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Nepheline

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored byRobert M. Hazen
Photos of Nepheline (375)Discuss Nepheline
Nepheline GallerySearch Photos of Nepheline
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From the Greek "nephele" for "cloud" since it turns cloudy when treated with strong acid.
Type Locality:
ⓘMount Somma, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy
Dimorph of:
Trinepheline
A very important change concerning nepheline is found in the recent (42nd) IMA Newsletter:potassium is essential in nepheline and theformula is changed to that recognized by Mindat. Seehttps://www.mindat.org/mesg-437726.html for details, and CNMNC Newsletter No. 42, April 2018.

A rock-forming mineral, and classed as afeldspathoid. Common in nepheline syenite, an igneous rock often found in alkaline complexes.

Can bear some water (admixture).

Likely polymorphous with so-calledcarnegieite and'α-carnegieite'.

Compare the relatedkalsilite and'UM1967-10-SiO:AlHNa', the latter being possibly a natural analogue of "nepheline hydrate".

The presence of satellite reflections seems to be a universal property of nepheline (Vulić et al., 2011); most samples show a practically complete Si-Al-ordering, but some exhibit disorder up to 20%.

Under subsolidus conditions, nepheline is intensively replaced by numerous secondary minerals, of which various zeolites (mainly natrolite, analcime, gonnardite), as well as cancrinite, muscovite and Al-O-H phases (gibbsite, böhmite, nordstrandite) are the most common.

eBay Warning: Some dealers on eBay are sellingaragonite specimens as 'nepheline'. Avoid any orange-brown hexagonal clusters listed from China as they are not nepheline at all.

Visit gemdat.org forgemological information about Nepheline.



Unique Identifiers
Approval history:
IMA march 2018: Revised chemical formula.

Classification of Nepheline

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
F : Tektosilicates without zeolitic H2O
A : Tektosilicates without additional non-tetrahedral anions
Dana 8th ed.:
76.2.1.2

76 : TECTOSILICATES Al-Si Framework
2 : Al-Si Framework Feldspathoids and related species
Hey's CIM Ref.:
16.4.1

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
4 : Aluminosilicates of Na and K

Mineral SymbolsJolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of Nepheline
Transparency:
Transparent, Opaque
Colour:
Colourless, white, grey, yellowish
Comment:
Coloured by inclusions as well.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5½ - 6 onMohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Poor on {1010}, {0001}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
2.55 - 2.66 g/cm3 (Measured)    2.64 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Nepheline
Surface Relief:
Moderate

Chemistry of Nepheline
Common Impurities:
Mg,Ca,H2O

Age distribution
Click on an icon to view
Nepheline no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

Toggle
Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

View
Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal StructureBancroft, Ontario, Canada 61
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.027 Å(100)
3.870 Å(60)
3.294 Å(40)
4.21 Å(35)
2.905 Å(35)
2.359 Å(30)
2.593 Å(20)
Comments:
Synthetic

Geological Environment

Synonyms of Nepheline

Other Language Names for Nepheline

Varieties of NephelineEleoliteMassive translucent variety of nepheline with well visible resinous or waxy lustre. Usually greenish or reddish.

Relationship of Nepheline to other Species
Other Members of Feldspathoid:
Cancrinite GroupA large, structurally complex group of alumosilicates.
CarnegieiteNaAlSiO4Tric.
Davidsmithite(Ca,◻)2Na6Al8Si8O32Hex. 6 :P63
KalsiliteKAlSiO4Hex. 622 :P6322
MetaleuciteA name for isometric leucite that is stable above 625 degrees C.
Sodalite GroupThe Sodalite Group is characterised by sodalite-type stacking of alumosilicate building units that produces Cubo ...
TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3Hex. 6 :P63
TrinephelineNaAlSiO4Hex. 6 :P61
Yoshiokaite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)O4]Trig.3 :P3

Common AssociatesHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P6/mcc9.FA.HexacelsianBaAl2Si2O8Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P63/mcm9.FA.Wodegongjieite KCa3(Al7Si9)O32Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P6/mcc9.FA.05Panunzite(K,Na)AlSiO4Hex. 6 :P639.FA.05Yoshiokaite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)O4]Trig.3 :P39.FA.05TrinephelineNaAlSiO4Hex. 6 :P619.FA.05Davidsmithite(Ca,◻)2Na6Al8Si8O32Hex. 6 :P639.FA.05KaliophiliteKAlSiO4Trig. 3 :P39.FA.05KalsiliteKAlSiO4Hex. 622 :P63229.FA.05CarnegieiteNaAlSiO4Tric.9.FA.05MegakalsiliteKAlSiO4Hex. 6 :P639.FA.05TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3Hex. 6 :P639.FA.10MalinkoiteNaBSiO4Hex. 6 :P639.FA.15VirgiliteLiAlSi2O6Hex. 622 :P62229.FA.25LisitsyniteKBSi2O6Orth. 222 :P2229.FA.30FerrisanidineK[Fe3+Si3O8]Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.FA.30Buddingtonite(NH4)(AlSi3O8)Mon. 2 :P219.FA.30RubiclineRb(AlSi3O8)Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.FA.30MonalbiteNaAlSi3O8Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.FA.30MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)Tric.19.FA.30 vaGermanate-celsianBaAl2Ge2O89.FA.30CelsianBa(Al2Si2O8)Mon. 2/m9.FA.30SanidineK(AlSi3O8)Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.FA.30OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.FA.35ReedmergneriteNaBSi3O8Tric.1 :P19.FA.35AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)Tric.19.FA.35AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)Tric.1 :P19.FA.40ParacelsianBa(Al2Si2O8)Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.FA.45SvyatoslaviteCa(Al2Si2O8)Mon. 2 :P219.FA.45KumdykoliteNa(AlSi3O8)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm9.FA.50SlawsoniteSr(Al2Si2O8)Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.FA.55LisetiteCaNa2Al4Si4O16Orth.mm29.FA.60StronalsiteNa2SrAl4Si4O16Orth.9.FA.60BanalsiteNa2BaAl4Si4O16Orth.mm2 :Iba29.FA.65MaleeviteBaB2Si2O8Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma9.FA.65PekoviteSrB2Si2O8Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma9.FA.65DanburiteCaB2Si2O8Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.FA.70LiebermanniteKAlSi3O8Tet. 4/m :I4/m9.FA.70Lingunite(Na,Ca)AlSi3O8Tet. 4/m :I4/m9.FA.70StöffleriteCaAl2Si2O8Tet. 4/m :I4/m9.FA.75PfaffenbergiteKNa3(Al4Si12)O32Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P6/mcc9.FA.75KokchetaviteK(AlSi3O8)Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P6/mcc

Radioactivityshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).

