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Manganite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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Feitknechtite,Groutite
Frequently as well-formed crystals or tight aggregates with a fibrous structure due to the mineral's perfect cleavage. May be compact fine-grained or in botryoidal formation.


Unique Identifiers

Classification of Manganite

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
D : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th ed.:
6.1.3.1

6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
Hey's CIM Ref.:
7.18.7

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Gray-black, black
Streak:
Reddish brown to black
Hardness:
4 onMohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=630 - 743 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{010} perfect; {110} and {001} good.
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
4.29 - 4.34 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.38 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Calculated also (ICDD 18-805) = 4.32

Optical Data of Manganite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Anisotropism:
Weak
Bireflectance:
Distinct in grays
Dispersion:
r > v extreme
Optical Extinction:
X = a; Y = b; Z ∧ c = 0°–4°.
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)R2 (%)
400nm18.0%25.1%
420nm18.0%24.8%
440nm18.0%24.5%
460nm17.9%24.1%
480nm17.8%23.7%
500nm17.6%23.2%
520nm17.3%22.7%
540nm17.0%22.2%
560nm16.8%21.6%
580nm16.5%21.2%
600nm16.3%20.8%
620nm16.1%20.6%
640nm16.0%20.3%
660nm15.8%20.1%
680nm15.7%19.9%
700nm15.7%19.7%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 25.1%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in
Colour in reflected light:
Gray-white with brown tint
Internal Reflections:
Blood-red
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = reddish brown; Z = red brown.
Comments:
Weak pleochroism distinguishes manganite from groutite.
Absorption: Z > X = Y.

Chemistry of Manganite
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ba,Pb,Cu,Al,Ca

Crystallography of Manganite
Click on an icon to view
Manganite no.36 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

Toggle
Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

View
Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal Structure
General Appearance of Type Material:
Coarse rectangular prism, often with multiple parallel growth.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type specimens.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Hydrothermal veins
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
BaryteCalcite

Synonyms of Manganite

Other Language Names for Manganite

Common AssociatesOrth.mm2 :Cmc214.FD.10DiasporeAlO(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.FD.10Montroseite(V3+,Fe3+)O(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.FD.10TsumgalliteGaO(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.FD.10GroutiteMn3+O(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma4.FD.10BracewelliteCrO(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.FD.10GuyanaiteCrO(OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.FD.20Yttrotungstite-(Y)YW2O6(OH)3Mon. 2/m :P21/m4.FD.20Yttrotungstite-(Ce)CeW2O6(OH)3Mon. 2 :P214.FD.25FrankhawthorneiteCu2Te6+O4(OH)2Mon. 2/m4.FD.30Khinite-3TPb2+Cu2+3Te6+O6(OH)2Trig. 3 :P324.FD.30HousleyitePb6CuTe6+4O18(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/m4.FD.30KhinitePb2+Cu2+3[Te6+O6](OH)2Orth.mm2 :Fdd2

Fluorescence of Manganite

Other Information
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    • References for ManganiteⓘAlto De La BlendaUSGS MRDS DatabaseRaúl J. Tauber Larry´s collectionBrodtkorb (2002)+2 other referencesMárquez-Zavalía et al. (2016)C. T. FrizC. T. FrizRaúl Jorge Tauber Larry+1 other referenceHugo A. Peña (1970)Ávila
    Australia
     
    Stevens (1972)Brown et al. (1992)Gilligan et al. (1995)Jones (1955)+1 other referenceJones (1955)+1 other referenceOstwald (1981)Francis et al. (self published)Noble et al. (1983)Record of Mines – Summary Card No:317Francis (2010)Johnston et al. (1978)Bottrill et al. (2008)Simpson (1948)Sorrell (n.d.)Jones et al. (2013)Simpson (1948)Simpson (1948)Putzolu et al. (2018)
    Austria
     
