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Strontianite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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SrCO3
Often contains minor Ca substituting for Sr.
Colour:
Colourless, white, gray, light yellow, green, brown; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
3.74 - 3.78
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Aragonite Group
Name:
Named in 1791 by Friedrich Gabriel Sulzer after its discovery locality, Strontian, Scotland.
Type Locality:
ⓘStrontian, Fort William and Ardnamurchan, Highland, Scotland, UK
The Sr analogue ofaragonite andwitherite. Compareolekminskite and'UM1989-07-CO:CaSr'.
Forms a series withwitherite.

Strontianite, strontium carbonate, is mainly found as a low-temperature mineral in limestone and also found as a gangue mineral in sulphide veins. It is almost always fluorescent.

Visit gemdat.org forgemological information about Strontianite.



Unique Identifiers
IMA Formula:
Sr(CO3)
Type description reference:
Sulzer R (1791) Ueber den Strontianit, ein Schottisches Fossil, das ebenfalls eine neue Grunderde zu enthalten scheint. Bergmannisches Journal 1, 433-435

Classification of Strontianite

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
Dana 8th ed.:
14.1.3.3

14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
Hey's CIM Ref.:
11.5.1

11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
resinous on breaks
Colour:
Colourless, white, gray, light yellow, green, brown; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ onMohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Very Good
On {110} nearly perfect; on {021} poor; on {010} in traces.
Parting:
None noted.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.74 - 3.78 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.722 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Strontianite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
weak
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic

Chemistry of Strontianite
Common Impurities:
Ca

Crystallography of Strontianite
Click on an icon to view
Strontianite no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Strontianite no.13 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

Toggle
Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

View
Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal StructureAlston Moor, Cumbria, England 88
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
4.367 Å(14)
4.207 Å(6)
3.535 Å(100)
3.450 Å(70)
3.014 Å(22)
2.859 Å(5)
2.838 Å(20)
2.596 Å(12)
2.554 Å(23)
2.481 Å(34)
2.458 Å(40)
2.4511 Å(33)
2.2646 Å(5)
2.1831 Å(16)
2.1035 Å(7)
2.0526 Å(50)
1.9860 Å(26)
1.9489 Å(21)
1.9053 Å(35)
1.8514 Å(3)
1.8253 Å(31)
1.8134 Å(16)
1.8023 Å(4)
1.7685 Å(7)
1.7253 Å(5)
1.6684 Å(3)
1.6236 Å(4)
1.6080 Å(13)
1.5981 Å(3)
1.5676 Å(13)
1.5447 Å(11)
1.5072 Å(3)
1.4782 Å(6)
1.4596 Å(4)
1.4551 Å(9)
1.4293 Å(6)
1.4246 Å(7)
1.4120 Å(5)
1.4024 Å(4)
1.3100 Å(10)
Comments:
ICDD 5-418 (synthetic)

Geological Environment
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In veins in gneiss.
Reference:
Sulzer R (1791) Ueber den Strontianit, ein Schottisches Fossil, das ebenfalls eine neue Grunderde zu enthalten scheint. Bergmannisches Journal 1, 433-435

Synonyms of Strontianite

Other Language Names for Strontianite

Varieties of Strontianite

Relationship of Strontianite to other Species
Other Members of Aragonite Group:
AragoniteCaCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
CerussitePbCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
WitheriteBaCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
Forms a series with:
CerussiteCerussite-Strontianite Series

