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Siegenite

A valid IMA mineral species
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CoNi2S4
CoNi2S4 is the IMA-approved formula. The mineral was previously also incorrectly defined by a range of composition: CoNi2S4-NiCo2S4 (the latter composition is grimmite). The pure Co- and Ni-endmembers are linnaeite and polydymite, respectively.
Colour:
Light to steel-grey, violet-gray (tarnished)
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½ - 5½
Specific Gravity:
4.5 - 4.8
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Linnaeite Subgroup >Thiospinel Group >Spinel Supergroup
Name:
Named after its discovery locality in the Siegen district, Westphalia (Germany).
Type Locality:
ⓘStahlberg Mine (Schwabengrube), Müsen, Hilchenbach, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Linnaeite Group andThiospinel Group.
Siegenite-Violarite Series.

Formula was earlier often generally given as (Ni,Co)3S4. Note that the composition NiCo2S4 (grimmite) is a normal spinel, i.e. Ni[Co2]S4 (Knop et al., 1968), while the composition CoNi2S4 (i.e. siegenite) is an inverse spinel, i.e. Ni[CoNi]S4 (Huang & Knop, 1971).
Comparepolydymite andlinnaeite.


Unique Identifiers2Sagenite (of Saussure)A variety ofRutileTiO2SingeniteA synonym ofSyngeniteK2Ca(SO4)2 · H2O

IMA Classification of Siegenite

Classification of Siegenite

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
Dana 8th ed.:
2.10.1.6

2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
Hey's CIM Ref.:
3.11.11

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni

Mineral SymbolsJolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of Siegenite
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Light to steel-grey, violet-gray (tarnished)
Streak:
Greyish black
Hardness:
4½ - 5½ onMohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=459 - 540 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Imperfect on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.5 - 4.8 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.83 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Siegenite
Common Impurities:
Se,Cu,Fe

Crystallography of SiegeniteBunker Hill mine, Jasper County, Missouri, USA 834
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.86 Å(100)
1.670 Å(80)
2.36 Å(70)
1.815 Å(60)
0.988 Å(50)
3.34 Å(40)
1.228 Å(40)

Geological Environment

Synonyms of Siegenite

Other Language Names for Siegenite

Relationship of Siegenite to other Species
Other Members of Linnaeite Subgroup:
CadmoinditeCdIn2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
Cuprorhodsite(Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
DaubréeliteFe2+Cr3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
GreigiteFe2+Fe3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
GrimmiteNiCo2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
InditeFeIn2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
JoegoldsteiniteMnCr2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
KalininiteZnCr2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
LinnaeiteCo2+Co3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
PolydymiteNi2+Ni3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
Tarkianite(Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8Iso.43m :F43m
ViolariteFe2+Ni3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
XingzhongitePb2+Ir3+2S4Iso.
Forms a series with:
ViolariteSiegenite-Violarite Series
LinnaeiteLinnaeite-Siegenite Series

Common AssociatesMon. 2/m :B2/b2.DA.ZaykoviteRh3Se4Mon. 2/m :B2/m2.DA.EzochiiteCu+(Rh3+Pt4+)S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.GrimmiteNiCo2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.ZolenskyiteFeCr2S4Mon. 2/m :B2/m2.DA.05ShiranuiiteCu+(Rh3+Rh4+)S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05FletcheriteCuNi2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05Florensovite(Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m)2.DA.05CadmoinditeCdIn2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05KalininiteZnCr2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05ViolariteFe2+Ni3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05NickeltyrrelliteCuNi2Se4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05LinnaeiteCo2+Co3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05CarrolliteCuCo2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05Cuproiridsite(Cu,Fe)Ir2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05Cuprorhodsite(Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05BerndlehmanniteCu(CrV)S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05PolydymiteNi2+Ni3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05TrüstedtiteNi3Se4Iso.2.DA.05DaubréeliteFe2+Cr3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05CuprokalininiteCu(Cr3+Cr4+)S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05GreigiteFe2+Fe3+2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05JoegoldsteiniteMnCr2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05BornhardtiteCo2+Co3+2Se4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05TyrrelliteCu(Co,Ni)2Se4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05InditeFeIn2S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m2.DA.05XingzhongitePb2+Ir3+2S4Iso.2.DA.05MalaniteCu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m)2.DA.10RhodostanniteCu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4Tet. 4/m :I41/a2.DA.10ToyohaiteAg1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4Tet. 4/m :I41/a2.DA.15BrezinaiteCr3S4Mon. 2/m2.DA.15Heideite(Fe,Cr)1.15(Ti,Fe)2S4Mon. 2/m2.DA.20KonderiteCu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16Hex. 6/m :P6/m2.DA.20InaglyiteCu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16Hex.2.DA.25KingstoniteRh3S4Mon. 2/m :B2/m

