian Mineralogist 45Mounce et al. (2020)SAGE (1983)Mitchell (1991)users.renegadeisp.com (2022)Platt & Wooley (1990)Gold (1969)+1 other referenceCHEANG (1977)+1 other referenceHorváth et al. (1998)Horváth et al. (1998)Tarassoff et al. (2006)Nadeau et al. (2015)Laferrière (2011)Petrella (2013)Martin et al. (2018)Fournier (1993)FOURNIER (1993)
    China
     
    Yu et al. (2023)Zhao et al. (2025)Qu et al. (2019)Li (1982)+3 other referencesQingchang Meng (1981)Liu et al. (2022)Wu et al. (2021)+1 other referenceGong et al. (2023)+1 other referenceShi et al. (2024)Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985)Shi et al. (2024)Yunhuai Lin (1986)Xishun Hu (2009)Yang et al. (2025)Yuanfu Xiao et al. (2010)
    Czech Republic
     
    Lapis 2002 (7/8)Scharm+7 other referencesMatýsek D. (2013)Škoda et al. (2006)
    DR Congo
     
    Nasraoui et al. (2000)
    Finland
     
    Al-Ani et al. (2018)Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2019
    France
     
    Perinet (2014)+1 other referenceDe Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000)De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2015)De Ascencão Guedes R. (2004)De Ascenção Guedes (2012)Boisson J.-M. et al. (2023)Collection Pascale & Daniel JournetGatel (1990)Pascale & Daniel JournetCastro et al. (2011)François Garric collection - Georges ...Bernadi (2004)Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ...Designolle J-L. (1997)Augé et al. (2015)+1 other referenceAndré MELLE collection - Georges ...
    Germany
     
    Walenta (1996)[Wittern (1995)Walenta (1989)+1 other referenceWalenta (1992)+1 other referenceWalenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Hanneberg et al. (2009)+1 other referenceWalenta (1992)www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.)Meier (1985)+1 other referenceGröbner et al. (2011)Hensel (2021)Witzke et al. (1995)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)+2 other referencesFörster (2001)Witzke et al. (2013)Witzke et al. (2013)Canadian Mineralogist: 38: 67-80.
    Greece
     
    Kolitsch et al. (2015)+2 other referencesRieck et al. (2018)Rieck et al. (2018)
    Greenland (TL)
     
    American Mineralogist (1953)+3 other referencesSørensen (2001)+1 other reference
    Hungary
     
    Szakáll et al. (2003)+1 other referenceSándor Klaj collection
    India
     
    Bhushan (2015)+1 other reference
    Italy
     
    Preite (1992)+1 other referencePiccoli et al. (2007)Pagano et al. (2001)Camarda (2006)Ciriotti et al. (2011)Marchesini et al. (2025)Bedogné et al. (1995)Vanini et al. (2020)Collection of Barry Murphyimgdb.amiminerals.it (n.d.)+1 other referenceimgdb.amiminerals.it (n.d.)Gentile et al. (2023)Martini et al. (2010)Piccoli (2002)+1 other referencePiccoli et al. (2007)Campostrini et al. (2023)Piccoli (2002)+2 other referencesPiccoli (2002)+2 other referencesPiccoli (2002)+1 other referencePiccoli (2002)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Giuseppe Finello collectionFinello et al. (2007)+1 other referencePiccoli et al. (2007)Graeser et al. (1995)+2 other referencesAlbertini (1991)+1 other referencePiccoli et al. (2007)Sergio Varvello collectionHuen et al. (1969)+1 other referencePiccoli et al. (2007)Sergio Varvello collectionGramaccioli (1975)+1 other referenceGiovanni Scapin CollectionBrambilla A. (1986)Sergio Varvello collectionCuchet et al. (2016)Cuchet et al. (2016)Cuchet et al. (2016)Cuchet et al. (2016)Cuchet et al. (2016)+1 other referenceCuchet et al. (2016)Cuchet et al. (2016)Cuchet et al. (2022)Cuchet et al. (2022)Rivista Mineralogica ItalianaOrlandi et al. (2013)+1 other referenceCaboni et al. (2018)Stara et al. (1996)Sabelli (2000)Mondillo et al. (2016)Mondillo et al. (2016)+1 other referencecollection Manuele MoroFolie et al. (2010)Folie et al. (2010)Folie et al. (2010)Buscaroli et al. (1994)Ferretti et al. (2015)Ferretti et al. (2018)Vecchi et al. (2013)Frizzo et al. (2010)Bortolozzi et al. (2013)+1 other referenceOrlandi et al. (1997)Orlandi P. et al. (LU)Atti della giornata di Studio – ...
    Japan
     
