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Olivenite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored byGail Spann
Photos of Olivenite (2043)Discuss Olivenite
Olivenite GallerySearch Photos of Olivenite
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Originally named arseniksaures kupfererz by Martin Klaproth in 1786 in reference to the chemical composition. Named olivenerz by Abraham G. Werner in 1789 in allusion to its olive-green color. Robert Jameson changed the ending "erz" to "ite" in 1820. Synonyms include: "holzkupfererz" (Bournon, 1801) and "pharmacochalzite" (Hausmann, 1813).
Type Locality:
ⓘCarharrack Mine, Gwennap, Cornwall, England, UK
Olivenite Group.Adamite-Olivenite Series.Libethenite-Olivenite Series.
The copper analogue ofAdamite.

May be confused withZincolivenite which is a chemically and structurally distinct species with a defined ratio of Zn:Cu.
Note: The designations 'Zincolivenite' or 'Zinc-olivenite' were also used for Zn-bearing olivenites with unspecified Zn:Cu ratios prior to the recognition and approval of zincolivenite as a distinct species.

A relatively common, thermodynamically very stable secondary copper mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits containing arsenic-bearing phases, especiallyTennantite,Enargite and others.


Unique Identifiers

Classification of Olivenite

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
Dana 8th ed.:
41.6.6.1

41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
Hey's CIM Ref.:
20.1.2

20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu

Mineral SymbolsJolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of Olivenite
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
Pearly to silky when it is fibrous.
Colour:
Olive green to yellow or brown, gray-green, grayish white; light green in transmitted light.
Comment:
Straw yellow if fibrous.
Streak:
Olive green to brown
Hardness:
3 onMohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Indistinct on {101} and {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
4.46 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.45 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Olivenite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
strong r > v or r < v moderate
Optical Extinction:
Y=c
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
In green and yellow.
Absorption Y > X, Z.

Chemistry of Olivenite
Common Impurities:
Fe,P

Crystallography of Olivenite
Click on an icon to view
Olivenite no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Olivenite no.19 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

Toggle
Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

View
Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal StructureMajuba Hill, Pershing County, Nevada, USA 484
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
5.91 Å(70)
4.82 Å(90)
4.19 Å(60)
2.98 Å(100)
2.65 Å(60)
2.47 Å(70)
2.39 Å(70)
Comments:
Handbook of Mineralogy, v. 4

Geological Environment
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of a copper deposit

Synonyms of Olivenite

Other Language Names for Olivenite

Varieties of OliveniteLeucochalciteFibrous white variety of olivenite.Wood CopperA variety of olivenite showing a massive, fibrous structure, resembling wood.
See alsoWood Tin.Zinc-bearing OliveniteZinc-bearing olivenite compositionally falling short of the cation-ordered, intermediate member of the Adamite-Olivenite Series,Zincolivenite.

See alsoAdamite-Olivenite Series.

Relationship of Olivenite to other Species
Other Members of Olivenite Group:
AdamiteZn2(AsO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm
AuriacusiteFe3+Cu2+(AsO4)OOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm
EveiteMn2+2(AsO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm
LibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm
Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite)Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O
ZincolibetheniteCuZn(PO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm
ZincoliveniteCuZn(AsO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm
Forms a series with:
AdamiteAdamite-Olivenite Series
LibetheniteLibethenite-Olivenite Series

