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Kyanite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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Andalusite,Sillimanite
Common metamorphic silicate mineral.
The generally bluish colour is caused by Fe(II)-Fe(III) charge transfer (Faye and Nickel, 1969).

Visit gemdat.org forgemological information about Kyanite.



Unique Identifiers
IMA Formula:
Al2OSiO4

Classification of Kyanite

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
Dana 8th ed.:
52.2.2c.1

52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:
15.2

15 : Silicates of Aluminum

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Somewhat pearly on {100} || to the perfect cleavage
Colour:
Blue, white, light gray, green, rarely yellow, orange, pink
Comment:
The chroma C* ofblue kyanite is predominantly influenced by variations in the color coordinate b*. Based on the analysis of ED-XRF and UV–Vis results, Fe3+, Fe2+, and Ti4+ are confirmed as the primary factors influencing the color of kyanite, with Fe playing a dominant role in determining the color. The hue angle h° and chroma C* of kyanite were found to be strongly positively correlated with the Fe content, whereas the color coordinate b* exhibited a strong negative correlation with the Fe content. An increase in the Fe content led to a rise in the hue angle, which subsequently caused a shift towards a more pronounced blue hue. Additionally, the lightness L* exhibited a negative correlation with Ti content; as the Ti content increased, the lightness decreased, resulting in a darker appearance. Moreover, the influence of Cr on the body color of kyanite cannot be ignored. The UV–Vis spectra of the kyanite samples reveal a prominent absorption band at approximately 600 nm, attributed to Fe3+ and Ti4+. The wavelength corresponding to the first peak significantly correlates with the lightness L* of natural samples; as the wavelength increases, so does the lightness, resulting in a brighter body color. Additionally, an increase in the Fe content leads to a more pronounced absorption peak at 600 nm and is significantly positively correlated with an increase in the hue angle.[[1]]Orangecolour is caused by Mn3+ ions (Gaft et al., 2011).
Streak:
Colorless
Hardness:
5½ - 7 onMohs scale
Comment:
5.5 parallel to [001], 7 parallel to [100]
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on (100), good on (010)
Parting:
On (001)
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
3.53 - 3.67 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.67 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Kyanite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Optical Extinction:
Inclined. Z>Y>X; X perpendicular to {100}, Z' ∧ c = 30° on {100}, Z' ∧ c = 7° on {010}.
Pleochroism:
Not Visible
Comments:
Pleochroism is not usually observed in kyanite of standard thickness. However, in thick sections, the pleochroism scheme may be:
X= colorless
Y= violet-blue
Z= cobalt blue

Chemistry of Kyanite

Crystallography of Kyanite
Click on an icon to view
Kyanite no.6 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

Toggle
Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

View
Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal StructureRutherford County, North Carolina, USA 327
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
6.7 Å(3)
5.89 Å(3)
4.42 Å(5)
4.30 Å(25)
3.77 Å(20)
3.44 Å(5)
3.35 Å(65)
3.18 Å(100)
3.02 Å(15)
2.947 Å(20)
2.782 Å(1)
2.727 Å(9)
2.699 Å(25)
2.694 Å(25)
2.612 Å(7)
2.602 Å(3)
2.520 Å(30)
2.509 Å(20)
2.460 Å(5)
2.366 Å(1)
2.361 Å(1)
2.355 Å(30)
2.350 Å(30)
2.31 Å(20)
2.272 Å(11)
2.233 Å(9)
2.214 Å(15)
2.181 Å(7)
2.168 Å(5)
2.163 Å(20)
2.151 Å(3)
2.006 Å(7)
1.973 Å(3)
1.962 Å(55)
1.935 Å(50)
1.930 Å(50)
1.883 Å(5)
1.865 Å(3)
1.846 Å(3)
1.820 Å(1)
1.791 Å(1)
1.764 Å(11)
1.754 Å(1)
1.747 Å(3)
1.676 Å(9)
1.650 Å(3)
1.621 Å(7)
1.606 Å(3)
1.593 Å(20)
1.573 Å(3)
Comments:
ICDD 11-46, See also ICDD 11-46a major lines at 1.475 (15), 1.392 (25), and 1.377 (75).

