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Malachite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored byChristine Iacobuzio-Donahue
Photos of Malachite (9365)
Malachite GallerySearch Photos of Malachite
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Named "molochitus" in antiquity (see Pliny the Elder, 79 CE) after the Greek μαλαχή ("malachí"), "mallows," in allusion to the green colour of the leaves. Known in the new spelling, "malachites", at least by 1661.
Malachite is a green, very common secondary copper mineral with a widely variable habit. Typically, it is found as crystalline aggregates or crusts, often banded in appearance, like agates. It is also frequently found as botryoidal clusters of radiating crystals, and as mammillary aggregates as well. Single crystals and clusters of distinguishable crystals are uncommon, but when found they are typically acicular to prismatic. It is also frequently found as a pseudomorph afterazurite crystals, which are generally more tabular.

The Cu analogue ofchukanovite. Structurally related to theRosasite Group.

Visit gemdat.org forgemological information about Malachite.



Unique Identifiers

Classification of Malachite
Dana 7th ed.:
16.3.2.1
Dana 8th ed.:
16a.3.1.1

16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)2(XO3)Zq
Hey's CIM Ref.:
11.2.1

11 : Carbonates
2 : Carbonates of Cu

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Bright green, with crystals deeper shades of green, even very dark to nearly black; green to yellowish green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Light green
Hardness:
3½ - 4 onMohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {201}, fair on {010}.
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
3.6 - 4.05 g/cm3 (Measured)    4 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Malachite
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
relatively weak
Optical Extinction:
Y = b; X ∧ c = 23.5°.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = nearly colorless; Y = yellowish green; Z = deep green.

Chemistry of Malachite
Common Impurities:
Zn,Co,Ni

Crystallography of Malachite
Click on an icon to view
Malachite no.17 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Malachite no.20 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

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Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

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Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal Structure
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
5.99 Å(60)
5.06 Å(80)
3.69 Å(90)
2.86 Å(100)
2.82 Å(40)
2.78 Å(50)
2.52 Å(60)
2.46 Å(40)
Comments:
Data given are for synthetic material.

Geological Environment

Other Language Names for Malachite

Varieties of MalachiteLime-MalachiteProbably an impure calcium-bearing malachite.MysorinAn impure Malachite.Zinc-bearing MalachiteA Zn-bearing variety of malachite with Cu:Zn greater than 4:1.
Can be distinguished from the visually similarrosasite by X-ray diffraction.

Relationship of Malachite to other Species
Other Members of Rosasite Group:
ChukanoviteFe2+2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Glaukosphaerite(Cu,Ni)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
KolweziteCuCo(CO3)(OH)2Tric.
Mcguinnessite(Mg,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m
NullaginiteNi2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
ParádsasváriteZn2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
PerchiazziiteCo2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
PokrovskiteMg2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Rosasite(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Zincrosasite(Zn,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon.

Common AssociatesMon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10Mcguinnessite(Mg,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m5.BA.10Zincrosasite(Zn,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon.5.BA.10ParádsasváriteZn2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10Rosasite(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10NullaginiteNi2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10Georgeite[Cu(OH)2-x(H2O)x][CO3]x/2Amor.5.BA.10Glaukosphaerite(Cu,Ni)2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10PokrovskiteMg2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10KolweziteCuCo(CO3)(OH)2Tric.5.BA.10ChukanoviteFe2+2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.10PerchiazziiteCo2(CO3)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b5.BA.15Aurichalcite(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6Mon. 2/m :P21/m5.BA.15HydrozinciteZn5(CO3)2(OH)6Mon. 2/m :B2/m5.BA.20HoldawayiteMn6(CO3)2(OH)7(Cl,OH)Mon. 2/m :B2/m5.BA.25UM1977-03-COSiO:CaClHCa10-11(CO3)7(SiO4)Cl1-2(OH)1-2Mon.5.BA.25DeferniteCa6(CO3)1.58(Si2O7)0.21(OH)7[Cl0.50(OH)0.08(H2O)0.42]Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma5.BA.30SclariteZn7(CO3)2(OH)10Mon. 2/m :B2/b5.BA.30Loseyite(Mn2+,Zn,Mg)4Zn3(CO3)2(OH)10Mon. 2/m