Common AssociatesOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma8.BB.TilasiteCaMg(AsO4)FMon.8.BB.PaulgrothiteCu9Fe3+O4(PO4)4Cl3Orth.mm2 :Cmc218.BB.KarlditmariteCu9O4(PO4)2(SO4)2Tric.1 :P18.BB.MilkovoiteCu4O(PO4)(AsO4)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma8.BB.XArsenowagneriteMg2(AsO4)FMon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.05TavoriteLiFe3+(PO4)(OH)Tric.1 :P18.BB.05AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)FTric.1 :P18.BB.05MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)Tric.1 :P18.BB.10ZwieseliteFe2+2(PO4)FMon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.10TripliteMn2+2(PO4)FMon. 2/m8.BB.15Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite)Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O8.BB.15JoosteiteMn2+(Mn3+,Fe3+)(PO4)OMon. 2/m8.BB.15HydroxylwagneriteMg2(PO4)(OH)Mon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.15WagneriteMg2(PO4)FMon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.15Stanĕkite(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)OMon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.15TriploiditeMn2+2(PO4)(OH)Mon. 2/m :P2/b8.BB.15SarkiniteMn2+2(AsO4)(OH)Mon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.15WolfeiteFe2+2(PO4)(OH)Mon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.20HoltedahliteMg2(PO4)(OH)Trig. 3m :P31m8.BB.20Satterlyite(Fe2+,Mg,Fe)12(PO4)5(PO3OH)(OH,O)6Trig.3m(32/m) :P31m8.BB.25AlthausiteMg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma8.BB.30ZincoliveniteCuZn(AsO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm8.BB.30AdamiteZn2(AsO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm8.BB.30LibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm8.BB.30ZincolibetheniteCuZn(PO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm8.BB.30EveiteMn2+2(AsO4)(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm8.BB.30AuriacusiteFe3+Cu2+(AsO4)OOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm8.BB.35ParadamiteZn2(AsO4)(OH)Tric.1 :P18.BB.35TarbuttiteZn2(PO4)(OH)Tric.1 :P18.BB.40BarbosaliteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.40ScorzaliteFe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.40LazuliteMgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.40MeizhouiteFe2+V3+2(PO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.40HentscheliteCuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/m8.BB.40WilhelmkleiniteZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/m8.BB.45DokuchaeviteCu8O2(VO4)3Cl3Tric.1 :P18.BB.45TrolleiteAl4(PO4)3(OH)3Mon. 2/m :B2/b8.BB.45YaroshevskiteCu9O2(VO4)4Cl2Tric.1 :P18.BB.50NamibiteCu(BiO)2(VO4)(OH)Tric.1 :P18.BB.50Aleutite[Cu5O2](AsO4)(VO4) · (Cu,K,Pb,Rb,Cs,)ClMon. 2/m :B2/m8.BB.52aEriclaxmaniteCu4O(AsO4)2Tric.1 :P18.BB.52bKozyrevskiteCu4O(AsO4)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma8.BB.55Phosphoellenbergerite(Mg,◻)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6Hex. 6mm :P63mc8.BB.55PopoviteCu5O2(AsO4)2Tric.1 :P18.BB.60UrusoviteCuAl(AsO4)OMon. 2/m :P21/b8.BB.65TheoparacelsiteCu3(As2O7)(OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pmma8.BB.70TuraniteCu5(VO4)2(OH)4Tric.1 :P18.BB.75StoiberiteCu5(VO4)2O2Mon. 2/m8.BB.80FingeriteCu11(VO4)6O2Tric.1 :P18.BB.85AverieviteCu6(VO4)2O2Cl2Trig. 3 :P38.BB.90RichelliteCaFe3+2(PO4)2(OH,F)2Amor.8.BB.90LipscombiteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2Tet. 422 :P412128.BB.90ZinclipscombiteZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2Tet. 422 :P43212

Fluorescence of Olivenite

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    • References for OliveniteⓘCapillitas mining districtBrodtkorb (2002)Raúl Jorge Tauber LarryBrodtkorb (2006)Bedlivy et al. (1972)Bedlivy et al. (1972)+3 other references
    Australia
     
    Ashley et al. (1999)Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD analysis, to be published)Leverett et al. (2003)Birch et al. (1997)Birch et al. (1997)Martins da Pedra collectionDay et al. (1996)Crane et al. (2001)+2 other referencesDay et al. (1995)+3 other referencesHaupt (2012)Kolitsch et al. (1999)Collection of RJ MartinCatalog of Sount Australian Minerals-1983 ("reported from the Spring Creek mine")Peter Keller CollectionMunro-Smith (2006)XRD confirmed at Museum of South ...Hodkinson et al. (1989)Bosworthbrokenhillmineralclub.wikispaces.com (2010)Muller (1972)+1 other referenceNoble et al. (1983)BottrillNickel et al. (1993)Min. Record 24 (1993)Australian J. Mineralogy 13 (1)Min. Record 24 (1993)Grice et al. (1991)Min. Record 24 (1993)Clissold (2007)Downes et al. (2006)Western Mail Newspaper (Perth)+1 other referenceGovernment Chemical Laboratories. In: ...+1 other reference
    Austria
     
