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Maghemite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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From the first syllables of MAGnetite and HEMatite, in allusion to the magnetism and composition.
Type Locality:
ⓘBushveld Complex, South Africa
A ferromagnetic iron oxide (which may therefore be confused withmagnetite).

Maghemite is formed by weathering or low-temperature oxidation of spinels containing ferrous iron, commonly magnetite or titanian magnetite. It is a widespread yellow pigment in continental sediments, rocks, and soils.


Unique Identifiers
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
Approval history:
2018: Redefined as (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4, which better reflects its relation to the spinel supergroup. (Bosiet al., 2019).

Classification of Maghemite

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 8th ed.:
4.3.7.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
Hey's CIM Ref.:
7.20.3

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
20 : Oxides of Fe

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Brown, brick-red
Streak:
Brown
Hardness:
6 onMohs scale

Optical Data of Maghemite

Crystallography of Maghemite

Synonyms of Maghemite

Other Language Names for Maghemite

Varieties of MaghemiteHydromaghemiteMaghemite with adsorbed water.

Relationship of Maghemite to other Species
Other Members of Spinel Subgroup:
ChihmingiteNiAl2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
ChromiteFe2+Cr3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
CochromiteCoCr2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
CoulsoniteFe2+V3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
CuprospinelCu2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
DellagiustaiteV2+Al2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
Deltalumite(Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4Tet.42m :P4m2
FrankliniteZn2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
GahniteZnAl2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
GalaxiteMn2+Al2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
GuiteCo2+Co3+2O4Iso.
HausmanniteMn2+Mn3+2O4Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) :I41/amd
HercyniteFe2+Al2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
HetaeroliteZnMn2O4Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) :I41/amd
JacobsiteMn2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
Jacobsite-QMn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) :I41/amd
MagnesiochromiteMgCr2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
MagnesiocoulsoniteMgV2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m)
MagnesioferriteMgFe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
MagnetiteFe2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
ManganochromiteMn2+Cr2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
Nichromite(Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
SpinelMgAl2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
ThermaerogeniteCuAl2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
Titanomaghemite(Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4Iso. 432 :P4332
TrevoriteNi2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
UM1994-06-O:AlCoCoAl2O4
VuorelaineniteMn2+V3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
ZincochromiteZnCr2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
Forms a series with:
MagnetiteKenomagnetite

Common AssociatesOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma4.BB.ThermaerogeniteCuAl2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.ChukocheniteLiAl5O8Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Imma4.BB.Elgoresyite(Mg5Si2)O9Mon. 2/m :B2/m4.BB.JianmuiteZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16Tet.4 :I44.BB.DellagiustaiteV2+Al2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.GarpenbergiteMn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.BB.MagnéliiteTi3+2Ti4+2O7Tric.1 :P14.BB.05Qandilite(Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05ChromiteFe2+Cr3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05Filipstadite(Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4Iso.4.BB.05JacobsiteMn2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05WernerkrauseiteCa(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma4.BB.05HarmuniteCaFe2O4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbcm4.BB.05ZincochromiteZnCr2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05Deltalumite(Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4Tet.42m :P4m24.BB.05FrankliniteZn2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05CochromiteCoCr2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05Nichromite(Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05HercyniteFe2+Al2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05GahniteZnAl2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05GalaxiteMn2+Al2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05GuiteCo2+Co3+2O4Iso.4.BB.05CoulsoniteFe2+V3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05VuorelaineniteMn2+V3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05SpinelMgAl2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05CuprospinelCu2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05ManganochromiteMn2+Cr2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05MagnesiocoulsoniteMgV2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m)4.BB.05TrevoriteNi2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05MagnesiochromiteMgCr2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05MagnesioferriteMgFe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05MagnetiteFe2+Fe3+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.05UlvöspinelTiFe2+2O4Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.BB.10HausmanniteMn2+Mn3+2O4Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) :I41/amd4.BB.10HetaeroliteZnMn2O4Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) :I41/amd4.BB.10Manganostibite(Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.BB.15Titanomaghemite(Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4Iso. 432 :P43324.BB.20Tegengrenite(Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4Trig. 3 :R34.BB.25XieiteFe2+Cr2O4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.BB.30CarmeltaziteZrAl2Ti4O11Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma4.BB.35FeiiteFe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Cmcm4.BB.40MaohokiteMgFe2O4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma4.BB.45Tschaunerite (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Cmcm

Other Information
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    • References for MaghemiteⓘGara Djebilet iron depositwww.portergeo.com.au (2007)
    Antarctica
     
    Buchwald et al. (1989)
    Arctic Ocean
     
    Koo et al. (2022)
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    Dekov et al. (h-Cu6Sn5)+1 other reference
    Australia
     
    Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data SheetsBrown et al. (1992)Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data SheetsBrown et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1992)Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data SheetsA.N. Lorrigan (2005)Monika Mueller collectionJohnson (1989)Magirian (1998)+1 other referenceTaylor et al. (2004)Taylor et al. (2008)Eggleton et al. (2011)ROSS et al. (1987)Wopfner (1972)www.ventureminerals.com.au (n.d.)Bottrill & TaheriBirch et al. (2001)Steve Sorrell CollectionBirch (2008)Steve Sorrell CollectionMock (1987)Singh et al. (1995)+1 other referenceWhite et al. (1967)Gray et al. (1996)Butt (2003)Butt (2003)Butt (2003)Anand et al. (2005)www.regisresources.com.au (n.d.)mrdate.usgs.gov (n.d.)Annand et al. (2001)Hassan (2017)Robertson et al. (2003)Grguric (2003)Recent Investigations of the Mitchell ...+3 other references
    Austria
     
    Schulz (1979)Strasser (1989)Vavtar (1986)
    Belarus
     
    Levitskiy et al. (2018, July)
    Bolivia
     
    Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955)
    Brazil
     
    Misi et al. (1999)Barbosa (1950)Soares et al. (2018)Allan et al. (1989)531 p+6 other referencesJENKINS II (1987)Dybowska et al. (2022)Costa et al. (2016)
    Bulgaria
     
    Panayotova et al. (2025)
    Cameroon
     
    Yongue-Fouateu et al. (2009)
    Canada
     
    Dana 7:I:708.Ray et al. (1994)Peatfield (n.d.)+1 other referencepersonal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description)SAGE (1981)Ontario Ministry of Northern ...Gold (1969)
    Chile
     
    Maskaev et al. (2007)Maskaev et al. (2007)Maskaev et al. (2007)Maskaev et al. (2007)Rull et al. (2004)Maskaev et al. (2007)Maskaev et al. (2007)Lohmeier et al. (2025)
    China
     
    Xikun Chen (1987)Guangwu Mao et al. (2013)Yu et al. (2023)Kehua Yin (2009)Yu (1984)Jianmin Zheng et al. (2007)+1 other referenceGuixiang Meng et al. (2009)Zonglin Hou (1989)Guozheng Wang (2002)Feng Yuan et al. (2012)Biren Wang et al. (2014)Zhongsuo Li (1983)Zongyao et al. (2005)Ruheng Fang and Yafan Zhang (1983)Shuguang Li et al. (1983)Chai et al. (2024)wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004)Zhimin Zhu et al. (2009)Wang et al. (2019)Liu et al. (2024)Liu et al. (2024)Zhenghua Hu et al. (2012)Liu et al. (2024)Xiujun Hu and Wenge Chen (2010)Chunji Xue et al. (2000)Zhixin Zhang et al. (2012)Lingang Xu et al. (2007)+2 other referencesZhixin Zhang et al. (2011)+1 other referenceWuhan Huaze Science & Technology ...Qiong Han et al. (2014)Jianwei Hu et al. (2010)Songtao Deng et al. (2006)Xiao'ou Zhao (1989)Yuchun Yang (1990)
    Colombia
     
    Econ Geol (2004)
    Cuba
     
    T. Gallardo et al. (2010)+1 other referenceDomínguez-Carretero et al. (2024)Domènech et al. (2014)Marsh
    Czech Republic
     
    Jirásek (2001)Ondruš et al. (2003)Kašing et al. (2025)Matýsek D.Matýsek et al. (2022)Jirásek J. (2018)Zimák (2008)Ettler et al. (2015)Rost R.: Doplňky k mineralogii ...Žáček V
    Dominican Republic
     
    Domènech et al. (2022)Gallardo et al. (2010)
    France
     
    El Mendili et al. (2022)T. Sameshima et al.Wells et al. (2009)+1 other reference
    Germany
     
    Frenzel (1953)Frenzel (1953)Wittern (2001)Blaß et al. (2015)Lear et al. (1988)Schnorrer et al. (1997)Graf et al. (18)Graf et al. (18)Graf et al. (18)Graf et al. (18)Blaß et al. (2015)Paul (1995)Wittern (2001)
    Greece
     
    Gamaletsos et al. (2017)Michailidis (1990)Michailidis (1990)Michailidis (1990)Bourli et al. (2021)Bourli et al. (2021)
    Greenland
     
    Pauly (1958)
    Iceland
     
    Carson (2015)
    India
     
    Chakrapani Naidu et al. (1965)Nakamuta et al. (2013)Devaraju et al. (1983)E.R.D. Scott et al. (1988)+1 other referenceMallick et al. (2005, March)Nayak et al. (1998)Brearley et al. (1998)
    Iran
     
    Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019)Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019)Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019)Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019)
    Israel
     
    Britvin et al. (2021)+1 other referenceMurashko (2010)
    Italy
     
    Cozzupoli et al. (1976)Bortolozzi (n.d.)- (n.d.)Pasquale Antonazzo Collection (2009)- (n.d.)M.E. Ciriotti (2005)Begini (2022)- (n.d.)De Michele (1974)Corazza et al. (1994)Manasse et al. (2002)M.E. Ciriotti (2005)Corazza et al. (1994)Corazza et al. (1994)
    Japan
     