    European Journal of Mineralogy 17 (1)Zadorlaky-Stettner (1962)Meixner (1950)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Meixner (1968)Niedermayr et al. (1995)- (n.d.)+1 other referenceBojar (2006)Bojar (2006)Taucher (1994)Kolitsch et al. (2012)collected by Peter Arthofer+1 other referenceBernhard Gruber et al. (Berichte)
    Belgium
     
    Malaise (1913)+2 other referencesMalaise (1913)+3 other referencesMalaise (1913)+3 other referencesMalaise (1913)+2 other referencesJosé Dehove collection.Malaise (1913)+2 other references
    Bosnia and Herzegovina
     
    Vujanovic (1962)
    Botswana
     
    Yonggang Zhu et al. (2013)
    Brazil
     
    Uchôa Filho et al. (2025)Rezende et al. (2021)
    Bulgaria
     
    Banushev et al. (1994)Kanazirski (1985)Chavdarova et al. (2022)Collection Voigt
    Burkina Faso
     
    Sattran et al. (2002)
    Canada
     
    Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)+2 other referencesRutley (1902)Rutley (1902)USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553+1 other referenceHudgins (1967)Bishop et al. (1974)Harder (1910)USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553R. A. F. PenroseVan Dommelen et al. (2006)USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553Wright (1975)Cook (1999)Ontario Div. Mines et al. (1:31,680)+1 other referencePersonal Collection - Bill MorgensternBill Morgenstern - CollectionBill Morgenstern - CollectionBancroft Mineral Museum+1 other reference179-181.+2 other referencesChoquette et al. (2023)
    Chile
     
    Bandy (1938)+1 other referenceMaurizio Dini - analysed material by ...Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University)Oyarzun et al. (1998)Oyarzun et al. (1998)C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988)samples analysed by Anthony Kampf+1 other reference
    China
     
    Jiuling Zhang (1982)Nanlai Zheng et al. (1986)+1 other referenceLisheng Luo (1988)Bin Yu (2005)See also Nowlan+2 other referenceswww.mineralmundi.com (n.d.)Hanquan Ye (1985)Ruixia Hao and Guangyue Guan (1995)Jiuling Zhang (1982)+1 other referenceHunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977)+1 other referenceJiuling Zhang (1982)Jiuling Zhang (1982)Broili et al. (2010)Lin Ye and Tiegang Liu (2003)Jiuling Zhang (1982)Ziqiang Wei (1976)Ziqiang Wei (1976)+1 other referenceCanhui Luo (1992)Qingchang Meng (1981)Shikun Huang (1990)Baisheng Zhang (1998)Libo Hao et al. (1994)+1 other referenceShikun Huang (1990)Huawen Qi et al. (2007)Jiuling Zhang (1982)Caiwen Cai (1983)Yunhuai Lin (1986)Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976)+2 other referencesGuilin Metallurgical Institute of Geology (1976)+3 other referencesXiong Song (1986)Zhongtang Yang et al. (2008)+1 other referenceJiuling Zhang (1982)+2 other referencesXingfen Wang (1989)+1 other referenceJiuling Zhang (1982)Guosheng Feng et al. (2006)+1 other referencePan et al. (2024)Yiyun Wang et al. (2012)Denghong Wang (1996)Jiuling Zhang (1982)Yongbao et al. (2018)Hongjun Liu (1987)+2 other referencesHunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977)Du+6 other referencesWenxin Yu (1980)+4 other referencesLiu et al. (2025)+1 other reference
    Cuba
     
    www.minsocam.org
    Czech Republic
     
    Lapis 2002 (7/8)Former Pequa Rare MineralsMatýsek D. (Outer Western Carpathians)Kruťa T. et al. (1968)Prachař+6 other referencesStránský
    DR Congo
     
