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Spodumene

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored byJohn H. Kashuba, Jr.
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From Greek "spodoumenos", "reduced to ashes", alluding to the grayish-white mass that is formed when the mineral is ignited.
Type Locality:
ⓘUtö Mines, Utö, Haninge, Stockholm County, Sweden
Pyroxene Group -Clinopyroxene Subgroup.

Spodumene is worked as an ore of lithium, but it is most highly prized as a gem material - the varieties Kunzite (pink) and Hiddenite (green) are especially sought after. It is usually found as a constituent of lithium-rich pegmatites. It forms crystals to 12 meters in length.

In situ high-pressure Raman spectroscopy investigation demonstrates that spodumene, after the C2/c–P21/c transformation triggered at ~3.2 GPa, can remain stable under pressures up to 19 GPa at room temperature without undergoing decomposition, irreversible amorphization, or a second transformation.

Visit gemdat.org forgemological information about Spodumene.



Unique Identifiers

Classification of Spodumene

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
Dana 8th ed.:
65.1.4.1

65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
Hey's CIM Ref.:
16.1.2

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
1 : Aluminosilicates of Li

Mineral SymbolsJolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of Spodumene
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
pearly on cleavage
Colour:
Colourless, yellow, light green, emerald-green, pink to violet, purple, white, gray
Comment:
There is a significant impact of trace elements Fe and Mn, including their content and valence state mixture, on the color and luminescent properties of spodumene. By combining EPMA data, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and PL spectroscopy, the coloration and luminescence mechanisms of pink to violet spodumene are primarily influenced by the Mn element. In the UV-Vis spectrum, the pink to violet spodumene samples exhibit a distinct Mn3+ electronic transition absorption peak at 540 nm, which is the primary cause of its coloration. Its fluorescence characteristics are primarily dominated by the characteristic luminescence of Mn2+. For the yellow-green and colorless spodumene samples, their coloration and luminescence mechanisms result from the combined influence of Fe and Mn elements. Specifically, the yellow-green spodumene shows a distinct absorption peak at 433 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, corresponding to the d-d transition of Fe3+. Additionally, weak absorption peaks at 507 nm and 580 nm are related to Fe2+ transitions. A weak absorption peak at 433 nm is also visible in the UV-Vis spectrum of colorless spodumene, but it does not result in a significant color change. The fluorescence characteristics of both samples are similarly dominated by the influence of Mn2+. Although Mn2+ ions are present in samples of different colors, they are not the primary coloring elements; they mainly contribute to the fluorescence of spodumene. [[1]]
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6½ - 7 onMohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
(110), (110) ^ (110) ~87
Parting:
{100}, {010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.1 - 3.2 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.184 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Spodumene
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
weak
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = purple to green; Z = colorless.

Chemistry of Spodumene
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca,Na,K,H2O

Crystallography of Spodumene
Click on an icon to view
Spodumene no.6 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

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Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

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Crystal Structure1968synthetic0293Minas Gerais, Brazil 118
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.921 Å(100)
2.793 Å(90)
4.205 Å(75)
6.12 Å(40)
4.36 Å(35)
3.444 Å(35)
3.190 Å(35)
Comments:
ICDD 33-786.

Geological Environment

Synonyms of Spodumene

Other Language Names for Spodumene

Varieties of SpodumeneKunziteA pink gem variety ofSpodumene.
Kunzite is frequently irradiated to enhance the colour.

Relationship of Spodumene to other Species
Other Members of Clinopyroxene Subgroup:
AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
BurnettiteCaVAlSiO6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
ClinoenstatiteMgSiO3Mon. 2/m :P21/b
ClinoferrosiliteFe2+2Si2O6Mon. 2/m :P21/b
ColomeraiteNaTi3+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
DavisiteCaScAlSiO6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
DiopsideCaMgSi2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
EsseneiteCaFe3+[AlSiO6]Mon. 2/m :B2/b
GrossmaniteCaTi3+ AlSiO6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
JadeiteNa(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
JervisiteNaSc3+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
JohannseniteCaMn2+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
KanoiteMn2+(Mg,Mn2+)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :P21/b
KosmochlorNaCrSi2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
KushiroiteCaAlAlSiO6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
NamansiliteNaMn3+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
NatalyiteNaV3+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
Omphacite(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6Mon. 2/m
PetedunniteCaZnSi2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
Pigeonite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :P21/b
RyabchikoviteCuMgSi2O6Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Tissintite(Ca,◻)AlSi2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
UM2001-19-SiO:AlCaMgNa(Na,Mg,Ca)(Mg,Al)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b
UM2003-36-SiO:CaNaNaCrSi2O6 - CaMgSi2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b