Common AssociatesTrig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05RhodochrositeMnCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05CalciteCaCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05SmithsoniteZnCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05GaspéiteNiCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05SpherocobaltiteCoCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05MagnesiteMgCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05OtaviteCdCO3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c5.AB.05 vaParakutnohorite5.AB.10DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.10MinrecorditeCaZn(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.10ŠkáchaiteCaCo(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.10AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.10KutnohoriteCaMn2+(CO3)2Trig.3 :R35.AB.15AragoniteCaCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)5.AB.15CerussitePbCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)5.AB.15WitheriteBaCO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)5.AB.20VateriteCaCO3Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P63/mmc5.AB.25HuntiteCaMg3(CO3)4Trig. 32 :R325.AB.30NorsethiteBaMg(CO3)2Trig. 32 :R325.AB.35AlstoniteBaCa(CO3)2Tric.5.AB.40ParalstoniteBaCa(CO3)2Trig. 32 :P3215.AB.40OlekminskiteSr(Sr,Ca,Ba)(CO3)2Trig. 32 :P3215.AB.45BarytocalciteBaCa(CO3)2Mon. 2/m :P21/m5.AB.50Carbocernaite(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO3)2Orth.mm25.AB.55BenstoniteBa6Ca6Mg(CO3)13Trig.3 :R35.AB.60JuangodoyiteNa2Cu(CO3)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b

Fluorescence of Strontianite

Other Information
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    • References for StrontianiteⓘCentral Khanneshin depositTucker et al. (2012)
    Angola
     
    Lapido-Loureiro+4 other referencesGonçalves+5 other referencesLapido-Loureiro+3 other referencesOrris et al. (2002)+1 other referenceAlves+6 other referencesCruz et al. (2008)Lapido-Loureiro+3 other references
    Argentina
     
    M. B. FRANCHINI et al. (8300)+6 other referencesNUEVOS DATOS MINERALOGICOS DEL PROSPECTO DE ETRL (Nb)
    Australia
     
    Brian England pers commHaynes et al. (1995)Bottrill (2021)Simon (2019)Downes et al. (2014)Dunkan et al. (1990)+4 other referencesSung (2008)+1 other reference
    Austria
     
    Meixner (1964)+1 other referenceBrandstätter (2009)Mörtl (1985)Niedermayr et al. (1995)- (n.d.)+1 other referenceNiedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Neschen (n.d.)Prasnik et al. (2010)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)+1 other referencePichler (2009)Niedermayr (2009)A.Pichler (2012)E. Schroll: Carinthia II (1960)H. Meixner: Carinthia II (1980)Walter F. (2022)Haberlandt (1938)Auer (1998)- (n.d.)+2 other referencesC.Auer (2013)C.Auer (2013)Kolitsch et al. (2016)+1 other referenceSchachinger et al. (2015)C.Auer (2024)C.Auer (2024)W. Stoll collection.Putz et al. (2005)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Kolitsch et al. (in prep.)+2 other referencesStrasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)C.Auer (2018)Strasser (2010)Niedermayr (2000)Markus Rosenkranz collectionNeschen (n.d.)Neschen (n.d.)Poeverlein (1987)+1 other referenceR.Poeverlein (2016)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Exel (1993)Niedermayr (1985)+1 other referenceTaucher (1994)Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010)+2 other referencesC.Auer (2011)Hackenberg (2003)Neschen (n.d.)Betts (n.d.)Gerald Gesselbauer (2010)Taucher (1997)Taucher (1994)Taucher (1993)Leikauf (2003)Schachinger et al. (2013)Postl et al. (2010)Postl+Moser (1988)Jakely (2008)Hajek et al. (2011)Kolitsch (2016)+1 other referenceEcon Geol (1990)Thilo Arlt CollectionPutz et al. (2007)A. Cathrein: Zeitschr. f. Kryst. (1888)Hanneberg et al. (2009)+1 other referenceGstrein (1981)- (1994, July)- (1994, July)- (1994, July)Arlt et al. (1994)Neschen (n.d.)Neschen (n.d.)Peter Arthoferself-collected by Gerhard BrandstetterNeschen (n.d.)Exel (1993)Neschen (n.d.)Neschen (n.d.)self-collected by Gerhard BrandstetterNeschen (n.d.)J. König and G.Brandstetter collectionsNeschen (n.d.)Exel (1993)Wittern (1994)- (n.d.)Kolitsch (2008)Kolitsch et al. (2021)Brandstätter et al. (2014)Niedermayr et al. (2011)Niedermayr et al. (2011)Kolitsch et al. (2023)Polz (1989)Kolitsch (2014)Niedermayr (1987)Polz (1989)70.+3 other referencesZirkl (1986)+4 other referencesPolz (1989)Wagenplast et al. (2003)
    Bolivia
     