Geological Environment

Other Language Names for Kyanite

Varieties of Kyanite

Common AssociatesOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.Jingwenite-(Y)YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2Mon. 2/m9.AF.BarwooditeMn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3Trig. 3 :P39.AF.05SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)OOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.05XenoliteAl10Si8O319.AF.10KanonaiteMn3+Al(SiO4)OOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm9.AF.10AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)OOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnnm9.AF.20KrieseliteAl2(GeO4)F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma9.AF.20MulliteAl4+2xSi2-2xO10-xOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbam9.AF.23BoromulliteAl9BSi2O19Orth.mm2 :Cmc219.AF.25YoderiteMg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH)Mon. 2/m :P21/m9.AF.30ZincostauroliteZn2Al9Si4O23(OH)Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.AF.30StauroliteFe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.AF.30MagnesiostauroliteMg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.AF.35TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.40NorbergiteMg3(SiO4)F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.45ChondroditeMg5(SiO4)2F2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.45KumtyubeiteCa5(SiO4)2F2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.45ReinhardbraunsiteCa5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.45HydroxylchondroditeMg5(SiO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.45AlleghanyiteMn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.50Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite)Ca7(SiO4)4F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.50HumiteMg7(SiO4)3F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma9.AF.50Manganhumite(Mn2+,Mg)7(SiO4)3(OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.50Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite)Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2Orth.9.AF.50FluorchegemiteCa7(SiO4)3F2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.55HydroxylclinohumiteMg9(SiO4)4(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.55ClinohumiteMg9(SiO4)4F2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.55SonoliteMn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.60LeucophoeniciteMn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AF.65RibbeiteMn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AF.70JerrygibbsiteMn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbcn9.AF.75FranciscaniteMn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6Trig. 3 :P39.AF.75ScorticoiteMn6(Sb,◻)Σ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3Trig. 3 :P39.AF.75WeliniteMn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6Trig. 3 :P39.AF.75ÖrebroiteMn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3Trig. 3 :P39.AF.80EllenbergeriteMg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10Hex. 6 :P639.AF.85MagnesiochloritoidMgAl2O(SiO4)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.AF.85OttréliteMn2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2Mon.9.AF.85ChloritoidFe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.AF.90OlmiiteCaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbca9.AF.90PoldervaartiteCaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbca9.AF.95Pilawite-(Y)Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b

Fluorescence of Kyanite

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    • References for KyaniteⓘBadakhshanJose Zendrera Photo & specimenKulke et al. (1973)+1 other reference- (n.d.)
    Antarctica
     
    Grew (2000)Grew (1981)+1 other referenceGrew et al. (2000)Grew (1981)+1 other referenceBaba et al. (2000)+1 other referenceGhiribelli et al. (2002)Sun et al. (2011)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Schlüter et al. (2011)Grew
    Argentina
     
    Eduardo O. Zappettini and Marcelo Dalponte (2009)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526Galliski et al. (2012)
    Australia
     
    Lishmund (1982)+1 other referenceBottrill (unpub.)Pearson et al. (1991)Personal collectingNT mines Dept + personal collectingSharrad (2012)Thompson (ed.)Barfuss Corporation Pty. Ltd. (1994)Thompson (ed)Thompson (ed)Warne (1995)Rubenach et al. (2002)SutherlandDallow (1983)CrooksBarossa SI5409 6628I Record of mines - ...P.A. Wulser - in the South Australian ...Graham (1978)Ben GrguricSA Geodata Database (2016)Record of Mines-Summary Card No:22+1 other referenceUwe Kolitsch collectionNickel et al. (1987)Crooks et al. (2004)Noble R.J et al. (1983)Olliver et al. (1986)R Bottrill collectionOlliver et al. (1986)Olliver et al. (1986)Olliver et al. (1986)Olliver et al. (1986)The mines & minerals of the Olary ...Olliver et al. (1986)Råheim et al. (3)R Bottrill+1 other referenceSteve Sorrell Collection+1 other referenceSimpson (1948)Jacobson et al. (2007)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526- (Perth 2007)+2 other referencesMINEDEX Database 2006.Marston (1984)Barley (1998)Hassan (2017)Geological Survey of Western Australia (1917)Cavosie et al. (2004)Kubel
    Austria
     