    Deliens (1996) ...
    Egypt
     
    S. Tosson et al.Manganese Reserves and Resources of the ...Sallam (2020)Afify et al. (2022)
    Ethiopia
     
    Getaneh et al. (2022)Getaneh et al. (2022)
    Europe
     
    Petr Fuchs
    Finland
     
    Ilkka Mikkola collection EDS+XRD ...Aarne Laitakari
    France
     
    Belot (1978)De Ascençao Guedes (2003)Wittern et al. (1997)Perseil (1975)Perseil (1975)Belot (1978)Lacroix (1907)Wittern et al. (1997)Wittern et al. (1997)Hohl (1994)Hohl (1994)Wittern et al. (1997)Belot (1978)+2 other referencesBelot (1978)C GinestePatureau et al. (2011)Belot (1978)Belot (1978)Belot (1978)www.zampano.com (n.d.)TREILLARD Michel collectionInventaire minéralogique de la France ...De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002)Brugger et al. (1999)De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002)Belot (1978)+1 other referenceLacroix (1907)Berbain et al. (2005)Berbain et al. (2005)Lacroix (1907)Berbain et al. (2005)LACROIX A: Mineralogie de la France et ...Garric FrançoisBernadi (1992)
    Gabon
     
    Weber et al. (1979)+2 other references
    Georgia
     
    Varentsov (1996)
    Germany
     
    Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Aufschluss 1987 (8/9)+3 other referencesWeiß (1990)Petitjean et al. (2007)Kirnbauer (1984)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Schnorrer et al. (2002)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Pawlowski (1991)Rolf Golze+3 other referencesWittern (2001)Wittern (2001)+1 other referenceLapis (12)www.mineralienatlas.de (2025)Rolf Golze+3 other referencesWeiß (1990)Henrich et al. (2024)Schnorrer et al. (2000)50.+1 other referenceCollection of NHMSchnorrer (1993)Weiß (1990)Wittern (2001)Der Aufschluss Vol.55Held et al. (1993)Aufschluß 76/2 & 88/5Weiß (1990)Thomas Kleser CollectionBrugger et al. (2001)Grünling (1913)Gröbner et al. (2011)Lapis 30 (7/8)Scheven et al. (2022)Lavinsky (n.d.)- (n.d.)Sansoni (1971)+2 other referenceshttps://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=45826+1 other referencewww.mineralatlas.eu (n.d.)Wittern (2001)Rüger et al. (1992)
    Ghana
     
    Mücke et al. (1999)+1 other reference
    Greece
     
    Fornadel et al. (2011)Φωτιάδης (2010)Φωτιάδης (2010)Skarpelis et al. (1992)
    Honduras
     
    Mattioli et al. (2014)Bersani et al. (2009)
    Hungary
     
    Sándor et al. (1997)Sándor et al. (2005)Sándor et al. (2005)Varentsov (1996)+1 other referenceKoch (1985)Sándor et al. (2005)
    India
     
    Rasul (1965)Sarkar (2015)Roy (1962)Roy et al. (1968)Roy (1968)Yadav (2022)
    Indian Ocean
     
    Wang et al. (2018)
    Indonesia
     
    Al Hakim et al. (2024)Atmoko et al. (2018)
    Iran
     
    Shahin et al. (2023)Econ Geol (1994)Lotfi et al. (2017)
    Ireland
     
    Rutley (1902)Grennan
    Italy
     
    Castello (1982)Del Caldo et al. (1973)Stoppani et al. (1982)+1 other referenceAntofilli et al. (1983)Antofilli et al. (1983)Redazionale (2005)415.+1 other referencePipino (1984)Balestra (2016)Palenzona et al. (1988)Antofilli et al. (1983)Antofilli et al. (1983)Di Lisi S.Capitanio A. (2000)Fagnani G. (1946)Vergani et al. (2021)Boni et al. (1977)Boni et al. (1976)Ravagnani (1974)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Bertolani (1976)Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991)Giovanni Scapin CollectionDe Michele (1974)Gamboni et al. (2021)Orlandi (2011)Stara et al. (1996)Pietracaprina et al. (1987)Alfonso Frías Forcada Collectionwww.comune.pisa.it (2000)Biagioni et al. (2013)Orlandi et al. (1997)Bonifazi (2020)Muenchener Micromounter-LithothekBarsotti et al. (2006)Giuliano bettini collection- (n.d.)Mancini (1997)Orlandi (2005)R. Meli (1999)C. Betti et al. (1999)Saccardo (2002)+1 other reference
    Jamaica
     