Common AssociatesMon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.ProtoenstatiteMg2Si2O6Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbcn9.DA.RyabchikoviteCuMgSi2O6Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.DA.05Donpeacorite(Mn,Mg)MgSi2O6Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbca9.DA.05EnstatiteMg2Si2O6Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbca9.DA.05FerrosiliteFe2+2Si2O6Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbca9.DA.10ClinoenstatiteMgSiO3Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.DA.10ClinoferrosiliteFe2+2Si2O6Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.DA.10KanoiteMn2+(Mg,Mn2+)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.DA.10Pigeonite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.DA.15GrossmaniteCaTi3+ AlSiO6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.15DiopsideCaMgSi2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.15 vaJeffersoniteCa(Mn,Zn,Fe)Si2O69.DA.15HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.15JohannseniteCaMn2+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.15PetedunniteCaZnSi2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.15EsseneiteCaFe3+[AlSiO6]Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.15KushiroiteCaAlAlSiO6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.15Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.15DavisiteCaScAlSiO6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.20Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.20Omphacite(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6Mon. 2/m9.DA.25JadeiteNa(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.25NamansiliteNaMn3+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.25NatalyiteNaV3+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.25AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.25JervisiteNaSc3+Si2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.25Tissintite(Ca,◻)AlSi2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.25KosmochlorNaCrSi2O6Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.DA.35HiroseiteFeSiO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma

Fluorescence of Spodumene

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    • References for SpodumeneⓘTalbuzanak pegmatite fieldOrris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Lai et al. (2024)Cocker (2011)Larson (2001)Amir Mohammad Mosazai et al. (2017)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Betts (n.d.)[var: Kunzite]Lavinsky (n.d.)Orris et al. (2002)Lavinsky (n.d.)[var: Kunzite]Juergen Roth collectionOrris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)+1 other referenceOrris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Cook (1997)[var: Kunzite]Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]King (n.d.)[var: Kunzite]Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Betts (n.d.)[var: Kunzite]Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)various added photos[var: Kunzite]Rehman+5 other referencesOrris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)+1 other referenceOrris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Skublov et al. (2024)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)[var: Kunzite]Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)
    Angola
     
    Goodenough et al. (2025)Antonio Olimpio Gonçalves et al. (2009)+1 other reference
    Antarctica
     
    Faure+1 other reference
    Argentina
     
    Marangone et al. (2020)+1 other referenceDirección Provincial de Geología y Minería de la Provincia de Catamarca (1970)Econ Geol (1995)Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collectionDirección Provincial de Geología y Minería de la Provincia de Catamarca (1970)Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collectionDirección Provincial de Geología y Minería de la Provincia de Catamarca (1970)Dirección Provincial de Geología y Minería de la Provincia de Catamarca (1970)Dirección Provincial de Geología y Minería de la Provincia de Catamarca (1970)Dirección Provincial de Geología y Minería de la Provincia de Catamarca (1970)Econ Geol (1995)Dirección Provincial de Geología y Minería de la Provincia de Catamarca (1970)Dirección Provincial de Geología y Minería de la Provincia de Catamarca (1970)Econ Geol (1995)Tourmaline (extraLapis English, no. 3, 2002)+1 other referencea study of differentiation. Economic Geology (3)+1 other referencea study of differentiation. Economic Geology (3)+1 other referenceLópez de Azarevich et al. (2021)GALLISKI (1983)+1 other referenceLópez de Azarevich et al. (2021)López de Azarevich et al. (2021)Galliski et al. (2006)+2 other referencesLópez de Azarevich et al. (2021)Galliski et al. (2006)+1 other referenceLópez de Azarevich et al. (2021)López de Azarevich et al. (2021)López de Azarevich et al. (2021)López de Azarevich et al. (2021)Econ Geol (1995)+2 other referencesOYARZABAL et al. (H2O)+1 other referenceCerny et al. (2003)+1 other referenceCerny et al. (2003)+1 other referenceGalliski et al. (2015)Econ Geol (1995)Roda-Robles et al. (2012)Econ Geol (1995)Econ Geol (1995)Econ Geol (1995)Miguel Ángel María Florencia Márquez-Zavalía (eds.)Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection
    Australia
     
