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Staurolite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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Photos of Staurolite (658)Discuss StauroliteView 'Best Of' Article
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From Greek "stavros", cross, alluding to the cruciform twins it displays in some cases.
Isostructural with:
Magnesiostaurolite,Zincostaurolite
Staurolite Group.

Visit gemdat.org forgemological information about Staurolite.



Unique Identifiers

Classification of Staurolite

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
Dana 8th ed.:
52.2.3.1

52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:
16.19.5

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
19 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and Mg

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Dark brown, brownish-black, red-brown
Streak:
White to grayish
Hardness:
7 - 7½ onMohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {010}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.74 - 3.83 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.686 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Staurolite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X= colourless
Y= pale yellow
Z= golden yellow

Chemistry of Staurolite
Common Impurities:
Ti,Cr,Mn,Co,Zn,Li,H2O
Structural Formula
4Al2O[SiO4]·Al(Fe2+)2O4H

The formula can be considered as alternating layers of kyanite and oxide.

Chemical AnalysisKhizovara kyanite deposit, Khizovaar ore field, Loukhsky District, Republic of Karelia, Russia
Frank K. Mazdab collection; sample FKM-32a; https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-26-to-fkm-50/#FKM-32a
Cr-bearing staurolite in a kyanite-zone amphibolite-facies rock of bulk composition gradational between a metapelite and a metaquartzite , with abundant kyanite and almandine garnet, in a matrix of predominately quartz and some Cr-bearing muscovite ("fuchsite") and "oligoclase" (sodic plagioclase: Ab88), accompanied by minor biotite, oxides, and apatite. In the absence of independently-determined Fe3+/∑Fe or H2O, all measured Fe is assumed to be Fe2+, then with sufficient calculated H added to achieve charge balance; that the stoichiometry is good and the analytical total is near 100 wt% suggests the FeO* and H2O assumptions are likely reasonable.3Charakoma eclogite, Soufli, Evros, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece
Mposkos, E.; Baziotis, I.; Proyer, A. (2011) Pressure–temperature evolution of eclogites from the Kechros complex in the Eastern Rhodope (NE Greece).International Journal of Earth Sciences, 101 (4). 973-996doi:10.1007/s00531-011-0699-2
EMPA analysis of staurolite identified in a single composite grain inclusion in a garnet from a kyanite-eclogite.4Obidim eclogite, Bansko Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria
JANÁK, M., FROITZHEIM, N., GEORGIEV, N., NAGEL, T. J., SAROV, S. (2011) P-T evolution of kyanite eclogite from the Pirin Mountains (SW Bulgaria): implications for the Rhodope UHP Metamorphic Complex.Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 29 (3) 317-332doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00920.x
EMPA analysis ( State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur in Bratislava).of a staurolite from a fracture in a garnet from a kyanite-eclogite.

Crystallography of Staurolite
Click on an icon to view
Staurolite no.12 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Staurolite no.30 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Staurolite no.35 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

Toggle
Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

View
Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal StructureKeivy, Kola Peninsula, Russia 641
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.012 Å(100)
2.693 Å(100)
2.372 Å(80)
3.559 Å(60)
2.400 Å(60)
1.515 Å(60)
1.511 Å(60)
Comments:
Pizzo Forno, Switzerland. ICDD 15-397.

Geological Environment

Other Language Names for Staurolite

Varieties of StauroliteZinc-bearing StauroliteA zinc-bearing variety of staurolite.

Relationship of Staurolite to other Species
Other Members of Staurolite Group:
MagnesiostauroliteMg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4Mon. 2/m :B2/m
ZincostauroliteZn2Al9Si4O23(OH)Mon. 2/m :B2/m