D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield

Other InformationGranitoid
  • Syenitoid
  • Dioritoid
  • Gabbroid
  • Anorthositoid
  • Foid-syenitoid
  • Foid-dioritoid
  • Foid-gabbroid
  • Foidolite
  • Coarse-grained-ultramafic-rock
  • Fine-grained ("volcanic") normal crystalline igneous rock
  • Amneite
  • Porphyry
  • Exotic crystalline igneous rock
  • Metamorphic rock

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
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    • References for NephelineⓘLadjuar MedamWeiss (2009)RRUFF collectionVikhter et al. (1976)+1 other reference
    Africa
     
    Dixey et al. (1937)+2 other referencesDenaeyer et al. (1965)+2 other referencesOdman+2 other references
    Algeria
     
    Woolley (2001)JÉRÉMINE (1955)Bossiere et al. (1971)+2 other referencesAllègre et al. (1981)+4 other referencesapports des donnees radiometriques (K/Ar)+13 other referencesRemy (Sahara Central)+2 other references
    Angola
     
    Andrade (note preliminaire)+2 other referencesLapido-Loureiro+1 other referenceLapido-Loureiro+1 other referenceLapido-LoureiroAndrade (note preliminaire)+3 other referencesde Souza (1920)+1 other referencede Andrade (1959)Neiva (1959)+1 other referenceBeleque (2010)Lapido-Loureiro+2 other referencesAndrade (note preliminaire)Lapido-Loureiro+1 other referenceGonçalves+1 other referenceAndrade (note preliminaire)+1 other referenceLapido-LoureiroAmores-Casals et al. (2019)Eur. J. Mineral.+7 other referencesCorreia (Angola)Goncalves (1965)Lapido-Loureiro+2 other referencesRodrigues+2 other referencesLapido-Loureiro+2 other references
    Antarctica
     
    Mishra (2015)Walker et al. (1971)AV Andronikov (1992)+1 other referenceLeat et al. (2000)Hoch (1999)Ikeda Yukio (1988)Kojima et al. (1995)+1 other referenceHarris et al. (1987)+2 other referencesRiley et al. (2009)Smith (1959)sold by B. Quaritch [and others].+1 other referenceOlsen (1978)Proceedings of the VII International ...+1 other referenceHarrington et al. (1967)+3 other referencesProceedings of the VII International ...+1 other referenceMartin et al. (2013)Gair (1967)+1 other referenceArmienti et al. (1991)Hornig et al. (1991)Martin et al. (2010)B.A. Worley+2 other referencesHamilton (1972)Kyle (1990)SMITH (1954)+2 other referencesPhilip Raymond Kyle (1976)Jones (1972)+1 other referenceCooper et al. (2007)LeMasurier (1990)Boudette et al. (1966)+2 other referencesWoolley (2019)LeMasurier (1990)+2 other references
    Argentina
     
    Pagano et al. (2016)+3 other referencesZappettini et al. (2014)Woolley (1987)
    Armenia
     
    Kogarko et al. (1995)Kogarko et al. (1995)
    Asia
     
    evidence from the basal alkaline basalts in Dongchuan et al. (1-4)+2 other references
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    Cornen (1982)+3 other referencesGablina et al. (2018)
    Australia
     
    Cundari (1973)+3 other referencesEggleton+3 other referencesO'Reilly et al. (1984)+2 other referencesWass et al. (1976)+1 other referenceHarvey et al. (1941)+1 other referenceO'Reilly et al. (1984)Schön (1989)+3 other referencesJohns-Mead et al. (2024)Wilkinson (1965)+3 other referencesMeakin et al. (1999)Bean (1975)+1 other referenceBean (1975)Duggan+3 other referencesMackenzie et al. (1970)Wellman et al. (1974)+2 other referencesBinns+2 other referencesStuart-Smith et al. (1984)Page et al. (1980)+1 other referenceRobertson+2 other referencesVeevers et al. (1964)+2 other referencesJohnson (1989)Johnson (1989)+1 other referenceJohnson (1989)+1 other referenceMorgan (1968)+1 other referenceMorgan (1968)+2 other referencesWillmott et al. (1973)+1 other referenceWillmott et al. (1973)Collerson+1 other referenceCoventry et al. (1985)+1 other referenceStephenson et al. (1976)+3 other referencesExon et al. (1970)+2 other referencesStevens+5 other referencesJohnson (1989)+1 other referenceCarrWoolley (2019)Stracke+5 other referencesColchester (1972)Bell et al. (1979)+2 other referencesBottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2020)Everard et al. (2004)Taheri+1 other referenceBottrill (2021)R Bottrill unpublished MRT report 2018M. Latham+1 other referenceBottrill et al. (2008)Sutherlandwww.crocoite.com (2003)W. D. Birch et al (in press)Birch et al. (2008)Birch (1978)Inoue et al. (2012)Edwards (1938)+6 other referencesU. Kolitsch (SXRD)+1 other referenceR. Lawrence. Mesozoic Geology of ...+3 other referencesIrving et al. (1976)+1 other referenceDepartment of mines+1 other referenceRugless et al. (1996)Hamilton et al. (1990)Simpson (1948)
    Austria
     
    Exel (1993)+2 other referencesExel (1993)Exel (1993)+1 other referenceMeixner et al. (1956)+1 other referenceTaucher+6 other references
    Azerbaijan
     
    Gupta (2015)
    Bolivia
     
    Woolley (1987)PARTS (1981)+1 other referenceSchultz (2004)Petrov (n.d.)+1 other referenceWoolley (1987)
    Brazil
     