    Burton (1996, January)Daly et al. (1963)+5 other referencesForsythe (1981)Forsythe (1981)Forsythe (1981)Forsythe (1981)Forsythe (1981)Forsythe (1981)Forsythe (1981) ...+1 other referenceBottrill et al. (2008)Ryan Eagle et al. (2018)[var: Kunzite]Sorrell (n.d.)Jacobson et al. (2007)+2 other referencesJacobson et al. (2007)www.miningnews.net (2018)tawana.com.au (2017)Jacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)Grguric et al. (2009)Jacobson et al. (2007)Min News 20:6 pp1Wilkins et al. (1970)+1 other referenceJacobson et al. (2007)Pegmaites of Western Australia+2 other referencesCrook et al. (2019)Jacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)+1 other referenceJacobson et al. (2007)+2 other referencesJacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)Grguric et al. (2005)Jacobson et al. (2007)+2 other referencesJacobson et al. (2007)+2 other referencesJacobson et al. (2007)+2 other referencesSweetapple et al. (2001)Jacobson et al. (2007)+1 other referenceJacobson et al. (2007)Calderwood+2 other referencesLintern (2004)Luke Morgan Collection
    Austria
     
    Meixner (1949)Exel (1993)Krenn et al. (2025)Steiner (2017)Walter (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Krenn et al. (2025)Meixner (1966)Niedermayr et al. (1995)+1 other referenceMeixner (1966)Niedermayr et al. (1987)Weber (1997)Aufschluss 1972 (SB)+1 other referenceMali (2004)Mali (2004)Mali (2004)Mali (2004)Mali (2004)Moser et al. (1987)+1 other reference- (n.d.)Esterlus (1983)
    Bangladesh
     
    Uddin et al. (2022)
    Bolivia
     
    Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955)Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge Munoz Reyes: Las Especies Minerales de Bolivia (Banco Minero de Bolivia, 1955)
    Brazil
     
    Soares et al. (2025)Forman et al. (1981)Queiroz (2016)Mason (1976)[var: Kunzite]Natural History Museum of Los Angeles ...Richard Dale CollectionCPRM Brazilian Geological Survey.Bermanec et al. (2011)+1 other referenceBaijot et al. (2014)Field Trip Guide+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Sauer (1982)[var: Kunzite][var: Kunzite]Bastos (2002)Bastos (2002)Bastos (2002)Menezes Filho et al. (2019)Cassedanne (1983)[var: Kunzite]Cassedanne et al. (1999)[var: Kunzite]King (n.d.)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite][var: Kunzite]Sauer (1982)Cassedanne et al. (1981)Quéméneur et al. (1999)+3 other referencesQuéméneur et al. (1999)+1 other referenceCassedanne et al. (1994)sergio varvello photo and specimenBauer et al. (1983)Lagache et al. (1997)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Betts (n.d.)[var: Kunzite]Michael Roarke specimenCassedanne et al. (1980)+1 other referenceAraújo (2018)Grainger et al. (2008)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Beurlen et al. (2008)+1 other referenceFernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Beurlen et al. (2008)+1 other referenceFernandes et al. (2022)rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.)+2 other referencesFernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Beurlen+8 other referencesFernandes et al. (2022)www.ufpe.br (n.d.)+7 other referencesFernandes et al. (2022)Beurlen et al. (2008)+1 other referenceBeurlen+5 other referencesFernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Fernandes et al. (2022)Queiroz et al. (2018)Queiroz (2016)
    Burundi
     