    Puttner (1996)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Putz (2004)Kirchner et al. (2004)C.Auer (2025)R.Poeverlein (2016)R.Poeverlein (2016)R.Poeverlein (2016)Strasser (1989)R.Poeverlein (2016)Poeverlein (2008)C.Auer (2014)Postl (1981)+1 other referenceAuer (2022)Hanneberg et al. (2009)+1 other referenceC.Auer (2013)C.Auer (2013)Hermann (1988)+1 other referenceSchnorrer et al. (2002)C.Auer (2013)Poeverlein et al. (2007)Kolitsch et al. (2018)- (1994, July)Poeverlein et al. (2010)Poeverlein et al. (2010)58.+1 other referenceC.Auer (2015)C.Auer (2015)Arlt et al. (1994)Kolitsch (2014)Kolitsch (2014)
    Belgium
     
    Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)
    Bolivia
     
    Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955)
    Brazil
     
    Lapis 32 (12)+1 other referenceMenezes (n.d.)sergio varvello collectino
    Bulgaria
     
    Mincheva-Stefanova (1968)Minceva-Stefanova (2001)Minceva-Stefanova (2001)
    Chile
     
    Uwe Kolitsch collection (XRD-analysed)X-ray diffraction probed [Uwe Kolitsch]+1 other referenceOndruš et al. (2006)V. Sapienza collectionAnthony et al. (2000)Jarrell (1939)+1 other referencemaurizio dini collection - analysed ...SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and Gerhard MöhnT. Kampf analysiscollected and analysed by french ...collected and analysed by french ...Various EDS and PXRD analyses.Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ...+2 other referencesSpecimen collected by Bob Jenkins. In ...maurizio dini collection - quantitative ...maurizio dini collection - analysed ...Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen SchluterSamples analysed by Dr. Jochen SchluterMaurizio Dini collectionPalache et al. (1951)maurizio dini collection - analysed ...
    China
     
    Lairen Lai and Yi Li (1988)+1 other referenceTang et al. (2025)Shen (n.d.)Shen (n.d.)
    Czech Republic
     
    Č+5 other referencesLapis 2002 (7/8)Lapis 2002 (7/8). Bull. mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha)+3 other referencesPetr Pauliš (2000)+1 other referenceSejkora et al. (2007)Sejkora et al. (2015)Sejkora (1994)
    DR Congo
     
    Gécamines (1977)
    Ecuador
     
    Samuel Mácias Collection
    Europe
     
    Minceva-Stefanova (2001)Minceva-Stefanova (2001)Quellmalz (1992)+3 other references
    France
     
    Coueille (1988)Favreau G. et al. (1996)SEM-EDS analyses at "Laboratoire Magmas ...Yves Mourey CollectionMOUREY Y. (2017)OLLIC Pascal CollectionWittern et al. (1997)Th Brunsperger collectionBari (1982)T. Brunsperger collectionTh Brunsperger collectionBari (1982)+1 other referenceWittern et al. (1997)Wittern et al. (1997)Wittern et al. (1997)Hohl (1994)Wittern et al. (1997)Escande et al. (1973)+6 other referencesEscande et al. (1973)+6 other referencesMeisser et al. (2008)+1 other referenceClub Eymoutiers Minéraux (2003)Patrice Queneau Collection visual identification.Confirmed. Analyzed by Nicolas Meisser (Naturéum)Forner et al. (1997)Pélisson et al. (1987)Boisson et al. (2018)Berbain et al. (2000)Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude )BERBAIN Ch. et al. (2006)www.zampano.com (n.d.)+1 other referenceFavreau et al. (2010)Queneau (n.d.)Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ...Chollet Pascal CollectionCaubel (1997)collection bernard bouissac/antoine ...erbain+2 other referencesBerbain et al. (2005)Queneau (n.d.)François Garric collection; Georges ...R.PauvertMari et al. (1997)Legrand et al. (1986)+5 other referencesPalache et al. (1951)+4 other referencesJean-Marie Claude collectionPierre Monniot specimen
    Germany
     