    Santos et al. (2018)+1 other referenceLeandro et al. (2022)Maria de Lourdes da Silva Rosa et al. (2007)ConceicaoConceicao et al. (2009)Sial (1987)Rao et al. (1972)Rao et al. (1972)Cordani (1970)+9 other referencesMineralogical Magazine 1998 62 : ...+7 other referencesDanni+1 other referenceOrris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Santos et al. (2024)Berger et al. (2009)+1 other referenceThomson et al. (2014)Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959)Waber et al. (1992)+1 other referenceAtencio et al. (1999)Baretto & Fujimori (1986)Horstpeter H. G. J. Ulbrich (1984)Vlach et al. (2018)Nomura et al. (2010)HorváthULBRICH (1993)+3 other referencesConceição et al. (2024)Souza et al. (2024)Haggerty et al. (1983)+3 other referencesOrris et al. (2002)JENKINS II (1987)Gomes et al. (1980)Smith et al. (1933)+10 other references- (2016)+2 other referenceswww.koeln.netsurf.de (n.d.)+1 other referenceG Traversa et al (1994)+2 other referencesOliveira et al. (2020)Wu et al. (2010)de Barros Gomes et al. (2017)www.igc.usp.br (2003)Orris et al. (2002)Beccaluva et al. (1992)+2 other referencesRojas et al. (2016)MARTINS et al. (1981)+2 other references
    Bulgaria
     
    Marchev et al. (1992)Stanisheva (1969)
    Burundi
     
    Van den Haute et al. (Burundi)+6 other referencesThe Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)+1 other reference
    Cambodia
     
    Woolley (2019)Lacombe (1969)+2 other references
    Cameroon
     
    Lasserre+5 other referencesNgounouno et al. (2001)Cesbron et al. (1988)la syenite nephelinique a mboziite de ...+9 other referencesMarzoli et al. (Africa)+12 other referencesVincent+9 other referencesdoi.org/10.1017/S0016756800064128+19 other referencesDessauvage+2 other referencesJérémine (1943)+2 other referencesWandji et al. (2010)
    Canada
     
    Dalsin (2013)Schiarizza et al. (2006)personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see notes in description)Grice et al. (1981)+2 other referencesJones (1955)Mumford (2007)Piilonen et al. (2025)Aris Reports 03433+1 other referenceCoulson et al. (2007)- (n.d.)personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description)Peatfield (n.d.)+1 other referenceMcLemore (2006)+1 other referenceChakhmouradian et al. (2008)Tappe et al. (2005)Mitchell et al. (2015)anadian Mineralogist Vol. 13 (1975)+3 other referencesSheard et al. (2012)Dai (1995)+1 other referencePinckston et al. (1995)+3 other referencesPe-Piper et al. (2000)D.D. Hogarth+2 other referenceswww.gia.edu (2006)+1 other referenceEur. Jour. Min. 13 (2001)Mitchell et al. (1984)SAGE (1993)Sage (1988)162-165.+1 other referenceMDI Number: MDI31E01SE00095Sabina (1986)Sabina (1986)Sabina (1965)Ontario MDI Number: MDI31F05SE00021Satterly J. (1956)Chris Emproto+3 other referencesRichard Gunter specimen and photoref.: D.F. Hewitt (1954)Jeffrey de Fourestier collectionSabina (1986)+1 other reference[Bancroft & District Mineral Collecting ...+2 other referencesSabina (1986)[Bancroft & District Mineral Collecting ...Hogarth et al. (1982)+1 other referenceSabina (1986)Sabina (1986)[Bancroft & District Mineral Collecting ...[Bancroft & District Mineral Collecting ...www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.)SAGE (1983)Sage (1983)Sage (1988)Sage (1988)FERGUSON et al. (1972)Ottawa-Peterborough+3 other references- (n.d.)+1 other referenceSage (1988)Satterly J. (1944)www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.)RWMW collection and Dave Joyce personal ...+2 other referencesGraham (1955)R. P. Sage (1988)Berger et al. (2009)Mitchell (1991)Liferovich et al. (2006)+2 other referencesAge of the Cabonga nepheline syenite+3 other referencesCurrie et al. (1996)Aarden et al. (1974)WOUSSEN et al. (1972)DRESSER (1902)Wallace et al. (1990)+1 other referenceGold (1969)Gaston Pouliot (1970)McLemore (2006)Grice (1989)+2 other referencesHorváth et al. (1998)Horváth et al. (1998)Woolley (1987)GANDHI (1970)Bancroft & Howard (1923)Lacroix (1890)Grant (1952)Traill (1970)Nadeau et al. (2014)Pierre-Alain WulserCurrie (1976)+1 other referenceFOURNIER (1993)Woolley (1987)Miller (2021)Flanders et al. (eds.)+1 other referenceGeol
    Cape Verde
     
    Silva et al. (1989)Bebiano (1932)Bebiano (1932)+1 other referenceGerlach et al. (1988)+3 other referencesKogarko (1993)+3 other referencesDe Ignacio et al. (2012)Ancochea et al. (2010)+1 other referenceBarker et al. (2012)Munhá+8 other referencesM.M.S. Cabral Pinto et al. (2011)
    Central African Republic
     