    Fransolet et al. (1990)
    Canada
     
    Breasley et al. (2024)www.alpinegems.netAlan Anderson M.Sc. ThesisBannatyne (1985)Phillips (1978)+1 other referencePhillips (1978)+1 other referenceBannatyne (1985)Phillips (1978)+1 other referenceBannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Econ Geol (1995)Bannatyne (1985)153-155.+11 other referencesBannatyne (1985)Brennan et al. (2024)Bull. Minéral.+1 other referenceBannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Phillips (1978)+2 other referencesBannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)Cerny et al. 2012+2 other referencesBannatyne (1985)Bannatyne (1985)+1 other referenceBrennan et al. (2024)Bannatyne (1985)Phillips (1978)+1 other referenceArchibald (2025)www.alpinegems.net[var: Kunzite]Groat et al. (2003)Northern Mineral Showings DatabaseNorthern Mineral Showings Database+1 other referenceSilke (2009)Brennan et al. (2024)Northern Mineral Showings DatabaseTaylor (1961)+1 other referenceP.B. Tomascak et al. (1994) ...Ontario Ministry of Northern ...Breaks et al. (2008)[var: Kunzite]J.C. Pedersen (2000)J.C. Pedersen (2000)J.C. Pedersen (2000)Bull. Minéral.+1 other referenceMcCracken (2023) ...+3 other references- (2014)McCracken (2023)Pedersen et al. (2002)Blackburn C. et al (2002) ...Tindle et al. (2005)Tindle et al. (2002)Taylor et al. (2001)Ontario Ministry of Northern ...Hewitt (1967)Breaks+2 other referencesAnn P.Sabina (1965)Hewitt (1967)MDI Number: MDI52H01NE00005Nickel et al. (1960)+1 other referenceSabina (2003)+1 other referenceSabina (2003)+1 other referencePotterBynoe (1987)www.cecorp.ca (2016)+1 other referencePierre-Alain WulserRocks & Min. 40 (7)
    China
     
    Rao+11 other referencesRenke Li and Xuming Zhang (1995)Ruiling He and Enkui Cao (1985)+2 other referencesFan G. et al. (2013)Han et al. (2022)+1 other referenceHan et al. (2022)Qu et al. (2020)+2 other referencesYuyu Zhang and Rubo Zhang (2008)Fan et al. (2022)Zhijun Shen et al. (2003)+2 other referencesNational Geological Archives of China ...Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985)+1 other referenceLiu et al. (2022)+6 other referencesHu et al. (2025)Li+13 other referencesWang et al. (2021)Zhao et al. (2023)Lei et al. (2025)www.ady.com.au (2007)Li+6 other referencesZhang et al. (2022)+1 other referenceJiang et al. (2020)Li et al. (2022)+1 other referenceLai et al. (2023)+1 other referenceFeng et al. (2025)Yue et al. (2018)Lin et al. (1995)Drolma et al. (2024)Fu et al. (2025)Li et al. (2025)Zhang et al. (2025)Kang et al. (2024)+1 other referenceQin et al. (2025)Qin et al. (2025)Zhang et al. (2025)Yong et al. (2025)Kang et al. (2024)+1 other referenceMa et al. (2025)+1 other referenceKang et al. (2024)Kang et al. (2024)+1 other referenceKang et al. (2024)+1 other referenceGao et al. (2021)+1 other referenceQin et al. (2025)Qin et al. (2025)Lianxing Gu et al. (1995)+3 other referencessec.edgar-online.com (n.d.)+8 other referencesFeng et al. (2019)Feng et al. (2019)Zhang et al. (2021)+3 other referencesFeng et al. (2019)Yao et al. (2024)+1 other referenceZhang et al. (2022)Denghong Wang et al. (2003)Feng et al. (2019)Feng et al. (2019)+1 other referenceFeng et al. (2019)Feng et al. (2019)Feng et al. (2019)Feng et al. (2019)Feng et al. (2019)Liu et al. (2025)何晗晗; 艾尔肯; 吐尔孙; 王登红; 王瑞江; 陈振宇 (2020)+1 other referenceChangnian Wu et al. (1995)+1 other referencewww.smartminerals.com (2004)+1 other referenceTianren Zou et al. (1986)+5 other referenceswww.chinamining.org (2007)+3 other referenceswww.chinamining.org (2007)Changnian Wu et al. (1995)Shen et al. (2025)Chen et al. (2022)Wang et al. (2023)Yong et al. (2021)Wu et al. (2022)Denghong Wang et al. (2001)Zhang et al. (2016)Shen et al. (2025)Shen et al. (2025)Zhang et al. (2022)Shen et al. (2025)Zhou et al. (2022)+2 other referencesZhou et al. (2022)Zhou et al. (2022)+1 other referenceFeibao Wu and Zongyu Li (1986)
    Czech Republic
     