    J. Taucher: Carinthia II 187./107.:173 (1997)H. Meixner: Die Natur Kärntens - Minerale in Kärnten (Klagenfurt)Mottana et al. (1968)+1 other referenceNiedermayr et al. (1995)Meixner (1967)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)+1 other referenceNiedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Walter et al. (2001)+1 other referenceExel (1993)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Krenn et al. (2025)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)H. Meixner: Carinthia II 148./68.:9-15 (1958)H. Meixner: Die Natur Kärntens - Minerale in Kärnten (Klagenfurt)Niedermayr et al. (1995)F.Walter (1984)Niedermayr et al. (1992)+1 other referenceNiedermayr et al. (1995)Leitner (1970)Meixner (1949)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Weißensteiner (1979)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Leitner (1970)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Meixner (1950)Walter (1992)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Huber et al. (1977)+2 other referencesAlbert Prayer and Peter Lamatsch ...+1 other referenceHarald Schillhammer collectionHuber et al. (1977)Himmelbauer (1926)+3 other referencesNeschen (n.d.)Asenbaum et al. (2025)Knobloch (2004)www.landesmuseum.at (n.d.)Riedel (2008)Exel (1993)KIESEWETTER (1993d)Erwin Löffler and Martin Slama ...+1 other referenceErwin Löffler collection (visual ID)+1 other referenceCarswell (1991)Collection of Melk Abbey ('Stift Melk')Huber et al. (1977)Huber et al. (1977)- (n.d.)+1 other referenceKolitsch et al. (2016)Sammelwerk der Zeitschrift "Deutsches ...+1 other referenceCarswell et al. (1989)+2 other referencesFrasl et al. (1965)Stockinger et al. (2021)Löffler et al. (2011)Harald Schillhammer collectionSammelwerk der Zeitschrift "Deutsches ...+1 other referenceStrasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Horner et al. (1997)Strasser (1989)+2 other referencesStrasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Gröbner et al. (2008)Meixner (1968)Strasser (1989)M. Orschulock (1)+1 other referenceStrasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)www.franzbernhard.x10hosting.com (2016)Bernhard (1998)Taucher (1997)www.franzbernhard.x10hosting.com (2016)Miller et al. (2005)Exel (1993)Husar et al. (2022)C.AuerDörler (1899)Husar et al. (2022)A.Alker (1958)Miller et al. (2005)Franz BernhardRaith et al. (2000)+2 other referencesKittl (1914)+1 other referenceGrachev (Ed)+1 other referencePostl et al. (1988)Postl et al. (2002)Postl (2007)Alker (1960)C.Auer (2025)Exel (1993)Pohl et al. (1999)Walter Prochaska (1985)Miller (1970)Exel (1993)Bergmann (2011)www.franzbernhard.x10hosting.com (2016)Hoschek (2001)+1 other referenceHoschek (2004)Exel (1993)Reiter et al. (2016)Mäser et al. (2019)Kolitsch (2017)Niedermayr (1996)Niedermayr et al. (2004)+2 other references
    Bangladesh
     
    Hasan et al. (2022)Hasan et al. (2022)Hasan et al. (2022)Hasan et al. (2022)Hasan et al. (2022)Hasan et al. (2022)UGSG MRDS ISM0710Uddin et al. (2022)Rahman et al. (2021)
    Belgium
     
