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Nontronite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Colour:
Green, olive-green, yellow-green, yellow, orange, brown
Lustre:
Resinous, Waxy, Dull
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
2.2 - 2.3
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Smectite Group
Name:
Named in 1827 by Pierre Berthier for the type locality thought to be at Nontron, Dordogne, France. Actually, the type locality is at Le Manderau, Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière, not far from Nontron. Originally named chloropal in 1822 by Dr. Johann Jakob Bernhardi and Dr. Rudolph Brandes for chlor- and opal suggesting it was a green waxy mineral somewhat resembling common opal.
Type Locality:
ⓘLe Manderau (Le Mandereau; Le Mandaraud), Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière, Nontron, Dordogne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
Smectite Group.


Unique Identifiers
IMA Formula:
Na0.3Fe3+2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 · nH2O
Type description reference:
Berthier, P. (1827) Nontronite, nouveau minéral découvert dans le département de la Dordogne. Annales de Chimie et de Physique: 36: 22-27.

Classification of Nontronite

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
Dana 8th ed.:
71.3.1a.3

71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
Hey's CIM Ref.:
16.18.1

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
18 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and alkalis

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Green, olive-green, yellow-green, yellow, orange, brown
Hardness:
1½ - 2 onMohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}
Fracture:
Splintery, Conchoidal
Density:
2.2 - 2.3 g/cm3 (Measured)    

Optical Data of Nontronite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v strong

Chemistry of Nontronite
Common Impurities:
Ti,Mg,Ca

Crystallography of Nontronite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 89645.
Reference:
Berthier, P. (1827) Nontronite, nouveau minéral découvert dans le département de la Dordogne. Annales de Chimie et de Physique: 36: 22-27.

Synonyms of Nontronite

Other Language Names for Nontronite

Varieties of NontroniteChrome-NontroniteA chromian Nontronite

Relationship of Nontronite to other Species
Other Members of Smectite Group:
Beidellite(Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m :B2/m
FerrosaponiteCa0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
HectoriteNa0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m
Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m :B2/m
PimeliteNi3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2OHex.
Saliotite(Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5Mon. 2/m :B2/m
SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon.
SauconiteNa0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
Stevensite(Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.
SwineforditeLi(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m :B2/m
VolkonskoiteCa0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
Yakhontovite(Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2OMon.
ZincsiliteZn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?)Mon.