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    • References for SiegeniteⓘJetty PeninsulaAndronikov et al. (2021)
    Argentina
     
    de Brodtkorb et al. (2016)
    Australia
     
    Wagga Wagga Mine Data SheetsEconomic Geology 99 (2004)+1 other referenceRichardson et al. (1997)Noble et al. (1983)+1 other referenceBottrill et al. (2008)A. R. SeymonOstwald (1978)Hollis et al. (2021)Marston (1984)Grguric et al. (2018)
    Austria
     
    Paar et al. (1982)+1 other referenceA.Pichler (2003)Taucher (1998)Kolitsch et al. (2019)Exel (1993)Kolitsch et al. (2019)Kolitsch (2023)Exel (1993)Kolitsch et al. (2012)Leblhuber (2000)Poeverlein (2008)Libowitzky et al. (2018)Putz et al. (2007)Kolitsch et al. (2023)Kolitsch et al. (2020)Niedermayr et al. (2003)+1 other reference
    Belgium
     
    Hatert et al. (2002)
    Brazil
     
    Campbell (2012)acd.ufrj.br (2002)Monteiro et al. (2008)Monteiro et al. (2008)NetunoVillas et al. (2001)Campo-Rodríguez et al. (2022)
    Bulgaria
     
    Singer et al. (2008)Tarassova et al. (2015)Dragov et al. (1998)+2 other references
    Canada
     
    Peatfield (n.d.)Jackson-Brown et al. (2014)Blackadar (1981)Somarin et al. (2022)Rocks & Minerals (2008)Ames et al. (2003)Kjarsgaard et al. (2010, June)OGS Open File 5975+1 other referenceColvine (1974)Pan et al. (1989)Mulja & Mitchell (1990)Cabri et al. (1979)Hinchey et al. (2005)Good et al. (2017)159-161.+1 other referenceCan Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ...+2 other referencesVollo (1959)USGS Open File Report 81-1666Barkov et al. (2002)
    Chad
     
    Rigobert et al. (2013)
    China
     
    Li et al. (1999)Huang+8 other referencesJia et al. (2025)Jingwen Mao et al. (2001)Xu et al. (2021)Jinjie Yu et al. (2013)赵玉锁 et al. (2014)+2 other referencesXiang-Ping et al. (2001)Singer et al. (2002)Yanchen Yang et al. (2004)+3 other referencesGuo et al. (2024)Wang et al. (2024)Chunyan Dong et al. (2005)Houmin Li et al. (2001)+1 other referenceLi et al. (2022)Lixin Wang et al. (2013)Xueming Wang et al. (2002)Wenhui Qiu (1985)Zhaolong Li and Lianying Zhang (1999)Wang et al. (2022)Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006)Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006)Hongjun Qu (1992)Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977)Zhimin Zhu et al. (2009)Lizhu Li et al. (2006)Hongjun Qu (1992)Liu et al. (2024)Lu et al. (1989)+1 other referenceHongjun Qu (1992)Hongjun Qu (1992)Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2007)Yan Sun et al. (2009)Dai et al. (2015)Xu Yong and Zhu Xinyou (2000)Min Liu (2002)+1 other referenceKaixu Chen et al. (2004)+1 other referenceYuan Li (1998)
    Czech Republic
     
    Duda+1 other referenceBrabec (2002)Plášil J. et al. (černojamské ložisko)+1 other referenceSejkora et al. (2024)Ondruš et al. (2003)Lapis 2002 (7/8)Scharm+7 other referencesDolníček et al. (2019)Dolníček et al. (2021)Kříbek et al. (2009)
    DR Congo
     
    304.+4 other referencesGauthier et al. (1989)N. Loris et al. (Shaba, Zaïre)
    Europe
     
    tin.er.usgs.gov (n.d.)+2 other references
    Finland
     
    B.K. (1958)MutanenMutanenGeological Survey of Finland 2011. ...Geological Survey of Finland 2009 ...Hänninen Esko 1986. Polvijärven ...Vuorelainen
    France
     
    Pélisson (1989)Chopin (1978)Chopin (1978)Gol (2016)J. Geffroy and M. Lenfant (1963)+1 other referenceDe Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002)De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002)BERBAIN et al. (2010)
    Germany
     
    Kolitsch et al. (2019)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Henrich et al. (2019)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Reinhardt (2011)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Weiß (1990)Henrich et al. (2003)Lithothek der Münchener MicromounterWeiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Emser Hefte 1980 (3)Weiß (1990)+1 other referenceSchnorrer et al. (2000)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Dana 6:1039+2 other referencesEmser Hefte 1979 (1)
    Greece
     
    Rieck et al. (2018)Rieck et al. (2018)Kolitsch et al. (2015)+1 other referenceEliopoulos+3 other references
    Greenland
     