    Hoinkes et al. (1979)
    Chad
     
    Vincent (Sahara du Tchad)+4 other referencesSonet
    Chile
     
    Woolley (1987)Baker et al. (1987)
    China
     
    www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.)FAN et al. (1991)FAN et al. (1991)+2 other referencesYu et al. (2001)+2 other referencesChangshi Liu et al. (2002)Zhenhai Wang (2000)Liu+2 other referencesTu et al. (1992)Song et al. (1989)+9 other referencesBrizi et al. (2003)Jian Shao et al. (2009)+2 other referencesGeology and Mineral Resources of the ...+2 other referencesJiaxiang Qiu and Qun'an Liao (1990)Zhang et al. (2002)+1 other referenceWang et al. (2021)Shi (1991)+2 other referencesFan et al. (2014)Wenji Bai and Hang Li (1993)Qi et al. (1995)Ogura+5 other referencesFuyuan et al. (2001)Zhitong et al. (1986)+3 other referencesJu et al. (2019)GUANG-HONG et al. (1990)+3 other references- (1978)+2 other references- (1978)- (1978)+7 other referencesCheng et al. (2018)Wang et al. (2005)+1 other referenceM. Sugita and K. Tomeoka (2009)Chen et al. (2007)+2 other referencesHarumoto+1 other referenceLetian Du and Wenguang Wang (2012)Yan et al. (1999)Yang et al. (2006)+1 other referenceDaogan Tai and Peiying Lin (1987)Jiankang Li et al. (2006)Ju et al. (2025)Zhang et al. (Eds.)Guo et al. (2006)Ding et al. (2003)+1 other referenceZhao et al. (2009)Fuwen et al. (2002)+2 other referencesYanling Tang (2005)Yanling Tang (2005)Yuan et al. (2024)+1 other referenceYanling Tang (2005)Bai (1985)+4 other referencesYanling Tang (2005)Chen et al. (2014)Woolley (2019)Baiyou Chen et al. (2002)Xu et al. (2022)Ziying Gao et al. (1991)+1 other referenceNational Geological Archives of China ...
    Colombia
     
    Arango Mejía et al. (2012)
    Comoros
     
    Flower (1972)+3 other referencesSTRONG (1972)+1 other referenceStrong (1972)+11 other references
    Cook Islands
     
    Wood et al. (1970)+9 other referencesWood et al. (1970)+3 other referencesWood et al. (1970)+7 other referencesWood et al. (1970)+5 other references
    Cuba
     
    Maresch et al. (2012)
    Czech Republic
     
    Novák et al. (1999)Pauliš+1 other referenceBernard J. H. et al. (1981)+1 other referenceShrbený (1979)+3 other referencesUlrychUlrych+7 other referencesJan HloušekKopecky (1966)+5 other referencesKrutilová K. (2015)Pauliš et al. (2018)Ulrych+8 other referencesBlumrich (1893)Medaris+3 other referencesKruťaKašing et al. (2025)Ulrych et al. (2013)KudělásekSejkora (1994)Hutchison R. et al. (1998)+1 other referenceUlrych et al. (with emphasis on the Roztoky, Osečná and Dvůr Králové centres)+12 other referencesPivec et al. (1982)+3 other referencesPauliš et al. (2021)Reinisch R. (1915)Kopecký et al. (1970)+1 other referenceUlrych et al. (1998)Pazdernik (1997)Novák et al. (1987)Ulrych et al. (1983)+23 other references
    DR Congo
     
    Goresy et al. (1984)USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A+2 other referencesRichard+9 other referencesDenaeyer (1958)Combe et al. (1933)+4 other referencesStrübel+17 other referencesSahama et al. (1957)Sahama et al. (1957)+1 other referenceDenaeyer (1958)Denaeyer (1958)+11 other referencesKanika et al. (1981)+3 other referencesDenaeyer (1958)+3 other references
    Ecuador
     
    Bourdon et al. (2003)
    Egypt
     
    El Ramly+6 other referencesSandford (1935)+1 other referenceMethot et al. (1975)Akaad et al. (South-eastern desert of Egypt)+15 other referencesEl Ramly+4 other referencesAbdel-Aziz+6 other referencesEl Ramly+5 other referencesEl Ramly et al. (1969)+4 other referencesMeneisy et al. (1974)+1 other reference
    Equatorial Guinea
     
    Thomé (1970)+5 other references
    Eritrea
     
    Manasse (1909)+1 other reference
    Ethiopia
     
    Comucci (1950)+1 other referenceLe Bas et al. (1968)+1 other referenceLacroix (1930)+1 other referenceComucci (Africa orientale)+4 other referencesLe Bas et al. (1968)Mohr (1962)+2 other referencesBrown et al. (1969)DAVIDSON (1983)Blanford (1870)+6 other references
    Federated States of Micronesia
     
    Stark et al. (1963)+2 other referencesMattey (1982)+2 other referencesYagi (1960)+9 other references
    Finland
     
    Eskola et al. (1930)Sahama. (1958)+3 other references
    France
     
    Brousse+5 other referencesBull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...Brousse+17 other referencesR. PierrotBrousse+3 other referencesGIRODBlanc Y et al. (1973)Y. Blanc et al. (Haute-Loire, France)Brousse+15 other referencesBrousse+1 other referenceBrousse+4 other referencesBrousse+3 other referencesBRGM (1980)Brousse+13 other referencesLACROIX A. (1894)Bailey+7 other referencesBrousse+7 other referencesles maars de Menat et leurs annexes et al. (5)+1 other referenceBrousse+3 other referencesGuillotF. Wlotzka & H. Palme (1982)Brousse et al. (1964)+1 other referenceAlan Edward Rubin (1998)Chubb (1927)+6 other referencesHekinian et al. (1991)Jeremine (1959)+1 other referenceChubb et al. (1927)+8 other referencesBrousse et al. (1980)+8 other referencesLIOTARD et al. (1984)+7 other referencesDuncan et al. (1974)+3 other referencesBrousse R. (1978)+1 other referenceBrousse R. (1978)Blais et al. (2000)LEGENDRE et al. (2003)Blais et al. (1997)+2 other referencesChubb et al. (1927)+1 other referenceI et al. (5)+6 other referencesGunn et al. (1970)+2 other referencesChevallier et al. (1983)Nougier (1972)+21 other referencesBrousse+5 other referencesMarrocchi et al. (2014)Azambre et al. (1992)Brousse+8 other referencespublication date: November 2018+1 other referencePusztaszeri (1969)
    Germany
     