Common AssociatesTric.1 :P19.EC.BalestraiteKLi2V5+Si4O12Mon. 2 :B29.EC.05TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2Tric.1 :P19.EC.05MinnesotaiteFe2+3Si4O10(OH)2Tric.1 :P19.EC.05WillemseiteNi3Si4O10(OH)2Mon.9.EC.9.EC.VoloshiniteRb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.10FluorluanshiweiiteKLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.10GarmiteCsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2Mon.9.EC.10GorbunoviteCsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2Mon.9.EC.10FerripyrophylliteFe3+Si2O5(OH)Mon. 2/m9.EC.10ManganiceladoniteK(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.9.EC.10LuanshiweiiteKLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.10PyrophylliteAl2Si4O10(OH)2Tric.19.EC.15ParagoniteNaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon.9.EC.15FerroaluminoceladoniteK(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.15NanpingiteCsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.15FerroceladoniteK(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.15Ganterite(Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.15KreiteriteCsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2Mon.9.EC.15RoscoeliteKV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.15AluminoceladoniteK(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.15Tobelite(NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.15TainioliteKLiMg2(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.15CeladoniteK(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.15ChromceladoniteK(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2 :B29.EC.15MontdoriteKFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.15ChromphylliteKCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.15BoromuscoviteKAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m9.EC.15UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMgKLiMgAl2Si3O10F2Mon.9.EC.15Chernykhite(Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2Mon.9.EC.15MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.20MasutomiliteK(LiAlMn2+)[AlSi3O10]F2Mon. 2 :B29.EC.20OxyphlogopiteK(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20Chloroferrokinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)29.EC.20SiderophylliteKFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.9.EC.20SokolovaiteCsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2Mon.9.EC.20HendricksiteKZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20FluoranniteKFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20AspidoliteNaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20Suhailite(NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20EphesiteNaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Tric. 1 :P19.EC.20NorrishiteKLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20YangzhumingiteKMg2.5(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20OrloviteKLi2Ti(Si4O10)OFMon. 2 :B29.EC.20TetraferrianniteKFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20ShirokshiniteK(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20TrilithioniteK(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.20PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.20ShirozuliteKMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20PreiswerkiteNaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.20FluorophlogopiteKMg3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20Wonesite(Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi(Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)29.EC.20FluorotetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20AnniteKFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.20EastoniteKMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.9.EC.22PimeliteNi3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2OHex.9.EC.30MargariteCaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.30Chlorophaeite(Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 · 10H2O9.EC.35Kinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.35Ferrokinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.35ClintoniteCaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.35Oxykinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.35FluorokinoshitaliteBaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.35BityiteCaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.35Anandite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.EC.40Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.40Beidellite(Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.40VolkonskoiteCa0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.9.EC.40Kurumsakite(Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?)Orth.9.EC.40Yakhontovite(Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2OMon.9.EC.45SwineforditeLi(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.45HectoriteNa0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.45ZincsiliteZn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?)Mon.9.EC.45HanjiangiteBa2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2FMon. 2 :B29.EC.45SpadaiteMgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?)9.EC.45FerrosaponiteCa0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.9.EC.45Stevensite(Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.9.EC.45SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon.9.EC.45SauconiteNa0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.9.EC.50VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2OMon. 2/m9.EC.52Tarasovitenear NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O9.EC.55ClinochloreMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.55Borocookeite(LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8Mon.m :Bb9.EC.55FranklinfurnaceiteCa2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8Mon. 2 :B29.EC.55PennantiteMn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Tric.9.EC.55VakhrushevaiteMg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Tric.19.EC.55Nimite(Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.55Cookeite(LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8Mon. 2/m9.EC.55Gonyerite(Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8Orth.9.EC.55Chamosite(Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.55Orthochamosite(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)89.EC.55Baileychlore(Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8Tric.19.EC.55SudoiteMg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.55GlagoleviteNa(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8Tric. 1 :P19.EC.55DonbassiteAl4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8Mon. 2 :B29.EC.60DozyiteMg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12Mon.9.EC.60Rectorite(Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2OMon.9.EC.60Corrensite(Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2OOrth.9.EC.60AliettiteCa0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2OMon.9.EC.60Karpinskite(Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?)Mon.9.EC.60LunijianlaiteLi0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10Mon.9.EC.60TosuditeNa0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2OMon. 2 :B29.EC.60HydrobiotiteK(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.60Saliotite(Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.EC.60KulkeiteMg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10Mon.9.EC.60BrinrobertsiteNa0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2OMon.9.EC.65Macaulayite(Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2Mon.9.EC.70BurckhardtitePb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6Trig.3m(32/m) :P31m9.EC.75Niksergievite(Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2OMon.9.EC.75Ferrisurite(Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2OMon.9.EC.75Surite(Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2Mon. 2 :P219.EC.80KegelitePb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8Mon.

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    • References for NontroniteⓘHook RidgePetersen et al. (2004)
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    Bogdanov et al. (2008)Gablina et al. (2006)Earth and Planetary Science Letters 48 (1997)Gablina et al. (2017)Sergienko et al. (2024)Bonatti et al. (1976)Bogdanov et al. (2008)Bogdanov et al. (2008)Milinovic+6 other referencesCanadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988)Gablina et al. (2017)
    Australia
     