    Analyses by Dr. Anthony Kampf on Los ...+1 other referenceSchultz et al. (2004)
    Bosnia and Herzegovina
     
    Putiš et al. (2022)+1 other reference
    Brazil
     
    Alves Santos et al. (2021)Silva et al. (2019)Guarino (2010)Biondi et al. (2020)Traversa et al. (2001)+2 other referencesTraversa et al. (2001)+1 other referenceAzzi (2019)HorváthGuarino et al. (2021)+1 other referenceJENKINS II (1987)Oliveira et al. (2020)American Mineralogist+2 other referencesOrris et al. (2002)
    Canada
     
    Palache et al. (1951)Dalsin (2013)+1 other referenceLocock (1994)Peatfield (n.d.)Jennifer Pell (1994)+1 other reference- (2022)Choo (1972)Hogarth (1997)Jeffrey Shallit CollectionSteve Stuart collection- collected and ...Sabina (1986)R. Mielke 2008+1 other referenceSabina (1986)Sabina (1986)MDI Number: MDI31M04SW00079Rocks & Min.:59:206 & 212Palache et al. (1951)Palache et al. (1951)www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.)Savard (2019)Platt & Wooley (1990)Alex Marquis+1 other referenceHorváth collectionHorváth Collection - confirmed visuallyCanadian Museum of Nature & Horvath ...Peck et al. (2019)Gold (1969)+1 other referenceGrice (1989)+1 other referenceArnaldo Brunetti photo and specimenHorváth et al. (1998)Horváth et al. (1998)Sabina"Tarassoff Collection"176-178.+2 other referencesSabina (1978)Horváth collection+1 other referenceNadeau et al. (2015)+2 other referencesFournier (1993)FOURNIER (1993)
    Cape Verde
     
    China
     
    Li+4 other referencesSichun Zhou et al. (1999)+1 other referenceGao et al. (2023)Zhu et al. (2022)Ma et al. (2021)Youbin Liang et al. (1981)Zhang et al. (2004)- (1978)Wu et al. (2019)Shaoxiu (1991)+1 other referenceHuang et al. (lead)+4 other referencesDing et al. (2022)Shao et al. (2003)+1 other referenceYu et al. (2022)Xiaoyu Li (2005)+2 other referencesQu YW et al. (2021)Xu Jiuhua et al. (2001)+1 other referenceLi et al. (2025)Li et al. (2025)Liu et al. (2024)+1 other referenceLiuJiajun Liu et al. (2004)Chunji Xue et al. (2006)Cui et al. (2025)
    Croatia
     
    Siftar et al. (1973)
    Czech Republic
     
    SkupienValošek Č.: Zpráva o výsledku mineralogicko-geologických pochůzek v okrese Frýdek Místek (část 25, 1971)I.Vašina (april 2011)Rusek P. (Část 20., květen-červen 1965)Rusek P.: Nález vzácného nerostu na ...PaulišValošek Č.: Zpráva o výsledku mineralogicko-geologických pochůzek v okrese Frýdek Místek (část 25, 1971)Valošek Č.: Zpráva o výsledku mineralogicko-geologických pochůzek v okrese Frýdek Místek (část 24, 1970)+1 other referenceRusek P.: Nález vzácného nerostu na ...Rusek P. (Část 20., květen-červen 1965)Rusek P.: Nález vzácného nerostu na ...Jirásek et al. (2023)Jirásek et al. (2013)Jirásek et al. (2023)Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ...
    DR Congo
     