    Weiß (1990)Gruber (2000)Walenta (1992)Weiß (1990)www.mineralienatlas.de (2021)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1989)+1 other referenceSchrenk (2000)Walenta et al. (1984)+1 other referenceWittern (2001)Walenta (1992)https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=53526Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Markl (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Joachim et al. (1993)Weiß (1990)Dana 6: 140+1 other referenceHock et al. (1992)Hanneberg et al. (2009)+1 other referenceSchwarzmeier et al. (2015)+2 other referencesCollection of Steffen MichalskiLapis 25 (2)Belendorff et al. (1987)Collection of Steffen MichalskiEmser Hefte 1988 (1)+1 other referenceLegner et al. (2022)Weiß (1990)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)+1 other referenceSchnorrer-Köhler (1988)Gröbner (2007)Blaß et al. (1996)Gröbner (2007)Schnorrer (1995)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Schnorrer-Köhler (1984)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Schnorrer-Köhler (1986)+1 other referenceHenrich (2008)Henrich et al. (2019)Der Aufschluss 2000 (2)Wittern (2001)Henrich (2009)Wittern (2001)Heinrich et al. (2011)Weiß (1990)Graf et al. (1992)Blaß et al. (1995)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Marcus Voigt Collection+1 other referenceWittern (2001)+1 other referenceSchnorrer et al. (2000)Weiß (1990)Noll (1984)Noll (1984)Wittern (2001)Markl et al. (1990)Lapis (9)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Der Aufschluss Vol.5558 (in German)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990) ...Thomas Lühr CollectionMassanek et al. (2005)Lapis (4)www.mineralienatlas.de (2016)Hajek (2010)Kleeberg et al. (1992)www.dergraul.de (2001)www.dergraul.de (2001)www.dergraul.de (2001)Massanek et al. (2005)Effenberger et al. (2000)Massanek et al. (2005)Martin et al. (2001)Lapis (2008)Massanek et al. (2005)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Gröbner et al. (2007)+1 other referenceGröbner et al. (2008)Witzke et al. (1998)Wittern (2001)ex-coll. G.Hoffmann (Jena)
    Greece
     
    Rieck et al. (1999)Chukanov et al. (2007)LAPIS 24 (7/8)+1 other referenceHeymann (1982)62+2 other referencesWendel (2000)+1 other referenceKo JansenChollet Pascal photo42.+1 other reference
    Hungary
     
    Szakáll: Minerals of RudabányaSzakáll: Minerals of RudabányaSzakáll: Minerals of RudabányaSzakáll: Minerals of RudabányaSándor et al. (2005)Sándor et al. (2005)
    Ireland
     
    IxerS. MORETON et al. (1999)
    Italy
     
    Bortolozzi et al. (2017)Bortolozzi et al. (2015)Pagano et al. (2001)Redazionale (2005)Redazione (2005)Balestra (2016)Palenzona et al. (2002)Vergani et al. (2020)Carmagnola et al. (2019)Vergani et al. (2020)Bedognè+2 other referencesPiccoli et al. (2007)Boscardin M. et al. (1994)RD+EDS by Franco Demartin and Italo Campostrini (Milano University)+2 other referencesGuastoni et al. (2006)+2 other referencesFernando Caboni et al. (2023)EDX analysis by Italo CampostriniStara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)Brizzi G. et al. (1989)Stara et al. (1996)Fernando Caboni et al. (2024)Fernando Caboni et al. (2024)Ruggieri et al. (1997)Ruggieri et al. (1997)Brizzi et al. (1994)Stara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1993)Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis)Campostrini et al. (1999)Daniel LorenzBortolozzi (n.d.)Raman SpectroscopyBortolozzi (n.d.)+1 other referenceGasparetto et al. (2014)Erica Bittarello+3 other referencesFerretti et al. (2019)Sabelli C. et al. (1996)Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2)Published on LIBVRNA N°1 may 2021. Analysed by Spectralab srl (SEM/EDS and Raman)Cerutti et al. (1995)Orlandi et al. (2009)Orlandi et al. (2009)+1 other reference“Studi e Ricerche” Volume n. 26+5 other references
    Japan
     