    Wimmenauer (1952)+5 other referencesKeller et al. (1995)Weiß (1990)Alibert et al. (1983)+6 other referencesSchreiner (2008)Walenta (1992)Grubenmann (1886)Weiß (1990)+1 other referenceFrenzel (1953)Aufschluss 1977 (6)+1 other referenceLippolt et al. (1976)+4 other referencesFrenzel (1953)Frenzel (1953)Cloos (1941)+8 other referencesWittern (2001)Trommsdorff (1962)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Oehm et al. (1983)+6 other referencesWeiß (1990)Collection of Walter GöttlerWedepohl (1954)vom Rath (1872)Brauns (1922)Brauns (1922)Brauns (1922)WolfBrauns (1922)Brauns (1922)Hentschel (1975)Weiß (1990)ViereckWeiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Huckenholz (1973)+11 other referencesWeiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Personally collected by Günter FrenzRondorf et al. (1988)+1 other referenceHentschel (1973)Hentschel (1987)Skrzyńska et al. (2023)Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe)Hentschel (1975)Brauns (1922)Hentschel (1973)Wolf+6 other referencesViereckWolfKo Jansen collectionWolfBrauns (1922)Brauns (1922)WolfHentschel (1975)+1 other referenceHentschel (1975)Hentschel (1975)Hentschel (1983)Hentschel (1983)+1 other referencein the collection of Christof SchäferHentschel (1983)Personally collected by Günter Frenz+1 other referencein the collection of Christof SchäferHentschel (1987)Hentschel (1987)Mandarino (2001)Weiß (1990)Hentschel (1989)Schäfer (1979)Hentschel (1983)+1 other referenceA.D. EdgarWeiß (1990)+3 other referencesHentschel (1987)Hentschel (1987)+2 other referencesHentschel (1987)Hentschel (1987)Hentschel (1987)Hentschel (1987)Hentschel (1983)Aufschluss 82 (6)Hentschel (1987)Hentschel (1983)Hentschel (1987)Hentschel (1987)Hentschel (1987)Weiß (1990)Hentschel (1987)Hentschel (1983)Hentschel (1987)Hentschel (1987)HaardtHentschel (1987)Hentschel (1987)Wittern (2001)Hentschel (1987)+1 other referenceSchüller (1990)Lippolt (1982)+8 other referencesWeber (1891)Hazard J. (1891)Reinisch R. (1922)Hazard J. (1891)Büchner et al. (2015)Frenzel (1874)Rose (1868)Hazard J. (1891)Hazard J. (1891)Hazard J. (1891)Büchner et al. (2006)Mineralienatlas.deReinisch R. (1922)Hazard J. (1893)Reinisch R. (1915)Grahmann R. (1937)Grahmann R. (1937)Grahmann R. (1937)Pfeiffer (1994)+2 other referencesSchreiter (1912)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Lippolt (1982)+7 other referencesLippolt (1982)+3 other referencesSchüller (1953)
    Ghana
     
    Allen et al. (1968)+9 other references
    Greenland
     
    www.koeln.netsurf.de (1999)Koller (2012)Petersen (1995)Schönenberger et al. (2008)Coulson (1997)+1 other referencePetersen (2001)+1 other referenceLorenzen (1881)+1 other referenceSørensen (1962)Petersen (2001)Collected specimensSoerensen (1962)Soerensen (1962)Semenov et al. (1965)Makovicky et al. (1980)Khomyakov et al. (2001)Pekov et al. (2001)+1 other referenceSemenov et al. (1967)Sørensen (1962)+1 other referenceLorenzen (1881)Lorenzen (1881)Sørensen (1962)Pavel M. Kartashov specimen+1 other referenceRoda Robles et al. (2001)He et al. (2022)Schønwandt et al. (2025)Upton et al. (1985)www.koeln.netsurf.de (1999)Brooks et al. (1982)+2 other referencesChristiansen et al. (2003)Brown et al. (1978)Woolley (1987)CO-Sr isotope evidence. Mineralogical Magazine (4)+4 other referencesJohnsen et al. (1998)Petersen et al. (1985)Brooks et al. (1981)+1 other referencewww.koeln.netsurf.de (1999)
    Guatemala
     
    Mikhail Ostrooumov and Alfredo Victoria Morales (2010)
    Guinea
     
    a magmatic marker of the evolution of the Central and Equatorial Atlantic. The Canadian Mineralogist (2)+11 other referencesLacroix (1931)a magmatic marker of the evolution of the Central and Equatorial Atlantic. The Canadian Mineralogist (2)+3 other references
    Hungary
     
    Sándor et al. (2005)Harangi et al. (1993)+4 other referencesEmbey-Isztin et al. (1985)+9 other referencesEGU / EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly et al. (Bakony-Balaton Highland)EGU / EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly et al. (Bakony-Balaton Highland)Balogh et al. (1986)+10 other referencesEmbey-Isztin et al. (1990)+4 other references
    Iceland
     
    Jakobsson (1979)Hards et al. (2000)+2 other references
    India
     
    Le Maitre (2002)+2 other referencesBose et al. (1971)+4 other referencesChakravarti (1972)Bhaskar et al. (1997)Sadashivaiah et al. (1965, February)+1 other referenceMadhavan et al. (1988)+6 other referencesNarasinga Rao et al. (1974)Reddy et al. (1986)Murty (1977)+1 other referenceLeelanandam et al. (1980)+4 other referencesCzygan et al. (1989)+2 other referencesS. Nag et al. (1999)Kumar et al. (1989)+3 other referencesKumar et al. (1996)+4 other referencesSahu (1976)Deans et al. (1972)+11 other referencesR. N. Sukheswala and S. F. Sethna (1967)Sukheswala et al. (1971)+4 other referencesSukheswala et al. (1975)+3 other referencesCzygan et al. (Sukheswala Volume)+3 other referencesGoldschmidt Conference Abstracts (2011)Czygan et al. (Sukheswala Volume)+5 other referencesKarkarePaul et al. (2008)Krishnamurthy et al. (1988)+5 other referencesGwalani et al. (1992)+2 other referencesYellur (1968)A.G. DessaiCzygan et al. (Sukheswala Volume)+5 other referencesKumar et al. (1984)Krishnamurthy (1985)+2 other referencesRAGHAVAN NAMBIAR (1987)+2 other referencesRathBose (1970)+4 other referencesMadhavan et al. (1989)+2 other referencesPanda et al. (1993)+1 other referenceNIYOGI (1966)+1 other referenceBasu et al. (1982)+1 other referenceBhushan (2015)+1 other referenceMishra (1987)+4 other referencesSubrahmanyam et al. (1977)+3 other referencesBose et al. (1973)+1 other referenceSubrahmanyam et al. (1991)Ramanathan et al. (1982)Bridges et al. (1995)+4 other referencesNaidu (1963)+1 other referenceRamasamy (1996)Vladykin et al. (2008)Bose (1971)+4 other referencesRandive et al. (2020)K. Surya Prakash Rao (1989)Bridges et al. (1995)+2 other referencesBhaumik et al. (1990)Bhaumik et al. (1990)Chakrabarty et al. (2012)+1 other reference
    Indonesia
     