    McQueen+2 other referencesGorter et al. (2002)Mulholland (1984)Ashley et al. (1997)Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data SheetsEngland et al. (1988)+1 other referenceEngland (1984)England (1987)Graham et al. (2002)Robertson (1959)MiningdataonlineLehrmann (2012)Lehrmann (2012)Edraki et al. (2025)EggletonSutherlandKeeling (2017)Keeling (2000)Brugger et al. (2006)Francis (2010)Francis (2010)Noble et al. (1983)+1 other referencePring et al. (2000)Francis (2010)Ralph S Bottrill CollectionR BottrillBottrill et al. (2008)Sutherland et al. (1967)www.crocoite.com (2003)Bottrill et al. (2008)TaheriAnderson (1984)Museum Victoria Mineralogy CollectionGrguric et al. (2009)Simpson (1948)Simpson (1948)Mineralogical Magazine 1939 25 : 373-387Moeskops et al. (1977)tngltd.com.au (2011)Canadian Mineralogist 32 (1994)Simpson (1948)Gibson (1906)Simpson (1948)Ravensgate Mineral Industry Consultants (2007)Murrin Murrin Nickel Laterite Deposit+2 other referencesSimpson (1948)Simpson (1948)Lintern (1998)Simpson (1948)Heron Resources Ltd (2008)Simpson (1948)Francesco et al. (2019)Jacobson et al. (2007)Simpson (1948)Simpson (1928)Simpson (1948)Simpson et al. (1948)Grguric (2003)a new category within the class of ...+1 other referenceSimpson (1948)Simpson (1948)Simpson (1948)Simpson (1948)
    Austria
     
    Zirkl (1964)+1 other referencePiso (1970)Piso (1970)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Mayrhofer (1935)+1 other referenceZirkl (1961)+1 other referenceGötzinger (2008)Becke (1917)Carinthia II (2006)Aufschluss 1972 (SB)Exel (1993)Taucher et al. (1998)
    Azerbaijan
     
    Novgorodova M.I. (caspian Sea)
    Belgium
     
    Hatert et al. (2002)
    Bolivia
     
    Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998)
    Botswana
     
    Glanville et al. (2011)
    Brazil
     
    F. Zaccarini (2006)Atencio et al. (2004)Cassedanne et al. (1990)+1 other referenceCassedanne (1983)Cassedanne et al. (1999)Cassedanne et al. (1994)Azzi (2019)Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959)Dybowska et al. (2022)Costa et al. (2016)Rock Currier specimens
    Bulgaria
     
    Bonev (1993)
    Cameroon
     
    Lambert et al. (2008)
    Canada
     
    Petruk et al. (1977)Piilonen et al. (2025)King (n.d.)GSC locality database+1 other referencePiilonen et al. (2024)CLÉMENTHORVÁTH et al. (2000)+1 other reference
    Chile
     
    XRD and SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and ...
    China
     
    Gongsheng Yan (1987)Qingchang Meng (1981)Yan Sun et al. (2009)Kaiji Yu (1981)Kaiji Yu (1981)
    Colombia
     
    Castrillón et al. (2023)
    Cuba
     
    T. Gallardo et al. (2010)Lazarenkov et al. (2005)
    Cyprus
     
    Antivachis (2015)Adamides (2010)
    Czech Republic
     
    www.mineralos.cz (2003)Jan HloušekAdam Bartnik specimenKruťaFengl (2.)Venclík V. (2018)M. Koubov (2001)Pelíšek J.: Některé nové minerály ...HouzarGramblička R. (2014)Sejkora (1994)Houzar S.: Přehled minerálů z ...HouzarTrnka M (1982)Staněk (1991)+4 other referencesStaněk (1997)Staněk (1997)Pelíšek
    DR Congo
     
    King (n.d.)
    Ecuador
     
    Lubetkin et al. (2018)
    Egypt
     
    S. Tosson et al.
    El Salvador
     
    Torio-Henríquez (2007)
    Finland
     
    Chukanov et al. (2009)
    France
     
    Anthony GeneytonGonnard F. (1906)OLLIC Pascal Collection+1 other referencePelleter et al. (2017)Renac et al. (2010)Petrov (n.d.)Cathelineau et al. (2023)Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species 2004 (as "Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière")+1 other referenceFavreau et al. (2010)Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ...Pascale & Daniel Journet Collection
    Georgia
     