Common AssociatesOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.Jingwenite-(Y)YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2Mon. 2/m9.AF.BarwooditeMn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3Trig. 3 :P39.AF.05SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)OOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.05XenoliteAl10Si8O319.AF.10KanonaiteMn3+Al(SiO4)OOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm9.AF.10AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)OOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm9.AF.15KyaniteAl2(SiO4)OTric.1 :P19.AF.20KrieseliteAl2(GeO4)F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma9.AF.20MulliteAl4+2xSi2-2xO10-xOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbam9.AF.23BoromulliteAl9BSi2O19Orth.mm2 :Cmc219.AF.25YoderiteMg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH)Mon. 2/m :P21/m9.AF.30ZincostauroliteZn2Al9Si4O23(OH)Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.AF.30MagnesiostauroliteMg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.AF.35TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.40NorbergiteMg3(SiO4)F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.45ChondroditeMg5(SiO4)2F2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.45KumtyubeiteCa5(SiO4)2F2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.45ReinhardbraunsiteCa5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.45HydroxylchondroditeMg5(SiO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.45AlleghanyiteMn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.50Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite)Ca7(SiO4)4F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.50HumiteMg7(SiO4)3F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma9.AF.50Manganhumite(Mn2+,Mg)7(SiO4)3(OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.50Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite)Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2Orth.9.AF.50FluorchegemiteCa7(SiO4)3F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.55HydroxylclinohumiteMg9(SiO4)4(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.55ClinohumiteMg9(SiO4)4F2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.55SonoliteMn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.60LeucophoeniciteMn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.65RibbeiteMn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.70JerrygibbsiteMn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbcn9.AF.75FranciscaniteMn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6Trig. 3 :P39.AF.75ScorticoiteMn6(Sb,◻)Σ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3Trig. 3 :P39.AF.75WeliniteMn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6Trig. 3 :P39.AF.75ÖrebroiteMn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3Trig. 3 :P39.AF.80EllenbergeriteMg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10Hex. 6 :P639.AF.85MagnesiochloritoidMgAl2O(SiO4)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.AF.85OttréliteMn2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2Mon.9.AF.85ChloritoidFe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.AF.90OlmiiteCaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbca9.AF.90PoldervaartiteCaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbca9.AF.95Pilawite-(Y)Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b

Other Information
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    • References for StauroliteⓘAynak Cu depositWaizy et al. (2021)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Skublov et al. (2024)Jessica D. DeWitt et al. (2020)
    Andorra
     
    L Puech Litostratigrafia del ...
    Antarctica
     
    Grew (1981)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Schlüter et al. (2011)
    Argentina
     
    Rapela et al. (2002)Rapela et al. (2002)Bordese et al. (2016)Raúl Tauber LarryRaúl Jorge Tauber Larry
    Australia
     
    Sheppard et al. (1995)Ramdohr (1950)Parr (1992)Teals et al. (2006)Slack et al. (1993)Bottrill (unpub.)Uwe Kolitsch collectionRobertson (1959)Robertson (1959)Wilson (1977)Wilson (1977)Queensland Government Department of ...Rubenach et al. (2002)Wang et al. (2001)Harvey (1989)Huston et al. (1995)Baker (1998)SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...Keeling J. L. (1984)Robertson R.S. (1991)Abbot (2005)+2 other referencesDallow (1983)Brown (1908)Brown (1908)Uwe Kolitsch collectionMunro-Smith (2006)Brooke (1966)Olliver et al. (1986)Olliver et al. (1986)Bottrill & BakerBottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill & Bacon in prepJacobson et al. (2007)Marston (1984)Fetherston et al. (2013)Simpson (1951)Tom Kapitany collectionsSimpson (1948)
    Austria
     
    J. Mörtl: Carinthia II 193./113.:294-295 (2003)Niedermayr et al. (1995)G.Niedermayr (1984)J. Taucher: Carinthia II 186./106.:120-121 (1996)Meixner (1949)Angel et al. (1953)Brandstätter et al. (2014)+1 other reference- (n.d.)H. Meixner: Carinthia II (1957)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Brandstätter et al. (1987)+1 other referenceKrenn et al. (2025)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)+1 other referenceAnnalen 1999Meixner (1950)Kohn et al. (2024)Huber et al. (1977)Sigmund (1937)+4 other referencesHarald Schillhammer collectonExel (1993)Strasser (1989)Steinwender et al. (2013)Strasser (1989)Bernhard (1998)Aufschluss 1972 (SB)+2 other referencesSchmidegg (1937)Postl et al. (1988)www.franzbernhard.x10hosting.com (2016)Friedrich O. M. (1929)Strasser (2008)www.franzbernhard.x10hosting.com (2016)Exel (1993)Exel (1993)Collection of NHMMäser et al. (2019)Kolitsch (2017)
    Belgium
     