    Arnason et al. (2000)+1 other reference
    India
     
    Dora et al. (2014)
    Ireland
     
    de Haller+2 other referencesYesares et al. (2022)Tindle (2008)
    Italy
     
    Garuti et al. (2008)Moroni et al. (2019)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedognè (2011)Bortolozzi G. et al. (2013)
    Japan
     
    Shimada et al. (1981)Rocks & Min.: 22:223.Imai (1976)Imai et al. (1973)+1 other referenceK. Nishikubo et al. (2005)+1 other referenceHirata et al. (1993)Petrov (n.d.)Hirata et al. (1993)KITAKAZE et al. (2016)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Spiridonov (1982)doi.org (n.d.)+1 other referenceStepanets et al. (2018)
    Kosovo
     
    Kluza et al. (2024)Kluza et al. (2024)
    Morocco
     
    El Basbas et al. (2011)
    Namibia
     
    von Seckendorff et al. (2000)
    Netherlands
     
    T.G. Nijlandfound by Frank de Wit
    North Korea
     
    Resource Geology
    Norway
     
    Nordrum et al. (1981)Pedersen (1976)Krause et al. (1975)Gierth et al. (1973)+1 other referenceNordrum (2000)+1 other referenceVokes (1957)Neumann (1985)- (2019)
    Peru
     
    Tassinari et al. (2011)Martínez et al. (2021)
    Poland
     
    Czerny J. 1992: Hydrothermal ...Piestrzyński et al. (2012)Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ...Eligiusz Szełęg collectionLenik et al. (2019)
    Portugal
     
    Dep Ciencias Terra FCT Universidade ...
    Romania
     
    Cook et al. (2002)+3 other referencesZajzon et al. (2015)Ilinca (2012)Ilinca (2012)Ilinca (2012)Constantinescu et al. (1982)+1 other reference
    Russia
     
    Plotinskaya et al. (2010)+2 other referencesPlotinskaya et al. (2014)Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko dataSluzhenikin et al. (2015)Kiseleva et al. (2024)Ivanyuk et al. (2018)Kalinin (2021)Коневин et al. (2020)Коневин et al. (2020)Grabezhev et al. (2007)Gas’kov (2008)+1 other referenceProkof’ev et al. (2007)Prokof’ev et al. (2007)+1 other reference
    Slovakia
     
    Luptáková et al. (2016)Ferenc et al. (2016)+1 other referenceKoděra (1986)Ragan M. et al. (veporikum)Koděra (1986)Radvanec et al. (2016)Myšľan et al. (2024)Koděra (1986)Juraj Majzlan et al. (2021)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Grecula (1995)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Ferenc et al. (2001)
    South Africa
     
    Cairncross et al. (1995)Beckett-Brown et al. (2018)
    Spain
     
    BERTRAN-OLLER et al. (2012)Fanlo et al. (1998)undefined+1 other referenceSimon et al. (1997)+1 other referenceMata i Perelló (1990)Abella i Creus (2018)Econ Geol (1992)
    Sweden
     
    Torstensson (2002)Burke et al. (1983)Nysten
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Brugger J. (1996)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)+1 other reference
    Tanzania
     
    Hassan et al. (2024)
    Uganda
     
    Riley (1980)+2 other references
    UK
     
    Day (1999)Livingstone et al. (1976)+2 other referencesIan Jones collectionIan Jones collection. Aragonite ...Ian Jones collectionIan Jones collectionIan Jones collectionDay (1999)Rust et al. (1988)Day (1999)Rust (1991)Day (1999)Ixer et al. (1996)Ian Jones collectionIan Jones collectionDay (1999)Ian Jones collection
    USA
     
    Mahaffey (2021)Van Gosen et al. (2025).+2 other referencesAnthony et al. (1995)Woodhouse (1957b)+2 other referencesLeicht et al. (1994)Eckel et al. (1997)Candela et al. (1989)Mines of the Washington D.C Area+1 other referenceHeinrich et al. (2004)Sherwood et al. (1998)Sullivan et al. (2023)Sullivan et al. (2023)Sullivan et al. (2023)- (2005)- (2005)Rocks & Min. Mar. 1998+2 other referencesJ Cilen collection specimenAfifi et al. (1988)+1 other referenceAm.Min.: 44:995-1009.Grawe (1945)Rocks & Min.: 21:751-752.Short et al. (1930)Dana 7: I: 264+2 other references2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting (18-21 October 2009)+2 other referencesCollector's Edge specimen- (2005)Afifi et al. (1988)+1 other referenceAfifi et al. (1988)+3 other referencesEcon Geol (1992)+1 other referenceSherwood et al. (1998)Leach et al. (1995)Sherwood et al. (1998)White (2012)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)D (1979)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)W. W. (2012)Chamberlain et al. (2023)Crook et al. (1978)+2 other referencesMin. News 15 (5)
    Uzbekistan
     
    Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan)
    Zambia
     
    Exploration and Mining Geology+6 other references
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