    M. et al. (2019)
    Germany
     
    Walenta (1992)www.mineralienatlas.de (2020)Walenta (1992)[Wittern (1995)Walenta (1992)+1 other referenceWalenta (1992)+1 other referenceWalenta (1992)Habel (2001)Habel (2000)Weiß (1990)Obermüller (1992)Lorenz (2004)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Lapis (7/8)Hanneberg et al. (2009)+1 other referenceHirschmann (1987)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Keck (2010)Goodman (1978)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Dill et al. (2010)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Stephan Koch photoGoodman (1976)Weiß (1990)Schneiderhöhn (1965)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Köster (1960)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Lapis 30 (7/8)Witzke et al. (2012)Mineralienatlas.deWittern: "Mineralfundorte in ...Jahn (1999)www.geologica-saxonica.de (n.d.)Wittern (2001)Gerstenberg (n.d.)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)
    Greece
     
    Greenland
     
    Sørensen (2001)+1 other reference
    Hungary
     
    Sándor et al. (2005)Zajzon N et al. (20014)Szakáll et al. (1996)Szakáll: Topographia Mineralogica ...www.geomania.hu (2013)Sándor et al. (2005)Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral LocalitySzakáll: Minerals of Szár HillSándor et al. (2005)Sándor et al. (2005)geomania.hu (2013)GEODAGEODA/1997GEODA 2004Koch (1985)Polgári et al. (2013)
    Iceland
     
    JAKOBSSON et al. (1986)+2 other references
    India
     
    Shukla et al. (2021)Sarkar et al. (2013)Bill Wise XRDJewel Tunnel specimens (not x-rayed)+1 other reference
    Indian Ocean
     
    Maciąg et al. (2019)Linsy et al. (2023)
    Indonesia
     
    Econ Geol (1990)Bambang Nugroho et al. (2024)Econ Geol (1997)
    Iran
     
    Ali Abedini (2016)
    Ireland
     
    Balassone et al. (2008)
    Italy
     
    Ventruti et al. (2020)Carbone et al. (2002)Dill (1979)De Michele (1974)Dekov et al. (2007)
    Ivory Coast
     
    Allou (2006)Assaoulé Benjamin Allou (2005)Assaoulé Benjamin Allou (2005)
    Japan
     
    Masaaki Shimizu and J. Toshimichi Iiyama (1982)Atsushi ISHIHARA- (n.d.)- (n.d.)Ishibashi (1974)- (n.d.)- (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors)+1 other reference- (n.d.)- (n.d.)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Korobkin et al. (2022)Korobkin et al. (2022)Korobkin et al. (2022)Jeremolenko (2002)
    Kenya
     
    Pohl et al. (1979)Pohl et al. (1979)
    Kosovo
     
    Mineral deposits and mining districts ...+2 other referencesMineral deposits and mining districts ...Miladinović et al. (2016)
    Madagascar
     
    Collection Collection Musée National ...King (n.d.)Besaire (1961)Behier (1963)
    Mexico
     
    Megaw (1990)Panczner (1987)Querol+1 other referenceMadondo et al. (2025)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Ed Coogan (Coogan Gold Co.)Panczner (1987)
    Middle East
     
    Gross (1977)
    Mongolia
     
    MacDonald et al. (2024)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+2 other references
    Namibia
     
    von Bezing (2007)Cairncross et al. (2006)von Bezing (2007)
    Nazca Plate
     
    Zawadzki et al. (2022)+1 other reference
    New Zealand
     
    Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ...S. J. MillsCody et al. (1981)A. G. Reyes et al. (2004)Judy Rowe specimenSingh (2015)Rae (2007)
    Nicaragua
     