    Chen et al. (1988)Van Ranst (1977)
    Bolivia
     
    Rivas et al. (1998)
    Botswana
     
    Cairncross (2004)Wendorff et al. (2005)
    Brazil
     
    Richard Dale CollectionOverstreetFranz et al. (2014)Sauer (1982)- (2002)Pires et al. (2014)Cassedanne et al. (1980)Anthony (1997)Cassedanne (1985)Orris et al. (2002)Sauer (1982)Martins da Pedra collectionEcon Geol (1986)+1 other referencePalermo et al. (2008)KUYUMJIAN (2000)Palermo et al. (2008)Petersen Jr et al. (2008)Bulanova et al. (2010)Thomson et al. (2014)Sauer (1982)Mason (1976)Chris D. Parkinson et al.Lavinsky (n.d.)Sauer (1982)Chen et al. (2025)Cassedanne et al. (2015)Sauer (1982)Diamond News+1 other referenceJordt-Evangelista et al. (2016)Da Silva Lopes et al. (2008)Cassedanne et al. (1993)- (n.d.)Luis Menezes informationCassedanne (1989)Palache et al. (1951)Chaves et al. (Mesoproterozóico)D. Slade collectionChris D. Parkinson et al.Chris D. Parkinson et al.Araújo (2018)Leão-Santos et al. (2022)Revista Brasileira de GeociênciasJ. Karfunkel and others (2014)MARTINS et al. (1981)
    Bulgaria
     
    JANÁK et al. (2011)I. Kostov et al. (1964)Marcus Voigt CollectionI. Kostov et al. (1964)+1 other referencePetrík et al. (2016)Marcus Vau CollectionMarcus Voigt Collection
    Burkina Faso
     
    Fontaine et al. (2017)
    Canada
     
    Personally found and identifiedPersonal correspondance with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description)Caudle (2016)Manor et al. (2014)Scott (2012)- (n.d.)personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see notes in description)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526+2 other referencesSabina (1972)Gagné et al. (NTS 63K16 and 63N2)+1 other referenceDuff (2016)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526Klein (1966)www.geosurv.gov.nf.ca/gacmap/LAB2.html.Lemanski (n.d.)Klein (1966)Owen et al. (1988)Chatterjee (1977)www.venuewest.com/8IKC/s2post.htm.162-165.+1 other referenceSabina (1987)Ottawa-Peterborough+1 other referenceJeremie Pfister CollectionSabinaR.J. Traill (1980)Econ Geol (1989)Sabina (1971)John Montgomery specimenSabina (1991)Easton R.M. et al. (2002)Fleet et al. (1997)+1 other referenceEcon Geol (1994)Franklin et al. (1991)+1 other referenceFranklin et al. (1991)+1 other referenceSabina (2003)+1 other referenceSabina (2003)+1 other referenceSillitoe+6 other referencesOlivier Langelier CollectionTaner et al. (1993)Currie et al. (1996)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526Spray et al. (2023)Economic Geology December 1Hull-Maniwaki+1 other referenceEur. J. Mineral.Gleeson ( 1970)
    China
     
    Eur. J. Mineral.Castelli et al. (1998)+1 other referenceLi Yiliang et al. (2000)Yilin Xiao et al. (2000)A.I. Okay et al.A.I. Okay et al.Zhangru Zhu (1993)Sang Lonkang (1991)Xiaoming Sun et al. (1993)Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2002)Lin Niu (1994)Fengyue Li (1985)Cao et al. (2024)Keqin Wang et al. (1994)Liangming Fan and Wenhua Yin (1991)+1 other referenceZhang et al. (1994)Yuanbao Wu et al. (2008)Jingqu Yao (2000)Liang Yang (2003)Oberti et al. (2003)Yilin Xiao et al. (2006)+1 other referenceJinjie Yu et al. (2006)Zhang et al. (2002)+3 other referencesZhang et al. (2002)Keqin Wang et al. (1994)+2 other referencesJinjie Yu et al. (2006)Jinjie Yu et al. (2006)wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004)Chaowen Luo and Juchu Li (1988)Zhang et al. (2006)Jingsui Yang et al. (2001)Hu Shouxi et al. (2001)dunite.mr.nsysu.edu.tw (n.d.)Jinhai Yu et al. (2001)+1 other referenceYuan et al. (2022)Xufen Li et al. (2010)Junbo Lu et al. (2012)Songnian Lu et al. (2003)Iwao (1969)Jiankang Li et al. (2006)Jianzhong Li et al. (2010)Tongzhu Li et al. (2010)Dai et al. (2025)Shaoli Sha et al. (2009)Fu et al. (2023)He et al. (2022)Robinson et al. (2006)Xiangzhen Xu et al. (2013)Dobrzhinetskaya et al. (2014)+1 other referenceFu et al. (2025)Zhang Anda et al. (2004)Yanling Tang (2005)Denghong Wang et al. (2001)Yanling Tang (2005)
    Colombia
     