    Masau+2 other referencesWelser+1 other referenceVrána (2013)Novák et al. (1996)Sekanina (1963)Novák et al. (2008)Novák et al. (1999)
    DR Congo
     
    Villeneuve et al. (2022)De Bondt (n.d.)+2 other references
    Egypt
     
    Saleh (2007)
    Eswatini
     
    Trumbull (1995)
    Ethiopia
     
    Küster et al. (2009)Küster (2009)[var: Kunzite]Küster et al. (2009)
    Finland
     
    Lynch et al. (2025)Huber et al. (2023)Geologian tutkimuskeskus et al. (ed.)+1 other referenceLynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)Geologian tutkimuskeskus et al. (ed.)+1 other referenceGeologian tutkimuskeskus et al. (ed.)Lynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)Vesasalo (1959)Alviola (1993)+1 other referenceAlviola Reijo 1974. Selostus ...Lynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)Lahti (1981)Lahti (1981)www.mindat.org (n.d.)Haapala (1966)+3 other referencesHytönen (1999)Mäkitie et al. (1.86-1.79 Ga)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Lahti+1 other referenceLynch et al. (2025)Alviola (1987)+1 other referenceLynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)Aarne LaitakariIlkka Mikkola collectionWilke (1976)+1 other referenceNordenskiöld (1863)
    France
     
    Germain C. (1988)
    Germany
     
    Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)
    Ghana
     
    Goodenough et al. (2025)Goodenough et al. (2025)Goodenough et al. (2025)Adams et al. (2023)
    India
     
    Tom D. La Touche (1890)Matin et al. (1988)Banerjee et al. (1994)
    Ireland
     
    Steiger et al. (1974)+3 other referencesWhitworth et al. (1989)Steiger et al. (1974)+1 other referenceRutley (1902)Barros et al. (2022)Steiger et al. (1974)+1 other referenceLuecke (1981)
    Italy
     
    Exel (1987)
    Ivory Coast
     
    Assaoulé Benjamin Allou (2005)Assaoulé Benjamin Allou (2005)
    Japan
     
    Sakurai et al (1977)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Shen et al. (2025)Oitseva et al. (2017)Oitseva et al. (2017)I.Mataibayevaa et al. (2014)+1 other referenceOitseva et al. (2017)Oitseva et al. (2017)Shen et al. (2025)Oitseva et al. (2025)Evseev (1995)Zimanovskaya et al. (2022)I.Mataibayevaa et al. (2014)
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    Karpenko V.Yu. et al. (OH)
    Madagascar
     
    Behier (1963)[var: Kunzite]www.geminterest.com (n.d.)Lacroix (1922)+1 other referenceDamour (1886)Behier (1960)Dabren (1906)+1 other referenceLacroix (1922)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Michel Arliguie collection & photo (photo id 899764)[var: Kunzite]Arliguie Michel collection & photo (Photo ID: 85907 )Lacroix (1912)Bruno Tesseron (Mineralphil Madagascar)Lefevre et al. (1998)+1 other referenceRanorosoa (1986)[var: Kunzite]Lacroix (1922)Lacroix (1922)Ranorosoa (1986)Ranorosoa (1986)[var: Kunzite]Mason (1976)Lacroix (1922)+1 other reference
    Mali
     
    Traore et al. (2025)Traore et al. (2025)+1 other referenceKušnir (1999)Traore et al. (2025)Traore et al. (2025)Traore et al. (2025)Kušnir (1999)+1 other referenceTraore et al. (2025)Traore et al. (2025)Traore et al. (2025)Traore et al. (2025)
    Mauritania
     
    Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)
    Mexico
     
    Panczner (1987)Cortez et al. (1981)
    Morocco
     
    Fontan (1978)
    Mozambique
     
    Wilson et al. (2000)MnhnL collection[var: Kunzite]Russel G. Rizzo specimen & photo id ...[var: Kunzite]Gomes et al. (2022)Wilson et al. (2000)[var: Kunzite]Geotrade Bohemia[var: Kunzite]Geotrade Bohemia[var: Kunzite]Wilson et al. (2000)Gomes Figueiredo C.S. (1967)+1 other referenceTeertstra et al. (1999)+1 other reference
    Myanmar
     