    Chen et al. (1988)
    Bolivia
     
    Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009)Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998)Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955)Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009)
    Brazil
     
    Cassedanne et al. (1980)Cassedanne (1985)Orris et al. (2002)Econ Geol (1986)+1 other referencePalermo et al. (2008)Petersen Jr et al. (2008)Scholz et al. (2014)Dennis Tryon collection+1 other referenceBaijot et al. (2011)Jordt-Evangelista et al. (2016)Da Silva Lopes et al. (2008)Cabral et al. (2024)Cassedanne et al. (1987)Cassedanne et al. (1977)Cassedanne et al. (1974)Leão-Santos et al. (2022)Souza Neto et al. (2008)João Adauto Souza Neto (2001)+1 other referenceAmores Casals et al. (2014)Fernandes et al. (2022)Araujo et al. (1995)J. Karfunkel and others (2014)
    Bulgaria
     
    JANÁK et al. (2011)Marcus Voigt Collection+1 other referenceI. Kostov et al. (1964)
    Burundi
     
    Cameroon
     
    Soh Tamehe et al. (2021)
    Canada
     
    Personal correspondance with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description)Manor et al. (2014)Phillips (1979)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526Calvert C. Bristol (1974)+1 other referenceGagné et al. (NTS 63K16 and 63N2)+1 other referenceDuff (2016)Phillips (1979)Fulton (1999)Phillips (1978)+1 other referenceBristol et al. (1989)Bailes et al. (2000)Gagné et al. (NTS 63K16 and 63N2)+2 other referencesCalvert C. Bristol (1974)+1 other referenceBernier (1990)Klein (1966)www.geosurv.gov.nf.ca/gacmap/LAB2.html.Klein (1966)Groat et al. (2003)Whitty (2007)Malcolm (1929)Kontak et al. (1993)+1 other referenceR. Van Dommelen collectionSabina (1964)Sabina (1964)Sabina (1964)Chatterjee (1977)Sabina (1964)P.B. Tomascak et al. (1994)Lougheed+4 other referenceswww.davidkjoyceminerals.comEcon Geol (1989)Mielke (n.d.)Sabina (1987)Ottawa-Peterborough+1 other referenceSabina (1991)MDI Number: MDI31C11SW00018Dubé+1 other referenceSabina (1991)www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.)Albina Adamova (2020)55TH INSTITUTE ON LAKE SUPERIOR GEOLOGY (2009)Econ Geol (1989)Mielke (n.d.)Sabina (1986)Ann P.Sabina (1965)Econ Geol (1997)Proceedings 30th Intl Geol Cong Vol 16 ...+2 other referencesSpry (1983)+3 other referencesFranklin et al. (1991)Olivier Langelier CollectionEconomic Geology December 1Sabina (1972)Miller (2021)Gleeson ( 1970)
    China
     
    Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001)Shen Weizhou and Liu Changshi (1996)+2 other referencesYongzhang Zhou (1992)Guochun Zhao et al. (2004)Yongming Shi et al. (2006)Shiquan Zhou and Zujie Feng (1999)Chun Zhai et al. (1993)Jingqu Yao (2000)Liang Yang (2003)wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004)Chaowen Luo and Juchu Li (1988)+1 other referenceXiaoping Qiu (2004)Zhongman Li et al. (2003)Wang et al. (2022)Shuyin Niu et al. (2013)Songnian Lu et al. (2003)Iwao (1969)Qiu et al. (2017)Jiankang Li et al. (2006)Jianzhong Li et al. (2010)Tongzhu Li et al. (2010)+1 other referenceLi+4 other referencesLi+8 other referencesLei et al. (2025)Li+5 other referencesLi et al. (2024)Chunhong Wang et al. (2006)Fu et al. (2023)He et al. (2022)Fu et al. (2025)Yan et al. (2024)Kang et al. (2024)Guoqing Zhou (2004)Denghong Wang et al. (2003)Feng et al. (2019)wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004)Tao Wang et al. (2007)Yong Wang (2008)Yanling Tang (2005)Shen et al. (2025)Shen et al. (2025)Jiarui Feng et al. (2011)
    Czech Republic
     