    JohariJohariNasraoui et al. (2000)+1 other reference
    Egypt
     
    El Ramly+4 other references
    Europe
     
    Ferenc et al. (2001)
    Finland
     
    Vartiainen+1 other referenceAl-Ani et al. (2009)+2 other referencesAl-Ani et al. (2013)Sotka+2 other referencesAl Ani (2013)
    France
     
    Yves Masson specimen.+2 other referencesJean-Luc Portes CollectionMartin (2005)Petrov (n.d.)François Garric collectionStephane Maury Collection+1 other referenceJahn (2005)Jean-Luc Portes CollectionYves Masson collectionStephane Maury Collectionself collected S. Maury 2015Mari G. (1996)
    Germany
     
    Weisenberger et al. (2014)Palache et al. (1951)Walenta (1989)+1 other referenceWalenta (1992)Weiß (1990)www.mineralienatlas.de (2020)Walenta (1992)Lapis 23 (12)Walenta (1992)+1 other referenceWalenta (1992)in the collection of Joachim EscheHans-Jürgen Haas CollectionWittern (2001)Schmitt (1994)Weiß (1990)+1 other referenceM Seitz collectioncollection Joachim EscheStrasser (2009)+1 other referenceF. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)Sebastian Axt CollectionManfred Kampf collectionPalache et al. (1951)Schnorrer et al. (2002)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Hotze (1989)Weiß (1990)Unland (2004)Weiß (1990)+1 other referenceHarder (1964)Palache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Harder (1964)Weiß (1990)Harder (1964)Weiß (1990)Lapis 1983 (7/8)Weiß (1990)Harder (1964)Dana et al. (1892)+1 other referenceEiternick (2004)Eiternick (2004)Harder (1964)Eiternick (2004)Eiternick (2004)Palache et al. (1951)Eiternick (2004)Edmund Ratajczak collectionWittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Frenzel (1874)Naumann et al. (1898)Hoffmann (2012)Gröbner et al. (2011)Steffen Michalski CollectionWittern (2001)Hoffmann (2012)
    Greece
     
    Rewitzer et al. (1982)Kolitsch et al. (2015)+1 other reference
    Greenland
     
    Petersen (2001)Petersen et al. (2004)Knudsen et al. (2024)Petersen et al. (1993)Grice et al. (2006)Petersen et al. (1985)
    Hungary
     
    Szakáll & Gatter: Hungarian Mineral ...
    India
     
    Shaikh et al. (2017)Kaur et al. (2016)Kaur et al. (2013)Rock et al. (1992)Bhushan (2015)+1 other referenceMishra (1987)+5 other referencesBhushan et al. (2019)Bhushan et al. (2019)Ackerman et al. (2017)Rao et al. (1978)Burtseva et al. (2013)Palache et al. (1951)Kaur et al. (2017)Saini et al. (2022)Middlemost et al. (1988)+1 other referenceKent et al. (1998)
    Iran
     
    Daliran (2008)
    Ireland
     
    Moreton (2008)Moreton (2008)
    Italy
     
    Emiliani (1994)La strontianite nelle ofioliti della Val Tassobbio (RE)Stoppa et al. (2019)Antofilli et al. (1985)Esposito (2005)A. Bertolini:Tormalina e altri Minerali ...Fabio Brignoli collectionCastelletti S. (2009)Maida (2002)Maglia (1988)Martini et al. (2001)Gerd Stefanik collectionStoppa et al. (2014)Orlandi et al. (1996)+1 other referenceOrlandi et al. (1980)+2 other referencesOrlandi et al. (2009)Franzini et al. (1982)+2 other referencesOrlandi et al. (1980)+1 other referenceBiagioni et al. (2019)Orlandi et al. (1976)Orlandi et al. (2009)Orlandi et al. (1980)+1 other referenceOrlandi et al. (2009)Orlandi et al. (2000)Orlandi et al. (2000)Orlandi (2005)Boscardin et al. (2011)+1 other referenceBoscardin M. et al. (2011)
    Japan
     