    Minerals in Japan (Field Best Encyclopedia V. 15, 2003)Masutomi Museum specimensAkira Kato (2009)- (n.d.)+1 other referenceNagashima et al. (2021)Nagashima et al. (2021)
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    Kolesar et al. (1993)Kolesar et al. (1993)
    Mexico
     
    Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Jean des RivieresJones et al. (2021)Panczner (1987)Larson (2001)
    Morocco
     
    Jahn et al. (2003)Favreau et al. (2006)Favreau (n.d.)Georges FAVREAU collection + EDSJP Barral collectionFavreau (n.d.)Favreau et al. (2006)Favreau et al. (2006)Collection and Collected by (Font Philippe)Favreau et al. (2006)Favreau (n.d.)Barral (2023)Favreau (n.d.)Fabre (n.d.)De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2015)
    Namibia
     
    Bezing et al. (2007)Palache et al. (1951)Ettler et al. (2009)
    Norway
     
    Kjærnet (2000)
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Davies
    Poland
     
    Domań+2 other referencesMochnacka et al. (2012)Siuda et al. (2006)J. Kornaga collectionLis et al. (1986)Wieser et al. (1986)
    Portugal
     
    Marques de Sá et al. (2010)Artur Neves and Pedro Alves collectionsAlves (n.d.)Alves et al. (2017)Alves (n.d.)Nunes (n.d.)Martins da Pedra collectionIST Lisbon collectionRui Nunes September 2008 (from Christian Rewitzer)Alves (n.d.)
    Russia
     
    Cook (2007)Yarosh et al. (1955)+1 other referenceKasatkin et al. (2014)
    Slovakia
     
    Martin ŠtevkoŠtevko et al. (2021)Kodě+3 other referencesKoděra (1986)Števko et al. (2011)Pauliš (1977)Števko M. (2022)Sejkora J.Sejkora J.Števko M. (2022)Števko M. (2022)Koděra (1986)
    South Africa
     
    Atanasova et al. (2016)Robert O. Meyer collection+1 other referenceKing et al. (1989)+1 other referenceCook et al. (2008)Cairncross et al. (1995)Jacko Schonken collection photo ID ...Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)SAMS (South African Micromount Society)Species list by Dr. Hans Börner
    Spain
     
    Ko JansenCalvo Rebollar (2015)Pesudo Verde Collection+1 other referenceViñals et al. (2004)Ko Jansengr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (2021)A. Arribas et al. (2005)Calvo (2015)G. Leal et al. (2005)Rewitzer et al. (2020)José Miguel SolaJose Miguel Sola collectionCalvo (2015)Schnorrer (2000)J. Gröbner and M. A. Fernández Périz (2006)Calvo Rebollar (2015)Calvo (2008)Calvo Rebollar (2015)Calvo Rebollar (2015)Calvo (2008)A. Paniagua et al.Calvo Rebollar (2015)Cesar Menor SalvanGröbner et al. (1999)Calvo Rebollar (2015)Joan RosellJoan Abella i Creus and Joan Viñals i Olià (2012)Joan Abella i CreusJoan Abella i Creus (2008)Jimenez R. et al. (2004)PXRD by Dr Anthony KampfLuetcke (n.d.)Calvo (2015)MinRec-2003-0708-315Borja Sainz de Baranda et al. (2003)Calvo Rebollar (2006)Casanova HonrubiaJ.C. Tarin collectionCASANOVA HONRUBIACalvo Rebollar (2015)Casanova HonrubiaJuan Miguel Casanovaissuu.com (n.d.)+2 other referencesCollection and photos of Adrian PesudoCasanova Honrubia
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Meisser (1999)Meisser (1999)Stalder et al. (1998)29-56.+1 other referenceGröbner (2014)Krähenbühl et al. (1999)Stalder et al. (1998)Cuchet et al. (2012)Cuchet et al. (2019)Stalder et al. (1998)Cuchet et al. (2002)
    Taiwan
     