    Cempírek et al. (2006)Povondra et al. (eds.)+1 other referenceMoravec+4 other referencesScharm+7 other referencesKruťa T. et al. (1967)Kruťa et al. (Sborník Přírodovědecké společnosti v Ostravě)Kruťa et al. (Sborník Přírodovědecké společnosti v Ostravě)+1 other referenceKruťa et al. (Sborník Přírodovědecké společnosti v Ostravě)+1 other referenceKruťaKuttna+1 other referenceKruťa T. et al. (1967)Nepejchal M. (2004)GábaGábaGábaGábaKruťa T. et al. (1967)Kruťa T. et al. (1967)Kruťa (1960)ZimákZimákZimákNovotnýKruťa T. et al. (1967)Klomínský J. et al.: Fosilní zlatonosné rozsypy v karbonu u Křivců (západní Čechy)
    DR Congo
     
    Edwards (1917)Milesi et al. (2006)JohariGécamines (1977)Alain Hanson collectionMaravic et al. (1989)Wulff et al. (2025)+1 other referenceWulff et al. (2025)- (2005)Villeneuve et al. (2022)Dewaele et al. (2016)
    Egypt
     
    Zoheir (2004)+1 other referenceHelmy et al. (1995)Shahin et al. (2025)International Geological Congress (2008)International Geological Congress (2008)International Geological Congress (2008)International Geological Congress (2008)Helmy et al. (2021)International Geological Congress (2008)International Geological Congress (2008)
    Eswatini
     
    Daniels (1991)
    Ethiopia
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)A Geological Excursion To The Mesozoic Sediments Of The Abay Basin ( Blue Nile)
    Finland
     
    Lynch et al. (2025)Wilke (1976)Kojonen KariVymazalová et al. (2019)en.gtk.fi (2007)AurolaHyvärinebGeological Survey of Finland 2008. ...Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ...Eilu (2007)Vanrusselt (2023)Lynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)Al-Ani et al. (2018)
    France
     
    Ducluzaux (2022)Ducluzaux (2022)Ducluzaux (2022)Ducluzaux (2022)Monnier et al. (2021)François PérinetPérinet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)G. DemarcqPersonnaly collected by Matthias DiotBelot (1978)GONNARD F. (1906)Personnaly collected by Matthias DiotPérinet (n.d.)Ducluzaux (2022)collected by Gaétan Bouclet and ...François Périnet collectionBetts (n.d.)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris (2014)Chauris L. (1997)Pierrot et al. (1975)Mason (1976)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Lacroix (1893)+1 other referenceChauris L. (1982)Lacroix (1893)+1 other referenceChauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Lukas (1978)Lukas (1978)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Belot (1978)+1 other referencePierrot et al. (1973)+1 other referencePierrot et al. (1973)Heavy sands collected by Marc Bassoulet ...Pierrot et al. (1973)Chauris (2014)Chauris (2014)Chauris (2014)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris (2014)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris (2014)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Barrière et al. (1985)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1982)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)collected by François Périnet.Lukas (1978)Chauris L. (1982)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1988)Belot (1978)Périnet (n.d.)Lukas (1978)Périnet (n.d.)perso.wanadoo.fr (2000)Lacroix (1893)+1 other referenceLacroix (1893)Périnet (n.d.)Lacroix (1893)+3 other referencesLukas (1978)Lukas (1978)Mason (1976)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1982)collected by Jean GuennéguèsChauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Belot (1978)+1 other referenceYannick Verbelen collection+1 other referenceLukas (1978)Lukas (1978)+1 other referenceLacroix (1893)R. PierrotR. PierrotChauris L. (1982)R. PierrotCHAURIS L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)R. PierrotFrançois Périnet collectionFrançois Périnet collectionBelot (1978)Gaétan Bouclet collectionPérinet (n.d.)Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...Périnet (n.d.)Ducluzaux (2022)Périnet (n.d.)Heavy sands collected by Charles NicolasPérinet (n.d.)Heavy sands collected by Charles NicolasPérinet (n.d.)Belot (1978)Heavy sands collected by Christian ...D. Poulain and J. KornprobstHeavy sands collected by Charles NicolasBRGM (2000)Périnet (n.d.)De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002)Périnet (n.d.)Heavy sands collected by Christian ...Guitard (2010)Llac F. et al. (1988)Baret (1905)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (2001)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Goujou (2004)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet F. (2018)Ducluzaux (2022)lithotheque.ens-lyon.fr (n.d.)Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ...+1 other referenceLougnon (continent et Iles du Levant)+1 other referenceGaléa-Clolus et al. (2023)Mari et al. (1979)BRGM reportBelot (1978)Lougnon (continent et Iles du Levant)Mari et al. (1979)
    Germany
     
    Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Lorenz. A. et al. (2008)Mason (1976)www.haldengraeber.de (n.d.)Stefan Koch CollectionWeiß (1990)Geotopkataster databaseLaubmann et al. (1915)Weiß (1990)Brauns (1922)Brauns (1922)HopmannBrauns (1922)Brauns (1922)Brauns (1922)Brauns (1922)El-KaluobyKoch (1886)
    Ghana
     
    The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 35 (1997)
    Greece
     
    Mposkos et al. (2011)Tarantola+10 other references33-35+2 other references
    Hungary
     
    Sándor et al. (2005)Eur. J. Mineral.Sándor et al. (2005)Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of HungarySándor et al. (2005)
    India
     
    Rao et al. (1997)Ghosh et al. (2007)S.P. Deshpande (1959)+1 other referenceDas et al. (2024)Deb et al. (1997)Ozha et al. (2017)Sarkar et al. (1980)Mineralogical Studies of Metasomatized ...B. Mishra (1999)Ghosh (1970)Baidya (1981)Baidya
    Iran
     
    SAKI et al. (2012)
    Ireland
     
    Whitworth (1992)+1 other referenceRutley (1902)Barros et al. (2022)Rutley (1902)B. P. Atkin (1978)+1 other reference
    Italy
     
    Pezzino et al. (1980)+2 other referencesDella Ventura et al. (2006)Antofilli et al. (1983)Del Moro et al. (1981)Vinci (1964)Repossi (1910)+3 other referencesLuigi Chiappino data+1 other referenceGramaccioli (1975)Fulvio Piero Capponi specimenGarzanti et al. (1998)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedognè et al. (2006)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Vittorio Soldani find & collectionSpezia (1881-1882)+1 other referenceBoscardin M. et al. (2013)Mattioli (1979)Traverso S. (1895)+1 other referenceMattioli (1979)Mascia et al. (2017)+1 other referenceOberto et al. (2021)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Gamboni et al. (2021)Exel (1987)Exel (1987)Del Caldo et al. (1973)Morteani et al. (1996)Folie et al. (2010)
    Ivory Coast
     
    Assaoulé Benjamin Allou (2005)
    Japan
     
    - (n.d.)+1 other reference
    Kazakhstan
     
    Hwang et al. (2006)
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    OROZBAEV et al. (2007)+1 other reference
    Madagascar
     
    Behier (1963)Behier (1963)Michel Arliguie collection & photo (Photo ID: 889656)Michel Arligue specimen and photoKnut Edvard Larsen pers.com 2009 & ...
    Malawi
     