    Uehara et al. (2014)Imai (1978)Imai (1978)Yamada (2004)Powder XRD by John AttardPetrov (n.d.)Petrov (n.d.)- (n.d.)
    Jersey
     
    Wagner et al. (1985)
    Jordan
     
    Pitty et al. (2010)Khoury et al. (1985)+1 other reference
    Kazakhstan
     
    Seltmann et al. (2005)Seltmann et al. (2005)
    Madagascar
     
    Wolfgang Hampel (2011)
    Mauritania
     
    Marsh et al. (2015)
    Mexico
     
    RODRIGUEZ-DIAZMegaw (2023)Megaw (1990)Pérez-Cruz et al. (2015)Verhagen et al. (2023)
    Middle East
     
    Gross (1977)
    Mongolia
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
    Namibia
     
    Gebhard (1999)Golden et al. (1995)
    New Zealand
     
    Courtney et al. (1990)Spratt et al. (1975)Kerr et al. (2018)
    Nicaragua
     
    Darce (1990)
    Nigeria
     
    Mücke et al. (1999)
    North Macedonia
     
    RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment Vol 52 No. 3 pp 535-548 (2006)Spasovski et al. (2009)Spasovski et al. (2009)
    Northwest Africa Meteorites
     
    Dr. Vivian Gornitz (2013)+1 other reference
    Norway
     
    Bonin et al. (2003)Czamanske et al. (1972)Andersen (1983)Andersen (1983)v. Everdingen (1960)
    Poland
     
    Stankowski et al. (2002, December)Cempa et al. (2024)Mateusz Dulski et al. (2018)+1 other referenceMochnacka et al. (2012)Mochnacka et al. (2015)Mochnacka et al. (2015)Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD dataŁ. Kruszewski EPMA/PXRD data+1 other referenceKruszewski et al. (2012)Ł. Kruszewski PXRD and EPMA data
    Portugal
     
    Peter Lof's collection - EDX+1 other referenceCanadian Mineralogist 41:1105-1124 (2003)
    Romania
     
    Udubasa et al. (2011)Bonin et al. (2016)SlavoacaSlavoacaUdubasa et al. (1996)+1 other referenceUdubaªa et al. (2006)Hîrtopanu (1997)+1 other reference
    Russia
     
    Belykh et al. (2007)Cesnokov et al. (1998)Righter et al. (2015)Zelenski et al. (2020) ...Talovina et al. (2003)kimberlite. 21 st meeting of the ...+1 other reference
    Saudi Arabia
     
    MeteoriticsGnos et al. (2013)
    Sierra Leone
     
    Bowles et al. (2018)
    Slovakia
     
    Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Radvanec M. and Gonda S. (2020)Koděra (1986)Duda et. all.
    South Africa (TL)
     
    Wagner P A (1927)Cairncross et al. (2008)du Plessis et al. (1997)Andreoli et al. (1999)Rozendaal et al. (2017)Rozendaal et al. (2017)Rozendaal et al. (2017)Rozendaal et al. (2017)
    South Korea
     
    Lee et al. (2010)
    Spain
     
    Calvo (2008)Locality descriptionMata i Perelló (1990)Mata i Perelló (1990)Doménech-Carbó et al. (2024)
    Sweden
     
    Larsson (2022)Holtstam et al. (2021)Sandström et al. (2010)Kresten (1979)
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)
    Tanzania
     
    Wilhelmij et al. (2016)+1 other reference
    Turkey
     
    Akbulut et al. (2010)Akinci (2009)Kines (1969)Akinci (2009)M. Akif Isik (2001)USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC158-C161
    UK
     
    Ford et al. (1993)Eyles+5 other references
    USA
     
    rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.)+1 other referenceHofmann (1992)Mead et al. (1965)+2 other referencesNatkaniec-Nowak et al. (2020)Theodore et al. (1987)Anthony et al. (1995)Howard (1987)+1 other referenceNewhouse (1936)+1 other referenceWiese (1946)+3 other referencesWiese (1946)+3 other referencesWiese (1946)+2 other referencesPetrov (n.d.)Murdoch (1966)Sosman (1925)+3 other referencesEckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Weissman (2005)Xu et al. (2017)Kaye et al. (1965)CeratoSullivan et al. (2023)Sullivan et al. (2023)Sullivan et al. (2023)Castor et al. (2004)Ramdohr (1972)Ramdohr (1972)Northrop et al. (1996)Agortino et al. (1985) ...Rock & Minerals Vol. 84 No. 4 Jul/Aug ...Alminas+2 other referencesDietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Rye et al. (2003)
    Venezuela
     
    Onac (2025)
    Zambia
     
    Brotherton (1979)
    Venus
     
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