    Hynek et al. (2013)
    Norway
     
    Ihlen (1986)Bancroft et al. (2001)Kristiansen (2009)
    Oman
     
    Pacific Ocean
     
    Sagalevich et al. (1992)+1 other referenceSkowronek et al. (2021) ...+1 other referenceAstakhov et al. (2006)Lisitsyn et al. (1991)+1 other reference
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Zhigang Zeng et al. (12)Pichler et al. (1999)
    Peru
     
    O'Connor et al. (2018)
    Poland
     
    Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Körber et al. (2005)Lis et al. (1986)Pieczka et al. (2013)Kuhn et al. (1918)Szopa et al. (2015)
    Portugal
     
    desescaut.jy@voila.fr
    Russia
     
    webmineral.ru (2020)+1 other referencePekov et al. (2011)Rudmin et al. (2022)Talovina et al. (2008)+1 other referenceMikhailov (2000)Talovina et al. (2003)Berger et al. (2011)+1 other referencewebmineral.ru (2016)Koeberl et al. (2013)Rudmin et al. (Western Siberia)Pekin et al. (2010)+1 other referencePekov et al. (2004) ...Arzamastsev et al. (2008)Pekov et al. (2004)+1 other referenceMikhail Uchitel' dataMikhailov (2000)Mikhailov (2000)Grant et al. (2001)[World of Stones 12:49]Glasby et al. (2006)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other referenceMikhailov (2000)Kasatkin et al. (2021)Kasatkin et al. (2014)
    Serbia
     
    Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002)
    Slovakia
     
    Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Martin Števko-unpublishedKoděra (1986)Ďuďa R. et al. (1993)Koděra (1986)Vavrová J. et al. (Pinciná, Slovakia)Koděra (1986)Pauliš et al. (2002)Koděra (1986)Pauliš et al. (2002)Matúš ŠkutkaKoděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Matúš Škutka specimenKoděra (1986)Duda et all.Duda et. all.Duda et all.Koděra (1986)Duda et all.
    South Africa
     
    Glass (2006)Cairncross et al. (1995)Atanasova et al. (2016)Atanasova et al. (2016)Gutzmer (1996)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)
    South Korea
     
    Chil-Sup So et al. (1995)
    Spain
     
    Mendoza et al. (2006)Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona)Bareche (2005)Mata i Perelló (1990)Joaquim MollfulledaJoaquim MollfulledaJoaquim MollfulledaDr. Joan ViñalsJoan Rosell - Soledad Álvarez - Jordi Ibáñez (2021)Petrov (n.d.)Calvo (2018)Joaquim MollfulledaCalvo (2018)Garcia G. et al. (2004)Calvo et al. (2009)Calvo et al. (2009)
    Sudan
     
    Suliman et al. (2025)
    Sweden
     
    Bergeat (1914)c1997+1 other referencePersson (1999)
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)M. Delaloye (1966)Andermatt (2010)
    Taiwan
     
    Tajikistan
     
    Badalov et al. (1976)
    Tonga
     
    Stackelberg et al. (1990)
    Turkey
     
    Yahya Çiftçi et al. (2013)Masurenko et al. (2007)Paolillo et al. (2022)
    UK
     
    Golley et al. (1995)Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870)Golley et al. (1995)Tindle (2008)Brian Craik-Smith collectionCollins (1877)King (n.d.)Stephen (1954)+2 other references
    Ukraine
     