    Leterrier et al. (1990)+1 other referenceWagner (1986)EDWARDS et al. (1994)Soeria-Atmadja et al. (1988)+1 other referencewww.mindat.org (n.d.)Iddings et al. (1915)Foden et al. (1980)+2 other referencesFoden et al. (1980)+2 other referencesFirmansyah et al. (2025)
    Iran
     
    Hajialioghli et al. (2011)Stocklin et al. (1973)+4 other referencesBoccaletti et al. (1976)+1 other referenceFörster (1968)Saadat et al. (2012)Camp et al. (1982)Kheirkhah et al. (2013)Mazhari et al. (2009)
    Iraq
     
    JASSIM et al. (1982)+1 other reference
    Israel
     
    Oppenheim (1962)Bentor (1952)+9 other referencesKrzątała et al. (2020)
    Italy
     
    Comodi et al. (1999)Durazzo et al. (1984)+2 other referencesVentruti et al. (2020)Hawkesworth et al. (1979)+7 other referencesBortolozzi (n.d.)La Volpe et al. (1984)+14 other referencesGhiara et al. (1976)+31 other referencesA. Borrelli collection (SEM-EDS probed 2007)Owens (2006)Giannetti ()Russo et al. (2004)+1 other referenceGruppo Mineralogico Geologico ...Haüy R J (1801)Scacchi+1 other referenceDi Vito et al. (1987)+21 other referencesRusso (2010)Russo et al. (2004)Russo (2003)Hamilton (1776)+30 other referencesKrot et al. (1995)+2 other referencesAngelucci A. et al. (1974)Angelucci A. et al. (1974)+1 other referenceCivetta et al. (1981)+7 other referencesMattias P.P. (1969)+2 other referencesMetrich et al. (1988)+2 other referencesFederico et al. (2002)Gianfagna et al. (1988)Fornaseri et al. (1969)De Michele (1974)Mariani P.Dario Di Domenico collectionStoppani et al. (1982)+1 other referenceLiotti L. (1983)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Caprilli (2000)Antonio Borrelli collectionStoppani et al. (1982)+3 other referencesvom Rath (1866)+1 other referenceDe Casa et al. (1999)Fornaseri et al. (1969)+2 other referencesvom Rath (1866)+2 other referencesFornaseri et al. (1969)+3 other referencesFornaseri et al. (1969)+7 other referencesZambonini (1902)+9 other referencesA Borrelli collectionCundari (1979)+9 other referencesBortolozzi (n.d.)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Di Battistini et al. (2001)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Carlini- (2005)Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991)Di Battistini et al. (1990)+2 other referencesMACCIONI et al. (1987)+1 other referenceLustrino et al. (1996)+3 other referencesHenry Stephens Washington (1908)+5 other referencesTonarini et al. (1996)+9 other referencesManuella et al. (2012)Chester+19 other referencesManuella et al. (2012)Washington (1909)+11 other referencesBeccaluva et al. (1981)+4 other referencesV. V. Sharygin et al.+4 other referencesBECCALUVA (2001)+2 other referencesZaccaria et al. (2021)Zaccaria et al. (2021)
    Japan
     
    Kusachi et al (1995)Hiromi Yano et al. (2011)Kusachi et al (1995)Chii et al. (1975)YAMAGUCHI (1964)+1 other referenceMasaru Yamaguchi (1964)Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto)HARUMoto (1952)+1 other referenceYAMAGUCHI (1964)+2 other referencesTomita (1936)+5 other referencesKaneoka et al. (1982)+1 other reference
    Jordan
     
    Blake et al. (1939)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Kogarko et al. (1995)Kogarko et al. (1995)Kogarko et al. (1995)Komatsu et al. (2001)
    Kenya
     
    Hackmann+7 other referencesBinge (1962)Hackmann+3 other referencesWebb+2 other referencesSanders (1963)+1 other referenceTruckle (Scale 1:125000)+2 other referencesUSGS Open-File Report 02–156–A+5 other referencesDeines et al. (1973)+7 other referencesRosatelli et al. (2003)Onuonga (1997)Le Bas (1970)+1 other referenceDeines et al. (1973)+3 other referencesSutherland (1969)+4 other referencesSutherland (1969)Pulfrey (1949)+4 other referencesLe Bas (1977)Baker (1958)+2 other referencesBaker (1963)+1 other referenceBaker (1958)+5 other referencesNASH et al. (1969)+7 other referencesSaggerson (1991)+3 other referencesMatheson (1966)+5 other referencesBaker (1958)+2 other referencesBaker (1963)+5 other referencesDodson (1953)+9 other referencesHayward (pers.. comm. 1999)+7 other referencesFairburn (1963)+1 other referenceSearle (1954)+4 other referencesRix (1973)+4 other referencesBaker (1963)+13 other referencesDawson et al. (2008)Gregory (1900)+8 other referencesWilliams (1966)+13 other referencesSaggerson (1991)Jennings (1971)McCall (1967)Schoeman (1949)+1 other referenceBinge (1962)+4 other referencesWilliams (1991)Shackleton (1946)+8 other referencesShackleton (1945)+1 other referenceHackman et al. (1989)Smith (1938)+4 other referencesKey (1987)Mason et al. (1957)+1 other referenceShackleton (1946)+9 other referencesSmith (1938)+3 other references
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    Mandarino (2000)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+2 other referencesVrublevskii et al. (2017)+2 other referencesKonopelko et al. (2014)Tastanov et al. (2015)Part two+1 other reference
    Laos
     