    Miyajima (2014)Matsubara & Kato (1988)+1 other referenceMatsubara & Kato (1977)+2 other references
    Jordan
     
    Pitty et al. (2010)Khoury et al. (1985)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other reference
    Kenya
     
    Onuonga (1997)
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    homepage.usask.ca (2001)+1 other reference
    Malawi
     
    H.G. Dill+14 other referencesGarson (1963)+1 other referencewww.mkango.ca (n.d.)+1 other referenceGarson (1962)+3 other referencesDowman et al. (2017)
    Mauritania
     
    Marsh et al. (2015)
    Mexico
     
    Observed on specimens obtained from ...Martin Števko-unpublishedWu et al. (2025)Panczner (1987)Dana 7.+1 other referenceMadondo et al. (2025)Miranda-Gasca et al. (1998)+1 other referenceElias-Herrera et al. (1991)
    Mongolia
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other reference
    Morocco
     
    Bouabdellah et al. (2022)Khadem Allah (1993)+1 other referenceJeremine et al. (1947)+9 other references
    Namibia
     
    Thompson et al. (2002)+1 other referenceSitnikova et al. (2021)+1 other referenceBerger et al. (2009)Prins+3 other referencesKogut et al. (1998)+1 other reference
    Netherlands
     
    T.G. Nijland
    New Zealand
     
    Cooper et al. (2008)+1 other referenceCooper (1996)Woolley (2019)
    Norway
     
    Kvamsdal et al. (2014)Zozulya et al. (2020)33rd International Geological Congress (2008)Kjærnet (2012)Larsen (2003)
    Oman
     
    Rajendran et al. (2014)NasirNasir
    Pakistan
     
    Jan et al. (1981)+2 other references
    Paraguay
     
    Piero Comin-Chiaramonti (1996)
    Poland
     
    Duczmal-Czernikiewicz et al. (2021)Dziedzic et al. (1983)+16 other referencesWłodyka et al. (1998)Hohenegger L. 1847: Notitzen aus der ...Huber et al. (1980)
    Portugal
     
    Alves et al. (2010)
    Russia
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Konev et al. (1993)Dokuchits et al. (2022)Konev et al. (1996)Doroshkevich et al. (2007)Doroshkevich et al. (2008)Bulnaev (2001)+1 other referenceKasatkin et al. (2022)Чередниченко et al. (2014)Belovitskaya et al. (2004)Nedosekova (2007)+1 other referencePopova et al. (2018)+1 other referenceПопова et al. (2019)Nishanbaev et al. (2016)Joan Rosell-Riba (2025)Савельева et al. (2021)11 (4)+1 other referenceKonev A A et al. (1995)+1 other referenceKogarko et al. (1995)Prokopyev et al. (2024)Koneva A.A. et al. (2010)Konev et al. (2005)Sidorov et al. (2017, August)Tamara Yu. Yakich * et al. (2024)+1 other referenceSharygin+12 other referencesSorokhtina et al. (2019)Bolonin et al. (2009) ...PEKOV et al. (2013)Pekov (1998)+1 other referenceYakovenchuk et al. (2024)Pekov et al. (2003)+2 other referencesAmerican MineralogistKonopleva et al. (2008)Volume 2: Minerals [Минералы]. Nauka et al. (in Russian)+6 other referencesPavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Mineralogy of Khibiny massif et al. (in Russ.)Pakhomovsky et al. (2002)Yakovenchuk et al. (2005)Sorokhtina et al. (2008)Mikhailova et al. (2015)+2 other referencesMikhailova et al. (2015)Chakhmouradian et al. (1998) ...Fomina et al. (2020)Zaitsev et al. (2004)Belovitskaya et al. (2004)Kozlov+12 other references ...+2 other referencesBelovitskaya et al. (2004)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)SokolovaTimophei Pashko dataDoroshkevich et al. (2016)+1 other referenceAmerican Mineralogist 49:1774-1775+1 other reference
    Slovakia
     