    Japan
     
    - (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)Sadanaga et al. (1974)- (n.d.)Yamada (2005)Nambu et al (1979)Sadanaga et al. (1974)- (n.d.)+5 other references- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)Toyofumi Yoshimura et al. (1969)Petrov (n.d.)+1 other referenceMasutomi Museum specimensSadanaga et al. (1974)- (n.d.)Yamada (2004)Yamada (2004)Petrov (n.d.)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Попов В.А. (2010)Evseev (1995)Evseev (1995)
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    Filippov et al. (2013)
    Luxembourg
     
    MnhnL collection
    Madagascar
     
    Behier (1963)
    Malaysia
     
    Ariffin (2012)
    Mexico
     
    Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Diaz-Unzueta (1987)King (1981)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Daniel Hummer CollectionPanczner (1987)
    Morocco
     
    Visual identification by French geologist REMY Philippe (pers. comm. Jean Vincent Coureau)Jay Penn collectionJordi Fabre specimenThein (1990)FAVREAU G. & DIETRICH J.E. (2006)Joan Rosell (2022)Choukrad et al. (2022)
    Namibia
     
    in the collection of F.J.EmmerichDunn (1991)
    Nazca Plate
     
    Zawadzki et al. (2022)
    New Zealand
     
    crownminerals.med.govt.nz (n.d.)Fraser (1910)
    Norway
     
    Neumann (1985)Kjerulf (1878)+1 other referenceNeumann (1985)Kjerulf (1878)Neumann (1985)Neumann (1985)Neumann (1985)
    Pacific Ocean
     
    Mikhailik et al. (2021)Volokhina et al. (2020)+2 other references
    Pakistan
     
    Ghauri Mining & Engineering Integrate
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Steger (2015)Carswell (1990)Siedner (1959)
    Poland
     
    Szakáll (2002)Korczyńska-Oszacka B. 1978: Minerały manganu wapieni jurajskich Doliny Chochołowskiej (Tatry, Polska)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation)
    Portugal
     
    LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (Siorminp ID 635Mn)LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (Siorminp ID 635Mn)Oliveira et al. (2025)LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...+1 other referenceLNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ...Martins da Pedra collectionMartins da Pedra collection
    Red Sea
     
    Sediment-Hosted Mineral Deposits: ...
    Romania
     
    Rădulescu DanD. Radulescu & R. Dimitrescu (1966)Cook et al. (1997)+1 other referenceminerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008)+2 other referencesminerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008)Hîrtopanu (1997)+1 other reference
    Russia
     
    Chukanov et al. (2021)Chukanov et al. (2021)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka)+1 other referenceUSGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p46+1 other referencePekin et al. (2010)+1 other referencePekin et al. (2010)+1 other referenceSharkov (2009)Anthony et al. (1997)Svetova et al. (2022)Econ Geol (1995)Kasatkin et al. (2021)Kasatkin et al. (2014)
    Rwanda
     
    Bertossa
    Serbia
     
    Pačevski et al. (2016)+1 other reference
    Slovakia
     
    Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Ďuďa (1993)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Háber et al. (SGR)Pauliš et al. (2002)Koděra (1986)Radvanec M. and Gonda S. (2020)+1 other referenceKoděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Grecula (1995)Pauliš et al. (2002)Grecula (1995)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Ďuďa et al. (1996)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Rojkovič et al. (2003)Rojkovič et al. (2003)MišíkRojkovič et al. (2003)Rojkovič et al. (2003)Rojkovič et al. (2003)MišíkRojkovič et al. (2003)Koděra (1986)
    Slovenia
     
    Onac (2025)
    South Africa
     
    Cors de Brun photoWilson et al. (1978)Cairncross et al. (1995)+2 other referencesCairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross (2000)Cairncross et al. (1995)Beukes et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)
    South Korea
     