    Barr et al. (1981)
    Libya
     
    Piccoli (1970)+20 other referencesLustrino et al. (2012)Goudarzi (1970)+1 other referenceAde-Hall et al. (1974)+2 other referencesZhang et al. (2013)Geology of Libya+3 other referencesHunting Geology and Geophysics Limited 1974. Geology of the Jabal Al Uwaynat area et al. (unpublished)Hunting Geology and Geophysics Limited 1974. Geology of the Jabal Al Uwaynat area et al. (unpublished)Alkhazmi+14 other referencesFlinn et al. (1992)Conticelli+1 other referenceGoudarzi (1970)Oun (1991)+1 other referenceBordet et al. (1955)
    Madagascar
     
    James+8 other referencesBoulanger+4 other referencesLacroix (1923)+1 other referenceLacroix (1922)+2 other referencesRakotovao Soatsitohaina et al. (2009)+2 other referencesRakotovao (2009)Harmer et al. (2016)Behier (1963)Lacroix (1922)+2 other referencesLacroix (1923)+1 other referenceLacroix (1922)+5 other referencesLacroix (1922)+5 other referencesLacroix (1922)+3 other referencesKnut Edvard Larsen collection ( # M-796)Lacroix (1912)+3 other referencesLacroix (1922)+1 other referenceLenoble (1937)+1 other referenceLacroix (1923)+1 other referenceLacroix (1923)+2 other referencesLacroix (1923)+5 other references
    Malawi
     
    Eby et al. (1998)Bloomfield (1965)+5 other referencesdoi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405+8 other referencesdoi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405+2 other referencesBloomfield (1965)+3 other referencesBloomfield (1965)+1 other referenceGarson+6 other referencesGarsonGarsonBloomfield (1965)+5 other referencesGarson (1960)+9 other referencesBloomfield (1965)+4 other referencesGarsonGarsonCooper et al. (1961)+1 other referenceFriese et al. (2011)www.mkango.ca (2013)Instituto Nacional de GeologiaBloomfield (1958)+2 other referencesGarsonGarson (1963)+1 other referenceDixey et al. (1937)+3 other referencesGarson (1962)+5 other referencesGarson et al. (1958)+5 other references
    Malaysia
     
    Fitch (1952)+1 other referenceGrubb (1965)+2 other references
    Mali
     
    Fabre et al. (1982)+5 other referencesSauvage et al. (1985)+2 other referencesSauvage et al. (1985)+1 other referenceLiégeois et al. (1991)Monod et al. (1961)
    Mauritania
     
    Lameyre et al. (1967)+2 other references
    Mauritius
     
    Ashwal et al. (2016)Ashwal et al. (2016)Ashwal et al. (2016)
    Mexico
     
    Clarke Jr et al. (1970)+6 other referencesPanczner (1987)Gupta (2015)Elias-Herrera et al. (1991)
    Middle East
     
    Mittlefehldt (1984)+2 other referencesStein et al. (1993)+1 other reference
    Mongolia
     
    Andreyeva et al. (1987)Savina et al. (2020)+1 other referenceKononova et al. (1982)+5 other referencesVladykin (2013)Kovalenko et al. (1995)Anatoly Nikiforov analytical dataPavlenko (1974)Pavlenko (1974)Pavlenko (1974)Mongolian Geological Survey database+1 other referenceDostal et al. (2023)U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report ...Gerel+1 other referencePeretyazhko et al. (2017)+1 other referencePeretyazhko et al. (2017)+1 other referencePeretyazhko et al. (2018)Yarmolyuk+1 other reference
    Montenegro
     
    Cvetković et al. (2004)+1 other referenceCvetković et al. (2004)+1 other reference
    Morocco
     
    Bea et al. (2013)Salvi et al. (2000)+2 other referencesJeremine et al. (1947)+9 other referencesDe Sitter et al. (1952)+3 other referencesCherotzky+4 other referencesWoolley (2001)+1 other referenceJérémine et al. (1950)+1 other referenceJÉRÉMINE (1955)+1 other referenceCherotzky+6 other referencesJournal of PetrologyGentil+4 other referencesChoubert et al. (pontien)+4 other references
    Mozambique
     
    Teale et al. (1923)TORRE DE ASSUNCAO et al. (1962)Young (1920)Instituto Nacional de GeologiaLulin et al. (1985)+2 other referencesInstituto Nacional de GeologiaInstituto Nacional de GeologiaInstituto Nacional de GeologiaTeale et al. (1923)Instituto Nacional de Geologia+3 other referencesTeale et al. (1923)Teale et al. (1923)Teale et al. (1923)Teale et al. (1923)Teale et al. (1923)Hunting Geology & Geophysics Ltd . ...+17 other referencesDixey et al. (1937)Dixey et al. (1937)+2 other referencesCoelho (1959)+1 other referenceCoelho (1959)+1 other referenceCoelho (1959)+1 other referenceCoelho (1959)+1 other reference
    Myanmar
     
    C. Mével and J.R. Kiénast
    Namibia
     
    Gevers+2 other referencesMathias (1956)+8 other referencesWoolley (2001)Simpson+5 other references ...+5 other referencesGevers (1933)+3 other referencesDe Kock (Rehoboth)Koller F et al. (2014)Ferguson et al. (1975)+1 other referencevon Seckendorff et al. (2000)Orris et al. (2002)+2 other referencesMiller et al. (Henno Martin Commerative Volume)Gunthorpe et al. (1986)Fábio Ramos Dias de Andrade (3)+5 other referencesPrins+2 other referencesOrris et al. (2002)Verwoerd (1967)+11 other referencesGENISBernasconi (1981)+2 other referencesJour Pet 39:2123-2136.+8 other referencesVerwoerd (1967)+3 other referencesKaiser (Ed.)+8 other referencesMarsh (1976)
    Nepal
     