    Ozdín D.Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Števko M. (2022)Zacharov M. & Peterec D.+1 other referenceĎuďaŠtevkoKoděra (1986)Ozdín et al. (2007)Chovan et al. (1981)+1 other referenceŠtevko M. (2021)Martin Števko-unpublished
    South Africa
     
    Cairncross et al. (1995)Lee+1 other referenceHammond et al. (2002)Cairncross & Dixon (1995)+1 other referenceCairncross et al. (1995)Moore et al. (2011)+1 other referenceGnos et al. (2003)Costin et al. (2015)Costin et al. (2014)+1 other reference
    South Korea
     
    Lee et al. (106-24)+3 other references
    Spain
     
    Favreau (n.d.)Viñals et al. (2008)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Arana et al. (1977)+1 other referenceOnac et al. (2014)+1 other referenceCoello et al. (92)+10 other referencesCasillas et al. (2011)Bareche (2005)Bareche (2005)Calvo Rebollar (2012)fotosdepelu.blogspot.nl (n.d.)Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein+2 other references
    Sudan
     
    Baioumy (2021)Baioumy (2021)
    Sweden
     
    Wilke (1997)Eckermann+20 other referencesSandström et al. (2010)
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Schweizer Strahler 2/2009Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Soom (1981)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Uebelhart (1991)Stalder et al. (1998)Kipfer (1984)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)
    Tanzania
     
    Zaitsev (2010)Mitchell et al. (2021)Van Ryt et al. (2017)
    Tunisia
     
    Mlayah et al. (2009)
    Turkey
     
    Stumpfl et al. (1985)
    UK
     
    Young (1987)+1 other referenceStanley et al. (1991)Green et al. (2000)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Embrey (1978)Render (n.d.)Day (1999)BMS Collection+1 other referenceRender (n.d.)Day (1999)Rutley (1902)Render (n.d.)Day (1999)Day (1999)Wood (1993)Render (n.d.)Wood (1993)Wood (1993)Wood (1993)P. Nicholson CollectionRender (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Dunham K C. The geology of the Northern ...Render (n.d.)Day (1999)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Rutley (1902)Mineralogical Magazine 1885 6 : 173-174Wolfe et al. (2008)+1 other referenceKing (1942)+3 other referencesDay (1999)Day (1999)Chris Popham CollectionDay (1999)Garfield et al. (2008)+1 other referenceGarfield et al. (2008)+1 other referenceGarfield et al. (2008)+1 other reference
    Ukraine
     
    Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914)Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914)Tischenko AlexanderGeologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR)Belous et al. (1984)Kryvdik S. G. · Sharygin V. V. · Gatsenko V. O. · Lunev E. S. (2016)
    USA
     