    Orris et al. (2002)
    Mexico
     
    Hewitt+1 other reference
    Morocco
     
    D. Blamart et al.
    Mozambique
     
    www.pathfinderminerals.com (2013)www.pathfinderminerals.com (2013)
    Myanmar
     
    Maung Thein & Soe Win (1970)Kyaw Khaing Win (2004)
    Namibia
     
    ...+3 other references
    Nepal
     
    M. P. Searle et al. (2003)Carosi et al. (2014)
    New Zealand
     
    C. M. Ward (1984)
    Niger
     
    Goodenough et al. (2025)
    Nigeria
     
    Cao et al. (2024)
    North Macedonia
     
    Jovanovski
    Norway
     
    Kihle et al. (2010)Reykdal (2022)Nilsen et al. (1972)Root et al. (2005)Holstad (2006)+1 other referenceHenley (1970)Reykdal (2022)Bergen Museum+1 other referencecollection Øivind Thoresen.Jim EnganVokes (1962)+1 other referenceØstergaard (1969)Østergaard (1969)Bjerkgård et al. (2013)Reykdal (2022)Kvamsdal (1985)Gustavson (1976)Kvamsdal (1985)Reykdal (2022)Reykdal (2022)Bryhni (1993)Kośmińska et al. (2015)- (2004)Michalsen (2000)Michalsen (2010)- (1997)- (1997)Coker-Dewey et al. (2000)Nilsen (1971)Bøe (1974)Bucher et al. (2005)Larsen et al. (2013)Witsø (1995)Witsø (1995)Grav (2014)+1 other referenceNordrum (2005)Porter (2014)Smith et al. (1986)
    Pakistan
     
    Jan et al. (1993)
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Nelson et al. (1988)Nelson et al. (1988)
    Poland
     
    Błocisz et al. (2015)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Dera et al. (2023)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Wierchowiec 2011+1 other referenceLis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Husak (2010)Szopa+4 other referencesSzopa+4 other references
    Portugal
     
    Alves (n.d.)Nunes (n.d.)Rui NunesNunes (n.d.)Novák et al. (2009)
    Romania
     
    Udubaşa G. et al. (2004)Udubasa et al. (1996)+1 other referenceNegulescu et al. (2012)Szakáll (2004)al României (2003)+2 other references
    Russia
     
    Rozhdestvina et al. (2024)Luís Costa Collection - F4E-QA6Korinevsky et al. (2021)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)S.KolesnichenkoMason (1976)webmineral.ru (2021)Lazic et al. (2011)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Grakova O.V. (2015)Grakova O.V. (2015)Silyanov et al. (2021)Rundqvist (1997)Sokol et al. (2023)Proskurnin et al. (2011, December)Pekin et al. (2010)+1 other referencePekin et al. (2010)+1 other referencePekin et al. (2010)+1 other referenceVolarovich et al. (1991)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Neradovskiy et al. (2011)Kuleshevich et al. (2008)Zamiatina et al. (2022)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Frank K. Mazdab collection+2 other referencesНикифоров (2018)A. Yu. Barkov et al.+1 other referenceBarkov et al. (2001)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Rychanchik D.V.Om maltesit en kiastolitartad andalnsitvarietet från östra Finland Af JJ Sederholm. Forhandlingar / Geologiska foreningen (Sweden)Ivashchenko et al. (2008)Kailachakov et al. (2020)[World of Stones 12:49]USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p11Boiko (2004)Boiko (2004)Boiko (2004)Patyk-Kara et al. (2008)Hyršl (1992)
    Slovakia
     
    Koděra (1986)Uher (2009)Koděra (1986)Uher et al. (2006)+1 other referenceKoděra (1986)Uher et al. (n.d.)Uher et al. (2009)Kahan Š. (1968)
    Somalia
     
    Artini (1915)
    South Africa
     
    Gibson R (2008)Ware (2001)Siegers et al. (1991)JAGUIN et al. (2012)Cairncross et al. (1995)Kim Cawood et al. (2020)Cairncross et al. (1995)
    Spain
     
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    Sri Lanka
     
    Ceylon Aluvial Mine (Book, Co. 2002)
    Sudan
     
    Fuganti et al. (1991)
    Sweden
     
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    Switzerland
     
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    Tanzania
     
    Wildner et al. (2013)
    Thailand
     
    Khamloet et al. (2014)
    Turkey
     
    Whitney (2002)Akiska et al. (2008)
    Uganda
     
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    UK
     
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    Ukraine
     
    Shatalov (2017)YATSENKO et al. (2020)Liventseva (n.d.)Lyckberg et al. (2009)
    USA
     
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    Vietnam
     
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    Zambia
     
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    Zimbabwe
     
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