    Overstreet
    Croatia
     
    Perković et al. (2024)
    Cuba
     
    Stanek et al. (2006)
    Czech Republic
     
    HorákováLosertPerraki M (2014)Cempírek et al. (2006)Moravec+3 other referencesVrtiška L. (2016)Scharm+7 other referencesKruťa T. et al. (1967)Kruťa et al. (Sborník Přírodovědecké společnosti v Ostravě)Sejkora (1994)KruťaKruťaKruťa T. et al. (1967)Nepejchal M. (2004)ZimákP. Pauliš - Nejzajímavější mineralogická naleziště Moravy a Slezska II. (2005)Klomínský J. et al.: Fosilní zlatonosné rozsypy v karbonu u Křivců (západní Čechy)ŽáčekŽáčekŽáčekŽáčekWelserWelserWelserFraněk et al. (2006)ŠreinováWelserBěluša (2000)Běluša (2000)Kotková et al. (2011)Gramblička (n.d.)Locality descriptionPauliš PPauliš P. Nejzajímavější ...Burkart (1953)+2 other referencesBurkart (1953)
    DR Congo
     
    Lhoest (1992)+1 other referencePivin et al. (2009)+1 other referenceEdwards (1917)Milesi et al. (2006)doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362 (89)+14 other referencesVilleneuve et al. (2022)
    Ecuador
     
    Eur. Journ. Mineral.Aspden et al. (1995)
    Egypt
     
    M. Hassaan et al. (2009)Abd El Rahman et al. (2022)Tarek et al. (2009)
    Ethiopia
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Tadesse et al. (2003)Jelenc (1966)Billay et al. (1997)
    Finland
     
    SipiläGeological Survey of Finland 2008. ...Vymazalová et al. (2019)AurolaHietanen (1938)Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ...
    France
     
    François PérinetPérinet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)François Périnet collectionGrüner (1857)Personnaly collected by Matthias DiotGonnard F. (1905)Personnaly collected by M. DiotPersonnaly collected by Matthias DiotPérinet (n.d.)De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris (2014)Chauris (2014)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Lukas (1978)+1 other referencePérinet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1988)Belot (1978)perso.wanadoo.fr (2000)Chauris (2014)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1982)collected by Jean GuennéguèsChauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Pierrot et al. (1980)p.30+1 other referenceBRGM 1980Lukas (1978)De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001)R. PierrotChauris L. (1982)R. PierrotCHAURIS L. (1982)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)R. PierrotFrançois Périnet collectionPérinet (n.d.)Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...Périnet (n.d.)Belot (1978)Périnet (n.d.)Michel Treillard (visual identification)Heavy sands collected by Charles NicolasJ.P. FLOCH : le socle métamorphique du ...Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Heavy sands collected by Charles NicolasInfoterre Fiche Données - Dossier du sous-sol - BSS001UFBQ (brgm.fr)D. CoffrantBull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...D. Poulain and J. KornprobstBRGM (2000)Bariand et al. (n.d.)Baissieres (2010)Dubost et al. (2013)Alain Tuel collectionLACROIX A: Mineralogie de la France et ...Mposkos et al. (2012)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (2001)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Goujou (2004)G.Godard 2001 The Les Essarts eclogite-bearing metamorphic Complex (Vendée, southern Armorican Massif, France)Périnet (n.d.)Gonzales Mikael+1 other referenceR. PierrotPérinet F. (2018)Ducluzaux (2022)Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ...+1 other referenceLougnon (continent et Iles du Levant)+1 other referenceGaléa-Clolus et al. (2023)Mari et al. (1979)Stephane Maury CollectionLougnon (continent et Iles du Levant)Mari et al. (1979)Lougnon (continent et Iles du Levant)+1 other reference
    Germany
     