    皆川鉄雄 et al. (2001)Kitamura & Uehara (2000)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    Madagascar
     
    Estrade (2014)Estrade et al. (2014)Wolfgang Hampel (2011)
    Malawi
     
    Broom-Fendley et al. (2017)Ngwenya (1994)Guastoni et al. (2009)Dowman et al. (2017)
    Mongolia
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other referenceG.M. Tsareva data+3 other referencesPavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)N.V. Vladykin dataJindrich Kynicky
    Morocco
     
    Khadem Allah (1993)+1 other reference
    Namibia
     
    Wall et al. (2008)+1 other reference
    Norway
     
    Kvamsdal (1998)Kvamsdal (1998)Gunnar Raade (1969)+1 other referenceNordrum (2001)Werner (1993)Husdal (2008)SEM-EDS Mineralogical MuseumRaade (1972)Pršek et al. (2010)Neumann (1985)Hermann FyllingLarsen (1994)Knut Edvard Larsen MM-collection (#743)Knut Edvard Larsen collectionAndresen et al. (2020)Larsen et al. (2004)Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1576Larsen et al. (2004)Werner (1993)Werner (1993)Samuelsen (1993)
    Pakistan
     
    Gressman (2018)
    Poland
     
    Mineralogia Polonica Vol. 29 (2)JANECZEK J. et al. (Ce)Körber et al. (2005)
    Portugal
     
    Alves (n.d.)
    Romania
     
    Hirtopanu (2006)Szakáll et al. (2010)
    Russia
     
    Doroshkevich et al. (2007)Чередниченко et al. (2014)Kasatkin et al. (2020)Попова et al. (2019)A.V. Kasatkin et al. (2019)+1 other referenceПопова et al. (2019)Savel'eva V.B. Karmanov N.S. (2008)+1 other referenceBurlakov (1999)Sharygin+10 other referencesProkopyev+4 other referencesKolotilina et al. (2024)Lapis 28 (12)Pekov et al. (2003)+2 other referencesVolume 2: Minerals [Минералы]. Nauka et al. (in Russian)+8 other referencesPavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Kozlov+11 other referencesPavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Doroshkevich et al. (2016)Pavel M. Kartashov data of 2015Kovalev et al. (2023)
    Slovakia
     
    Ondrejka M. et al. (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)Koděra (1986)Uher P. et al. (2010)Uher et al. (Y)+1 other reference
    South Africa
     
    Giebel et al. (2017)Palache et al. (1951)Cairncross et al. (1995)VERWOERD (1993)
    South Korea
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
    Spain
     
    Christian Rewitzer collection 2007 / ...+1 other referenceMiguel A. Fernandez Périz (2006)Ковальчук et al. (2014)Calvo (2012)Dr Joan Abella i Creus (2019)Calvo et al. (2009)
    Sweden
     
    Jonsson (2011)Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 3296 ( Ex Torbjörn Lorin collection)Andersson et al. (2024)Jonsson+3 other referencesJonsson (1992)Andersson et al. (2024)Andersson et al. (2024)Andersson et al. (2024)Andersson et al. (2024)Andersson et al. (2024)
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)collection Joachim EscheStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Kipfer et al. (1979)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Weiß (1982)+1 other referenceCuchet et al. (2022)Cuchet et al. (2022)Cuchet et al. (2003)+1 other referenceCuchet et al. (2017)van der Burgt et al. (2005)Stalder et al. (1998)Cuchet et al. (2014)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Ansermet (2001)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Cuchet et al. (2005)Cuchet et al. (2014)Cuchet et al. (2014)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)www.mineralien-ch.ch (2008)Stalder et al. (1998)
    UK
     
    M.Wirth collection (Manchester Univ.)Rumsey et al. (2008)Green et al. (1996)Hubbard et al. (2008)+1 other reference
    Ukraine
     
    Lyckberg et al. (2009)
    USA
     
    R&M 67:6 p402-404Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)in Lasemi et al. (2011)Smith+3 other referencesVandall KingBuchholz et al. (2013)Morris (1983)+1 other referenceT Mortimer (mindatnh.org)KingAnalysis by Andy Roberts.+1 other referenceChamberlain et al. (2013)Steve Chamberlain et al (2009)Steven C. Chamberlain and David G. Bailey (2012)Steven C. Chamberlain and David G. Bailey (2012)Chamberlain et al. (2001)Johannes Swarts collectionJohannes Swarts collectioncsmres.jmu.edu (n.d.)+2 other referencesMicro Probe Volume VI Number 8 ...
    Vietnam
     
    Färber (n.d.)Collection of NHM+4 other references
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