    Cook et al. (1982)Dean (1995)- (2008)MRDS file #10060160.Moore (1935)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010)Rocks & Min.: 63:111.Econ Geol (1987)Adams et al. (2014)Adams et al. (2014)Murdoch et al. (1966)Chandler (1996)Morgan et al. (1969)+2 other referencesTroxel et al. (1962)+1 other referenceWiese (1946)+3 other referencesMurdoch (1966)+2 other referencesPalache et al. (1951)Murdoch et al. (1966)Woodford et al. (1941)Woodford et al. (1941)+1 other reference- (2005)Knopf (1918b)+8 other referencesKnopf (1918b)+3 other referencesVonsen (1951)Eakle (1908)+3 other referencesMurdoch et al. (1966)Knopf (1918b)+3 other referencesOlson et al. (1954)+2 other references- (2005)Tucker (1939)+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)Am Min 50:1179-1212+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)USGS Prof Paper 649+2 other references- (2005)USGS Prof Paper 649+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Armbrustmacher (1988)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Min News 5:10 pp 1-5Milton (1977)+1 other referenceGoldstein (1997)Cran Cowan specimenRocks & Minerals: 63: 221.+1 other referenceRocks & Min.: 63:211A. Goldstein collectionRocks & Min.:63:225.+1 other referenceRocks & Min.: 63:216www.mineralcollecting.org (n.d.)Erd et al. (1960)Erd et al. (1960)Erd et al. (1960)Rocks & Min.:61:148+1 other referenceE Harrington collectionSteve Hajdu photoE Harrington collectionErd et al. (1960)Rocks & Min.:61:150+1 other referenceRocks and Minerals Magazine Vol. 69 No. 4 (jul/aug 1994)+1 other referenceSpecimen in collection of Steve Stuart- (2005)T. Kennedy collectionGoldstein (2006)Alan Goldstein collection.Goldstein (2006)Goldstein (2006)Goldstein (2006)Goldstein (2006)Goldstein (2006)Goldstein (2006)- (2005)+1 other referenceGoldstein (2006)R&M 69:3 pp 156-162G. Scott Braley CollectionRocks & Min.: 22: 226-227.From Scot French collectionEdith TrybalskiMorris (1983)Heinrich et al. (2004)Travis Olds collectionMorris (1983)Heinrich et al. (2004)Morris (1983)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Econ Geol (1994)Saunders et al. (1988)+1 other referenceSherwood et al. (1998)Economic Geology (1996)+1 other referenceGammons et al. (2024)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Minerals of Laurel Hill et al. (published privately)Manchester (1931)Dunn (1979)+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceKelley et al. (1975)+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)NY State Museum spec. no. 18162Kelly et al. (1999)NY State Museum spec. no.2640Robinson et al. (2007)NY State Museum spec. no. 19584Robinson et al. (2007)Rocks & Min.: 64:469-470.New York State Museum mineral collection+1 other referenceJensen (1942)Donald Lapham examined from Dale ...Am. Jour. Sci. (1911)Chamberlain et al. (2013)Rocks & min.:64 (5)Kevin Czaja CollectionPalache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceJames Dwight Dana (1896)New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919)Marian Lupulescu et al. (2010)Chamberlain et al. (2001)NY State Museum spec. no. 18286King (n.d.)Carlson (2015)www.rockmanjoe.com/Georgetown.html.Carlson (2015)Jamison K. Brizendine specimensCarlson (2015)Carlson (2015)Joseph Vasichko (Collected by him at the quarry)Carlson (2015)Carlson (2015)Carlson (2015)Betts (n.d.)Scott Campbell CollectionCarlson (2015)Carlson (2015)Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997)Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975+1 other referenceThe Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975+1 other referenceCopious amounts collected during PESA ...David W. Reynolds (1946-2015)C.R. Carnein collectioncollected by J. DagueRocks & Min.: 58: 265-266.Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1976+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975+1 other referenceJeff Wilson CollectionK. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011)Ref.1+2 other referencesRocks & Minerals: 60: 111.Jensen et al. (1)+1 other referenceParis (2011)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)E.L. Clopton collection #1591+1 other referenceRylan Lopez Collection - inferred from ...Rocks & Minerals: 66 (3)+1 other referenceSmith (1991)Smith (1991)Bruce ThorneBullock (1981)Robin D. Tibbit (deceased)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Rocks & Min.:60:170.+1 other referenceVirginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2:+1 other referenceVirginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2:Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2:Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2:Palache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceGeorge H. Williams (1890)Cordua (1998)Cordua (1998)Van Rythoven et al. (2020)Van Rythoven et al. (2020)+1 other referenceChakhmouradian et al. (2017)Osterwald (1952)
    Uzbekistan
     
    Solodov et al. (2001)
    Vietnam
     
    THUY et al. (2017)Feldman l.G. et al. (1987)+4 other references
    Zambia
     
    Berger et al. (2009)MacIntyre (2019)
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