    Aung et al. (2021)
    Namibia
     
    www.mineral.tu-freiberg.de (2003)[var: Kunzite]von Bezing (2007)Ashworth (2014)Ashworth (2014)von Bezing (2007)Baldwin (1994)Baldwin (1994)
    Niger
     
    Mama Ntoumbé et al. (n.d.)64 pages.+1 other reference64 pages.+1 other reference64 pages.+2 other references64 pages.+1 other reference
    Nigeria
     
    Cao et al. (2024)[var: Kunzite]Moore (2001)
    North Korea
     
    Shibata (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)+1 other reference
    Norway
     
    Nordrum et al. (1999)Collection of L`Ecole des Mines+1 other reference
    Pakistan
     
    - (2004)Blauwet et al. (2004)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]www.paksearch.com (n.d.)
    Poland
     
    Pieczka et al. (2012)+3 other referencesPieczka et al. (2012)Rubio-Ordóñez et al. (2019)Pieczka A.Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)
    Portugal
     
    Dias et al. (2009)Gaspar et al. (2022)Neiva et al. (2000)Maijer 1965Manuel Maia's mineral collectionManuel Maia's mineral collectionGarate-Olave et al. (2024)Martins et al. (2011)+1 other referenceNovák et al. (2009)Cardoso-Fernandes et al. (2023)
    Romania
     
    al României (2003)+6 other references
    Russia
     
    Seltmann et al. (2010)+1 other referenceSeltmann et al. (2010)Seltmann et al. (2010)Seltmann et al. (2010)Dmitriy Belakovskiy+2 other referencesБоруцкий Б.Е. ...Huber et al. (2023)Zozulya et al. (2024) ...D’yachkov et al. (2022)Rruff specimen R070733Gavrilenko (2001)+2 other referencesPekov (1998)+1 other referenceGavrilenko (2001)+1 other referencePekov (1998)+2 other referencesTrunilina et al. (2024)Trunilina et al. (2024)USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p87+3 other referencesRozhdestvenskaya+4 other referencesHyršl (1992)Badanina et al. (2008)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other reference
    Rwanda
     
    Goodship et al. (2019)+1 other referenceJ. Acke et al. (2023)Lefèvre et al. (http://www.minsocam.org/msa/special/pig/PIG_articles/Elba%20Abstracts%2012%20Lefevre.pdf)+1 other referencePohl et al. (2013)+1 other referenceHulsbosch et al. (2019)Dewaele et al. (2008)Bertossa (1968)+1 other referenceBertossa
    Senegal
     
    Goodenough et al. (2025)
    Serbia
     
    Putzolu et al. (2025)Lazić et al. (2009)
    Somalia
     
    Küster (2009)
    South Africa
     
    R.J. Thomas et al. (1994)+1 other referenceCairncross et al. (1995)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Munyai et al. (2011)Gevers+2 other referencesCairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Baldwin (1994)- (1994)Cairncross et al. (1995)Baldwin (1994)Baldwin (1994)+1 other referenceBaldwin (1994)+1 other referenceCairncross et al. (1995)Baldwin (1994)Baldwin (1994)+1 other referenceCairncross et al. (1995)
    South Korea
     
    Choi et al. (2014)Shibata (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)+1 other reference
    Spain
     
    Alejandro Sánchez JiménezDill et al. (2023)Dill et al. (2023)Dill et al. (2023)Dill et al. (2023)Errandonea-Martin et al. (2022)+1 other referenceRoda-Robles et al. (2010)Encarnación Roda-Robles (2007)+1 other referenceMangas et al. (1988)+2 other referencesBorrajo et al. (2024)Fuertes-Fuente et al. (2000)Roza Llera+3 other referencesFuertes-Fuente et al. (2000)+1 other reference
    Sri Lanka
     
    [var: Kunzite]Ceylon Aluvial Mine (Book, Co. 2002)Pardieu et al. (FEBRUARY–MARCH 2012)
    Sweden
     