    Golubovskaya (2001)Museum Victoria (Australia)
    USA
     
    Cook et al. (1982)Dean (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)www.caves.org+1 other referenceSchwartz (1947)+1 other referenceGranger (1959)Granger (1969)+1 other referenceMRDS database Dep. ID #10027327Anthony et al. (1995)Schwartz (1947)+3 other referencesMoolick et al. (1966)+1 other referenceGilluly (1937)+1 other referenceThomas et al. (1983)Gilluly (1946)Schrader (1915)+2 other referencesAnthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)Schwartz (1952)+2 other referencesGalbraith (1959)Jerry A. Baird photo of specimen now in ...Howard+1 other referenceErickson+1 other referenceErickson+1 other referenceHenry Barwood - unpublished (2010)Murdoch (1966)Murdoch (1966)Paul M. Adams (2003)Harvard Museum of Natural History ...Hess (1922)+1 other referencegriffithite+3 other referencesFred DeVito collection[… (abstract)+2 other references767 pp.: 129+2 other references- (2005)Lemmon (1941b)+1 other referenceMurdoch (1966)Hanks (1886)+1 other referenceWoodford et al. (1941)+3 other referencesDeVito et al. (1984)Richmond (1939)+2 other referencesWeber (1963)Foord et al. (1986)Schlocker (1974)+2 other referencesHampson (2004)Eckel et al. (1997)C.R. Carnein collection+1 other referenceC.R. Carnein collectionEckel et al. (1997)Rocks & Minerals 79:4Wilson (1988)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Kucera (2021)Eckel et al. (1997)Rocks & Minerals 79:5 pp316-324- (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)Carnein et al. (2005)King (n.d.)Carnein et al. (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)Schooner (circa 1980s)Milton (1977)Bishop et al. (2024)Fujishima et al. (1977)White (1984)Dunham (1933)Dunham (1933)- (2005)- (2005)King (n.d.)Ream (2004)Am Min 44:1082-1086King (2009)King (n.d.)+1 other referenceDionne et al. (2014)King (n.d.)Tim Blake and Scott Soucey specimensVandall KingKing (n.d.)Vandall KingKing et al. (1994)King et al. (1994)King et al. (1994)King et al. (1994)Bernstein (1980)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)American Mineralogist (1940)USGS Prof Paper 407Schmidt (1963)Gnanou (2018)Gnanou (2018)Gnanou (2018)- (2005)Guilbert and Zeihen+2 other referencesAnaconda Mining Company Collection- (n.d.)- (1958)NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ...Castor et al. (2004)+1 other reference- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Leavitt et al. (2004)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Jackson et al. (2007)- (2005)Belkis Mineral Co. ArizonaCastor et al. (2004)Mankins (2022)U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ...Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)USBM IC-6902Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Meyers et al. (1956)AmMin 12:307-319Whitmore et al. (2004)Nora K. Foley et al. (2006)Maertens (2007)CummingsDunn (1995)+1 other referenceJack BaumNorthrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Patrick HaynesNorthrop et al. (1996)Palache et al. (1930)Excalibur Mineral CorporationKing (n.d.)AnthonyTschernich (1992)King (n.d.)- (n.d.)Stewart et al. (1966)Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4+1 other referenceMicro Probe Volume VI Number 4Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4Alexander Wong CollectionNew Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral ...Gordon (1922)Tom LoomisSmith (1991)November 1964+4 other referencesmakalu.jpl.nasa.gov (n.d.)Bullock (1981)James R. Wilson (1995)+1 other referenceBullock (1981)Bullock (1981)+1 other referenceBullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Dietrich (1990)Mitchell et al. (1988)Dietrich (1990)Robin D. Tibbit (deceased)www.VaRockHound.comDietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Glass et al. (1958)+1 other referenceTschernich (1992)T Douglas Schonewald CollectionCannon (1975)Karl Volkman specimen.Cannon (1975)Cannon (1975)Rocks & Minerals 68:167+1 other reference
    Vanuatu
     
    Iizasa et al. (1998)
    Zambia
     
    MacIntyre (2019)
    Zimbabwe
     
    Oberthür et al. (2013)
    Mars
     
    Several papers on: Science ExpressGornitz (2008)Vivien Gornitz (2005)+1 other referenceGurgurewicz J. (Valles Marineris, Mars)
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