    Suzuki (1943)Suzuki (1943)Suzuki (1943)
    Spain
     
    Calvo (2009)+1 other referenceMy personal collection+1 other referenceA. Arribas et al. (2005)Bocamina (4)Dill et al. (2023)Bareche (2005)Mineralogistes de CatalunyaMata Perelló
    Sudan
     
    Yassin et al. (1984)Yassin et al. (1984)
    Sweden
     
    Dana 6:A3:15.GFF 48The Swedish Museum of Natural HistoryLanghof et al. (1998)+1 other referenceHoltstam et al. (1999)Gatedal (n.d.)+1 other referencePalache et al. (1951)Sandström et al. (2009)Sandström et al. (2009)Sandtsröm (2002)Sandtsröm (2002)Sandtsröm (2002)Sandtsröm (2002)Sandtsröm (2002)Sandtsröm (2002)Sven-Olof Niklasson photo & specimen
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 44 (2006)+1 other reference
    Tonga
     
    Paropkari et al. (2010)
    Turkey
     
    Öztürk (1997)Öztürk (1997)Gultekin et al. (2016)TEKER et al. (2006)Öztürk (1997)Öztürk et al. (1995)Oyman (2003)Oksuz (2018)USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC158-C161
    UK
     
    Hall (1868)Hall (1868)Rob Bowell (Cardiff University analysis)Golley et al. (1995)Golley et al. (1995)Hall (1868)+2 other referencesGolley et al. (1995)P HaasGolley et al. (1995)Hall (1868)Greg et al. (1858)+3 other referencesDay (1999)Davidson et al. (1951)+1 other referenceDavidson et al. (1951)+2 other referencesDay (1999)Stanley et al. (1991)Day (1999)BMS CollectionDay (1999)Collins (1871)Render (n.d.)Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870)Wolfe et al. (2008)+1 other referenceTurner (2006)+1 other referenceDay (1999)Burr (1996)Hall (1868)Rutley (1902)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Day (1999)Day (1999)Render (n.d.)
    Ukraine
     
    Alexander I. Tischenko (1996)Dvoichenko (1914)+1 other referenceJiuling Zhang (1982)+1 other referenceVarentsov (1996)
    USA
     