    Jonsson (2020)+1 other referenceLynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)d' Andrada [e Silva] (1800)+2 other referencesSelway et al. (2002)Grensman et al. (1991)+2 other referencesQuensel (1937)+2 other referencesLynch et al. (2025)Lynch et al. (2025)Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum)+1 other referenceLynch et al. (2025)Romer et al. (1997)+1 other reference
    UK
     
    Knorring et al. (1984)+1 other referenceRutley (1902)
    Ukraine
     
    Kurylo et al. (2022)+1 other referenceKievlenko et al. (2003)+1 other referenceLyckberg et al. (2009)
    USA
     
    - (1989)+1 other referenceCook et al. (1982)Anthony et al. (1995)MRDS file #10027543.Jahns (1952)+1 other referenceJahns (1953)+1 other referenceJahns (1952)London et al. (1982)Jahns (1952)+1 other referenceJahns (1952)+1 other referenceJahns (1952)+2 other referencesJahns (1952)+1 other referenceLondon et al. (1982)Jahns (1952)+1 other referenceJahns (1952)+1 other referenceLondon et al. (1982)[var: Kunzite]Seidler (1964)Reed (1927)+2 other references[var: Kunzite]Geffner et al. (1997)[var: Kunzite]Kunz (1905)+1 other referenceSan Diego Natural History MuseumBean. J. 2003. Report: A field trip to the Thursday mine (Pandora)[var: Kunzite]Kunz (1905)[var: Kunzite]Kunz (1905)+2 other references[var: Kunzite]Kunz (1905)+2 other referencesMasimer (1965)+2 other references[var: Kunzite]Todd+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Journal of Pegmatology v. 1 (2002)[var: Kunzite]Kunz (1903a)+1 other referencepages 133-135.+1 other referenceWeber (1963)+2 other referencesillus.+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Mason (1976)[var: Kunzite]Merrill[var: Kunzite]Fisher (2011)[var: Kunzite]Foord et al. (1986)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Personally collected[var: Kunzite]personal collections (Reed, Mauthner)[var: Kunzite]126-127.+3 other references[var: Kunzite]Hapeman (2011)[var: Kunzite]Cook (1997)[var: Kunzite]Christopher N. WentzellKunz (1905)[var: Kunzite]Weber (1963)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Rocks & Min.: 23:517.+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Kunz (1905)Novák et al. (2000)Jahns et al. (1951)Jahns et al. (1951)+1 other referenceJahns et al. (1951)[var: Kunzite]Merrill (1914)[var: Kunzite]Sheppard (2008)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]January: p. 37-40+1 other referencepersonal communication with Scott L. ...+1 other referenceHanley (1951)+1 other referenceMurdoch (1946)+4 other references[var: Kunzite]Rogersgem spodumene occurrence at the "Crest Gem" mine (circa 1985)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Larson (2011)Richard Fretterd and Jean Cowman (2016)Meeves et al. (1966)Eckel et al. (1997)Hanley et al. (1950)Meeves et al. (1966)Hanley et al. (1950)+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)Januzzi et al. (1976)Shepard (1837)+2 other references[var: Kunzite]Rocks & Minerals. Vol. 70. No. 6+2 other referencesJanuzzi et al. (1976)Januzzi et al. (1976)+1 other referenceSchooner (1958)+1 other referenceMoritz (n.d.)+1 other referenceMoritz (n.d.)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]Jarnot (1995)[var: Kunzite]Rocks & Min.: 70:382Ransom (1974)Cook (1978)[var: Kunzite]AndersonMorrill+2 other referencesPersonally collected and sight ...King et al. (1994)W. B. Thompson et al. (2005)Todd Voters CollectionKing et al. (1994)Thompson et al. (1998)King (2000)Harold Moritz CollectionMaine Pegmatite Workshop 2004Bastin (1911)King (n.d.)Mineral News (1993)Falster et al. (2019)+1 other referenceFound Oct 2021 and optically studied. ...Gary PowellMason (1976)King et al. (1994)+1 other referenceCameron+3 other references[var: Kunzite]King et al. (6)King et al. (6)+1 other referenceCameron+3 other referencesGary Freeman+1 other referenceKing et al. (1994)King et al. (6)+1 other referenceBarton (1968)King (n.d.)King et al. (6)+1 other referenceKing et al. (1994)+4 other referenceswebmineral.com (2000)+1 other referenceDionne et al. (2014)King (n.d.)Bastin (1911)+1 other reference[var: Kunzite]AndersonThompsonKing et al. (1994)"Western Massachusetts Mineral ...Plante (1992)\Emerson (1917)Emerson (1917)"Western Massachusetts Mineral ...King (n.d.)Emerson (1917)Gleba (2008)Emerson (1917)Billings et al. (1944)Billings+2 other referencesBillings et al. (1944)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich (Pegmatites of Montana, Economic Geology, Vol. 44, No. 4, June-July 1949)Meyers et al. (1956)Meyers et al. (1956)Nicolay & Stone (1967)Rocks & Min.: 6:21.