    James K.C.Huang Collection
    UK
     
    Bernie Millington CollectionHall (1868)+1 other referenceRichard de Nul collection+1 other referenceDe Bondt (n.d.)Barstow et al. (1982)+1 other referenceHall (1868)+3 other referencesMike MerryPhillips (1823)+1 other referencePhillips (1823)+2 other referencesLapis 11 (2)Golley et al. (1995)Embrey et al. (1987)Lapis 11 (2)Phillips (1823)+2 other referencesHill et al. (1906)Hall (1868)+1 other referenceGolley et al. (1995)Ansermet (2007)+1 other referenceHall (1868)+2 other referencesHall (1868)+2 other referencesDay (1999)Rollinson et al. (2017)Sorrell (n.d.)Virginia MaineRobin Selley and Roger Eslick (2004)Phillips (1823)+4 other referencesPhillips (1823)+1 other referencePhillips (1823)Steve Rust collection+1 other referencePhillips (1823)Golley et al. (1995)Dines (1956)+1 other referenceCollins (1876)Collection Richard De NulSmyth et al. (1864)+2 other referencesDay (1999)Kingsbury et al. (MS)+4 other referencesKingsbury (xxxx)+3 other references- (2006)Kingsbury et al. (MS)+2 other referencesKendall (1884)+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)Cooper et al. (1990)+1 other referenceHall (1868)Kingsbury et al. (MS)+3 other referencesGreg et al. (1858)Ian Jones collection.Hubbard et al. (2005)Minerals of Britian and IrelandWolfe (2000)+1 other reference
    USA
     
    Ron Layton self collectedRaman+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Bruce J. Murphy collection+1 other referenceLeicht (1971)+1 other referenceKiersch (1949)+2 other referencesJones (1980)+1 other referenceMerritt Stephen Enders (2000)Thomas et al. (1983)+1 other referenceGalbraith (1959)+1 other referenceWilson et al. (1950)+2 other referencesAnthony et al. (1995)Luetcke (n.d.)Anthony et al. (1995)Luetcke (n.d.)Anthony et al. (1995)Pemberton (1983)+1 other referenceCrowley (1975)Adams (2017)MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018Kampf et al. (2018)MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018Wise (1993)King et al. (1993)Rocks & Minerals: SeptReam (1995)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Waisman (1992)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)USGS: MRDS record M242230Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ...+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)K. StarnesCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Ameican Mineralogist+2 other references- (n.d.)- (n.d.)Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.Northrop et al. (1996)Lasky (1947)+1 other referenceR&M 77:5 p298-305Eckhard Stuart+1 other referenceWalstrom (n.d.)R&M 71:1 p66-68Walstrom (n.d.)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Kenney Gay - North Carolina Geological ...Genth et al. (1881)Smith and Hioff (1984)Dana 6: 1088+3 other referencesDana et al. (1892)+2 other referencesBullock (1981)Bullock (1981)+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals: 63: 130.+3 other referencesThorne (n.d.)Collected by and in the collection of ...Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Roberts et al. (1997)Dana 6:1092 & A3:45+1 other referenceR&M 68:6 p372-380+1 other referenceBullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Kokinos et al. (1993)Thorne (n.d.)Patrick Haynes. ID's via Tony KampfThorne (n.d.)Kokinos et al. (1993)3+3 other referencesKokinos et al. (1993)King (n.d.)- (2005)Thorne (n.d.)+2 other referencesSEM EDS confirmed by Rob Bowell.Collection of Alex EarlBullock (1981)- (2005)- (2005)
    Zimbabwe
     
    Vetter et al. (1999)+1 other reference
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