    Dean (1995)- (1917)Cook et al. (1982)- (1917)- (1917)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Dean (1995)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)Mayo (1956)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Butler et al. (1938b)+5 other referencesRob BowellButler et al. (1938b)+3 other referencesRob BowellChristopher O'Neill collectionKiersch (1949)+4 other referencesGalbraith (1959)+2 other referencesPeterson (1962)Jones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceJones et al. (1920)+1 other referencePeterson (1962)Jones et al. (1920)Anthony et al. (1995)Potter et al. (1946)+1 other referenceFarnham & Stewart (1958)+2 other referencesJones et al. (1920)+3 other referencesJones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceGalbraith (1959)Farnham & Stewart (1958)+2 other referencesHavens et al. (1947)+1 other referenceFarnham & Stewart (1958)+2 other referencesFarnham & Stewart (1958)+2 other referencesFarnham & Stewart (1958)+1 other referenceFarnham & Stewart (1958)+2 other referencesFarnham & Stewart (1958)+2 other referencesGalbraith (1959)+1 other referenceJones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceSandell (1948)+1 other referenceMRDS file #10048185.Jones et al. (1920)+2 other referencesJones et al. (1920)Jones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceJones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceMRDS file #10027086.MRDS file #10102433.Jones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceJones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceMRDS file #10102467.MRDS file #10027581.Sandell (1948)+2 other referencesJones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceWilson (1930)Jones et al. (1920)Jones et al. (1920)Jones et al. (1920)MRDS file #10027549.Jahns (1952)+1 other referenceWilson et al. (1930)MRDS file #10027684.+1 other referenceHead (1941)+1 other referenceMRDS file #10027075.+1 other referenceMRDS file #10027608.MRDS file #10102537.+1 other referenceMDS file #10027610.+1 other referenceMRDS file #10027663.+1 other referenceMRDS file #10027666.+1 other referenceMRDS file #10027643.MRDS file #10102532.MRDS file #10102430.MRDS file #10027685.MRDS file #10027671.+1 other referenceMRDS file #10027641.MRDS file #10027667.MRDS file #10027681.Jones et al. (1920)Jones et al. (1920)MRDS file #10027698.+1 other referencePreliminary reconnaissance for uranium in Mohave County et al. (Jun 1970)+1 other referenceFarnham (1961)+1 other referenceDean et al. (1952)+1 other referenceJones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceJones et al. (1920)Anthony et al. (1995)Collected by C. LemanskiJones et al. (1920)+1 other referenceBarnes et al. (1983)MRDS database Dep. ID file #10103551Havens et al. (1954)+2 other referencesOlson (1966)+1 other referenceJones et al. 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(1995)Howard (1987)- (2005)- (2005)Smith (1988)Rocks & min.:63:118+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:63:118.Rocks & min.:63:118+1 other referenceRocks & min.:63:118+1 other referenceRocks & min.:63:118+1 other referenceRocks & Min.: 63:118.Rocks & min.:63:118+1 other referenceRocks & Min.: 63:118.Rocks & Min.: 63:118.Rocks & Min.: 63:118.Rocks & Min.: 63: 118Rocks & Min.: 63:118.+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:63:120.Rocks & Min.:63:120+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:63:120+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:63:120+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:63:120+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:63:120+1 other referenceRocks & Min.: 63: 120.Rocks & Min.: 63: 120.Rocks & Min.: 63:120.Rocks & Min.: 63:120.Rocks & Min.: 63:120.Rocks & Min.: 63:120.Rocks & Min.: 63:120.Rocks & Min.: 63:120.Miser et al. (1920)- (2005)Maxson (1933)+1 other referenceTucker (1926)+2 other referencesTrask et al. (1943)+1 other referencePelletier- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Bradley et al. (1918)+1 other referenceBradley et al. (1918)+1 other referenceWoodford et al. (1941)- (2005)Saul et al. (1970)+2 other referencesSaul et al. (1970)+2 other referencesSaul et al. (1970)+1 other referenceSaul et al. (1970)+2 other referencesJones et al. (1919)+1 other referenceCaliforia Division of Mines and Geology ...+3 other references- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Jahns et al. (1951)USGS Bull 427Murdoch et al. (1966)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)- (2005)- (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Landes (1935)+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)- (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop+2 other referencesRocks & Minerals (1970)+1 other reference- (1917)- (2005)- (2005)Shkurenko+3 other referencesKing et al. (1994)+1 other referenceKing et al. (1994)Rocks & Min.: 58: 108.Demark (2000)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Rocks & Min.: 23:717+1 other referenceHeinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. 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(1983)Northrop et al. (1996)[Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ...Entwistle (1944)NMGS 21st Field ConferenceRocks & Min.: 7:124.- (2005)Griswold (1961)+1 other referenceGriswold (1961)Griswold (1961)Henry L. Jicha (1954)+1 other referenceUSGS Bull 945C+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)+1 other referenceRocks & Min.: 23:938.Patrick Haynes collectionNorthrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)- (2005)Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997)Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (1943)- (1943)- (1943)- (1943)- (1943)- (1943)Miller (1971)Michael W. Kieron collectionRoberts et al. (1965)Roberts et al. (1965)Roberts et al. (1965)Roberts et al. (1965)Roberts et al. (1965)Roberts et al. (1965)Smith et al. (2000)Smith et al. (2000)Roberts et al. (1965)Roberts et al. (1965)Roberts et al. (1965)Stose et al. (1923)Stose et al. (1923)Paris (2011)Stose et al. (1923)Stose et al. (1923)Stose et al. (1923)Stose et al. 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