    Lasserre et al. (1977)+5 other references
    New Zealand
     
    Searle (1961)Suggate et al. (1978)+2 other referencesDickey (1968)+4 other referencesMcLennan et al. (1984)Hay et al. (1970)+4 other referencesdoi.org/10.1080/00288306.1979.10424176+2 other referencesSmith+5 other referencesOlivine nodules from Tokatoka et al. (1)Turner et al. (1960)+7 other referencesRough Country Minerals specimens+1 other referenceKyle (1975)Benson (1942)+3 other referencesCooper (2020)Kimura et al. (1998)Tulloch et al. (1990)+2 other referencesWaight (1995)Cooper (1971)+1 other reference
    Niger
     
    Black+3 other references
    North Korea
     
    Ju et al. (2021)Paek et al. (1993)Takubo et al. (1969)Paek et al. (1993)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+2 other referencesInoue+1 other referenceInoue+3 other referencesPaek et al. (1993)+1 other referenceUniversity of Tokyo collectionIwase et al. (1943)www.mining.com (2013)Ju et al. (2021)Paek et al. (1993)+1 other reference
    Northwest Africa Meteorites
     
    Fintor et al. (2014)
    Norway
     
    Andersen et al. (1993)Bugge et al. (1980)+3 other referencesHeldal+29 other references- (2010)Griffin et al. (1975)Årtveit (2014)Mitchell (1980)Åsheim (1987)+1 other referenceLarsen et al. (2005)+1 other referencePeter Andresen collectionLarsen et al. (2010)- (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Dons (1969)Dons (1969)Berge (n.d.)Larsen et al. (1976)Raade et al. (1983)Raade et al. (1983)Grice et al. (2013)Brøgger (1890, January)Scheerer (1843)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Åsheim et al. (2008)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Burvald (1993)Larsen et al. (1991)Berge (n.d.)Andersen et al. (1993)Larsen (1993)Jamtveit et al. (1997)Sturt et al. (1967)Krauskopf (1954)Barth (1927)Barth (1927)Heier (1961)+13 other referencesSalter et al. (1974)+1 other referenceNorges Geologiske Undersøkelse. (NGU)Sturt et al. (1967)Sturt et al. (1967)Sturt et al. (1965)Zozulya et al. (2018)Michalsen (2000)Bøe (2000)+2 other referencesBarth (1927)+21 other referencesSturt (1961)+11 other referencesAndreasson et al. (1979)+1 other referenceKnut Edvard Larsen collection # 109Brøgger (1890, January)Knut Edvard Larsen (2023)Knut Edvard Larsen -observation in ...Brøgger (1890, January)+1 other referenceBollingberg et al. (1983)Scheerer (1864)Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field ...Field observation by Peter Andresen- (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Brøgger (1890, January)Brøgger (1890, January)Larsen et al. (2010)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Dahlgren Sven et al. (2012)Berge (n.d.)Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum)Sæbø (1966)Berge (n.d.)Knut Edvard Larsen observation on ...Andersen (1993)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Larsen et al. (2010)Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 1832Andrew Hodgson photo & specimenNilssen (1968)Berge (n.d.)Widenfalk et al. (1971)Brøgger (1890, January)Weibye (1848)+1 other referenceWeibye (1849)+1 other referenceBrøgger (1887)Berge (n.d.)Andresen (2011)Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1481+1 other referenceField observarions by Peter AndresenKnut Edvard Larsen observation in field ...Schumacher (1801)+1 other referenceKarsten et al. (1809)Scheerer (1843)+1 other referenceKnut Edvard Larsen and observation ...Berge (n.d.)Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field ...+1 other referenceWeibye (1848)Brøgger (1890, January)Brøgger (1890, January)Larsen (1988)Andersen et al. (2010)Brøgger (1890, January)Berge (n.d.)Brøgger (1890, January)Åsheim et al. (1980)Larsen (1988)+1 other referenceØivind Thoresen photo & CollectionBerge (n.d.)+1 other referenceÅsheim (1988)+1 other referenceNordrum (2004)Berge (1993)+1 other referencePersonally collected by Peter Andresen ...Raade et al. (1983)Berge (1993)Andersen et al. (1996)Andresen (2013)Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 2771Berge (n.d.)Knut Edvard Larsen observation and ...Larsen et al. (1992)+2 other referencesBrøgger (1890, January)Engvoldsen et al. (1991)+1 other referenceBellezza et al. (2004)Berge et al. (1980)Berge (n.d.)Berge (n.d.)Larsen et al. (2013)Knut Edvard Larsen collection aug. 2012Berge (n.d.)Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field ...Knut Edvard Larsen observation in Field ...+1 other referenceBerge et al. (1980)Knut Edvard Larsen observation and ...Berge et al. (1976)
    Oman
     
    Worthing et al. (2008)Ivanova et al. (2003, March)Zhang et al. (2009)Worthing et al. (2002)+2 other referencesAl-Harthy et al. (1991)+1 other reference
    Pacific Ocean
     
    Contr. Min. Petr. (1998)+1 other referenceClague et al. (1987)+11 other referencesPeretyazhko et al. (2022)Clague et al. (1990)
    Pakistan
     
    Ahmed et al. (1990)+3 other referencesSiddiqui et al. (1968)+2 other referencesKempe et al. (1970)+5 other referencesKempe et al. (1980)
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Smith (1972)
    Paraguay
     
    Velázquez et al. (1996)+2 other referencesWoolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Haggerty et al. (1983)Haggerty et al. (1983)+1 other referenceWoolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959)Woolley (1987)Woolley (1987)Woolley (1987)
    Peru
     
    Laubacher (1978)
    Philippines
     
    Albrecht et al. (1990)
    Poland
     
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    Portugal
     
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    Saudi Arabia
     
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    Sweden
     
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    Syria
     
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    Tajikistan
     
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    Guzmics et al. (2012)+1 other referenceMitchell et al. (2022) ...+4 other referencesHay (1964)Zaitsev A.N. et al. (2010)+2 other referencesC.T. Lee et al.Stern (1969)C.T. Lee et al.Lee et al. (2000)Brock et al. (1964)
    Thailand
     
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    USA
     
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    ...
    Venezuela
     
    Woolley (1987)+1 other reference
    Vietnam
     
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    Grolier et al. (1978)+1 other reference
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    Swift (1952)+1 other referenceMeck et al. (2011)Henderson et al. (1972)+2 other references
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    Venus
     
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