Other Information
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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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    • References for MalachiteMaskelyne, N. S., von Lang, Viktor (1864) LXII. Mineralogical notes.The London, Edinburgh, And Dublin Philosophical Magazine And Journal Of Science, S. 4 Vol. 28 (192) 502-508doi:10.1080/14786446408643807pp.502-505 - "On the crystalline form of malachite"
    Des Cloizeaux, A. (1874) Manuel de minéralogie. 2 volumes and Atlas, Paris. volume 2, 1 Fasc., 208pp.: 185.
    Haege (1888) Inaugural Dissertation, Jena.
    Gonnard (1906) Min. du Rhône et de la Loire, Paris: 82.
    Galbraith (1914) Arizona Bureau of Mines, Geological Series Bulletin 149.
    (1917) Useful minerals of the United States.Bulletin Vol. 624. US Geological Surveydoi:10.3133/b624
    (1918)Atlas Der Krystallformen Vol. 5 - Text - Band V - Kainit-Margarosanit. Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg.p.187
    Perrier (1921) Reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Att.: 30[5]: 309.
    Shannon (1926) U.S. National Museum, Bulletin 131.
    Hintze, Carl (1929) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3A]: 3368.
    Guillot, M., Geneslay, G., texte, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du (1936) Sur la formule chimique de la malachite.Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris, 202. 136
    Binder, O., texte, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du (1937) Sur les carbonates basiques verts de cuivre.Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris, 204. 1200-1202
    Pabst, A. (1938) Minerals of California. California Division of Mines Bulletin 113.
    Northrop (1942) University of New Mexico Bulletin, Geology Series: 6, no. 1.
    Ramsdell, Lewis S., Wolfe, C. Wroe (1950) The unit cell of malachite.American Mineralogist, 35 (1-2) 119-120
    Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951)The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.252-255
    Wells, A. F. (1951) Malachite: re-examination of crystal structure.Acta Crystallographica, 4 (3) 200-204doi:10.1107/s0365110x51000714
    Simpson, Dale R., Fisher, Richard, Libsch, Karl (1964) Mineralogical Notes: Thermal stability of azurite and malachite.American Mineralogist, 49 (7-8) 1111-1113
    Süsse, P. (1967) Verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur des Malachits, Cu2(OH)2CO3.Acta Crystallographica, 22 (1) 146-151doi:10.1107/s0365110x67000222
    Goldsmith, J.A., Ross, S.D. (1968) The infra-red spectra of azurite and malachite.Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy, 24 (12). 2131-2137doi:10.1016/0584-8539(68)80273-9
    Zigan, F., Joswig, W., Schuster, H. D., Mason, S. A. (1977) Verfeinerung der Struktur von Malachit, Cu2(OH)2CO3, durch Neutronenbeugung.Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 145 (5-6) 412doi:10.1524/zkri.1977.145.5-6.412
    Symes, James L, Kester, Dana R (1984) Thermodynamic stability studies of the basic copper carbonate mineral, malachite.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48 (11) 2219-2229doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90218-7
    Gaines, Richard V., Skinner, H. Catherine W., Foord, Eugene E., Mason, Brian, Rosenzweig, Abraham, King, Vandall T. (1997)Dana's New Mineralogy (8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. p.1872
    Frost, R. L., Martens, W. N., Rintoul, L., Mahmutagic, E., Kloprogge, J. T. (2002) Raman spectroscopic study of azurite and malachite at 298 and 77 K.Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33 (4). 252-259doi:10.1002/jrs.848
    (2005) Malachite.Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America
    Girgsdies, Frank, Behrens, Malte (2012) On the structural relations of malachite. II. The brochantite MDO polytypes.Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 68 (6) 571-577doi:10.1107/s0108768112039274
    Anthony, John W., Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. -Eds. (2016) Handbook of Mineralogy.https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/
    Makovicky, Emil, Merlino, Stefano (2019) Order-disorder Twinning of Malachite.The Canadian Mineralogist, 57 (4) 475-488doi:10.3749/canmin.1900007
    Popov, V.A., Tsyganko, M.V. (2023) Benard cells – a possible mechanism of the formation of subaquatic and subfluidic stalactites.МИНЕРАЛОГИЯ (MINERALOGY) [Mineralogy], 9 (3) 70-75doi:10.35597/2313-545x-2023-9-3-5
    Alves, Julliana F., Edwards, Howell G. M., Korsakov, Andrey, Oliveira, Luiz Fernando C. (2023) Revisiting the Raman Spectra of Carbonate Minerals.Minerals, 13 (11) 1358doi:10.3390/min13111358

    Significant localities for MalachiteⓘBurra Burra Copper MineNoble et al. (1983)+1 other reference
    Austria
     
    Meixner et al. (1975)+1 other referenceSchnorrer (1994)
    Bolivia
     
    Petrov (n.d.)
    Canada
     
    DR Congo
     
    Lhoest (1992)+1 other referenceLapis Mineralien Magazin+2 other references
    France
     
    Favreau G. et al. (1996)
    Germany
     
    www.alterbergbau.deMarkus Gerstmann - Collection+1 other referenceMarkus Gerstmann - Collection
    Ireland
     
    Morrissey (1970)+2 other references
    Mexico
     
    Valencia et al. (2006)+2 other references
    Namibia
     
    Graham et al. (2007)+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)+1 other reference
    Russia
     
    Kievlenko E.V. (1983)
    USA
     
    Galbraith et al. (1959)Dana 6:1093+9 other referencesHeinrich et al. (2004)+1 other referenceA. Plante collection+3 other referencesWalstrom (n.d.)+1 other reference- (2005)
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