+2 other referencesUSGS Prof Paper 353+2 other referencesMeyers et al. (1956)Emerson (1895)USGS Prof Paper 353+2 other referencesUSGS Prof Paper 353Nicolay & Stone. Rocks and Minerals: A ...+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241+2 other referencesAm Min 50:96-104Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Pough (n.d.)+2 other referencesJensen (1978)Palache et al. (1930)USGSWilson et al. (2001)Rocks & Min.:60:84.- (2005)Rocks & Minerals 79:5 p 344- (2005)Wilson et al. (2001)Kunz (1907)+1 other referenceGriffitts et al. (1953)C.W. Allen collectionWilson et al. (1978)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Horton et al. (1981)+2 other references- (2005)Michael Dennis- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)The Geological Society Of America+1 other referenceForsyth Gem and Mineral ClubWise et al. (2022)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Wenger et al. (1991)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)GSA Southeastern Section - 60th Annual Meeting (23–25 March 2011)+1 other reference- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)[var: Kunzite]Wilson et al. (1978)Lesure (1968)- (2005)[var: Kunzite]Smith et al. (2000)Roberts et al. (1965)- (2005)USGS Prof Paper 297D+2 other referencesSmith et al. (2000)Christopher N. WentzellMeeves et al. (1966)U.S. Geological Survey Professional ...+1 other referenceSmith et al. (2000)Smith et al. (2000)USGS Prof Paper 297D+1 other referenceSmith et al. (2000)- (2005)Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117.+5 other references[var: Kunzite]Seaman (1976)- (2005)USGS Prof Paper 297FUSGS Prof Paper 297F- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)USGS Prof Paper 297FUSGS Prof Paper 297DUSGS Prof Paper 297F- (2005)Smith et al. (2000)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Smith et al. (2000)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Rocks & Min.: 10:122.+1 other referenceUSGS Prof Paper 247+1 other referenceGeology and mineral deposits of some ...+1 other referenceU.S. Geological Survey Professional ...+3 other referencesMeeves et al. (1966)+1 other referenceGeology and mineral deposits of some ...+2 other referencesRocks & Min.:10:147 & 60:112+1 other referenceSmith et al. (2000)American Mineralogist+1 other referenceGeology and mineral deposits of some ...+5 other referencesSmith et al. (2000)USGS Prof Paper 297B+2 other referencesDana et al. (1892)+1 other referenceUSGS Prof Paper 297A+1 other referenceUSGS Bull 380D+2 other references- (2005)Bullock (1981)Woodford et al. (2001)Lemke et al. (1952)Alexander Falster et al. (2018)Alexander Falster et al. (2018)Falster et al. (1996)Richardson et al. (1996)Meeves et al. (1966)Hausel (2000)Hanley et al. (1950)+1 other reference
    Uzbekistan
     
    Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan)
    Zimbabwe
     
    159 pages.+2 other referencesAckermann et al. (1968)Cairncross (2004)Ackermann et al. (1968)Ackermann et al. (1968)+1 other referenceAnonymous (1995)Sibanda (2020)Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : 87-89Hornung. G. PhD thesis. Pegmatites of ...Ackermann et al. (1968)Ackermann et al. (1968)von Knorring et al. (1963)+1 other referenceAckermann et al. (1968)Ackermann et al. (1968)+1 other referenceWalsh et al. (1997)geology.csupomona.edu (2001)+1 other referenceRijks et al. (1972)+1 other referenceKievlenko et al. (2003)Kievlenko et al. (2003)HARRISON (N.M.)HARRISON (N.M.)
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