    Walenta (1992)Weiß (1990)Walenta (1992)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)www.haldengraeber.de (n.d.)Pohlner et al. (2021)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)Klemd (1989)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof)Dill (2008)KONTNY et al. (1994)Weiß (1990)Brauns (1922)Frechen (1976)Brauns (1922)Brauns (1922)HopmannKoch (1886)Wittern (2001)Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in ...Thomas et al. (2022)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)
    Greece
     
    Christos Spiromitros collected ...Wang et al. (2017)+2 other referencesMposkos et al. (2011)Tarantola+12 other referencesLiati et al. (1994)+1 other reference33-35+3 other references
    Greenland
     
    Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526Cao (2016)Torben Kjeldgård collection & PhotoFrey (1982)Petersen et al. (1993)
    Hungary
     
    HOM CollectionEur. J. Mineral.Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of HungarySándor et al. (2005)Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of HungarySándor et al. (2005)Sándor et al. (2005)
    India
     
    Ashchepkov et al. (2022)Sahu (1976)Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India"+1 other referenceRichard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India"Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India"Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India"Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India"Mining Annual Review (1985)T. C. Devaraju and K. S. Anantha Murthy (1978)Ramakrishnan et al. (1975)Ramakrishnan et al. (1975)Raith et al. (2014)+1 other referenceSrikantappa et al. (1994)www.conventus.de (n.d.)Shukla et al. (2021)Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India"Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India"Mitra (1972)Khan et al. (2021)Ozha et al. (2017)Sarkar et al. (1980)Wauschkuhn et al. (Eds.)Mukherjee et al. (1998)Tilak et al. (1963, January)
    Indonesia
     
    Hsia et al. (2023)Samalehu et al. (2021)
    Ireland
     
    Rutley (1902)Rutley (1902)
    Israel
     
    Howard Coopersmith
    Italy
     
    Chopin et al. (1992)al Piaz et al. (2015)Dal Piaz et al. (2008)Bonardi et al. (1984)Bonardi et al. (1984)Bonardi et al. (1984)Bonardi et al. (1984)Antofilli et al. (1983)Del Moro et al. (1981)Taravella (1994)Tumiati et al. (2018)Repossi (1910)+3 other referencesLuigi Chiappino data+1 other referenceDel Caldo et al. (1973)Garzanti et al. (1998)Bedognè et al. (1995)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedognè et al. (2006)Brugger J. (1996)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedognè et al. (2006)Bedogné et al. (1995)Piccoli (2002)+1 other referenceSimon et al. (2001)+1 other referencePiccoli (2002)Mandarino (1996)Piccoli et al. (2007)Biino G et al. (1988)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli (2002)+1 other referencePaolo Bozio dataPiccoli et al. (2007)Zuccali et al. (2010)+1 other referencePiccoli et al. (2007)Eur. J. Mineral.Eur. J. Mineral (1989)Eur. J. Mineral (1989)Piccoli et al. (2007)Desbuissons (1909)+3 other referencesVittorio Soldani find & collectionSpezia (1881-1882)+1 other referenceBoriani (1968)Preite et al. (1995)Mattioli (1979)Scaini G. (1960)+3 other referencesScaini G. (1960)+2 other referencesPiccoli et al. (2007)Mattioli V. (1976)Boriani (1968)Boriani (1968)Mascia et al. (2017)+1 other referenceDal Piaz (1971)Capponi Fulvio collectionBoscardin M. et al. (2013)Boscardin M. et al. (2013)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Gamboni et al. (2006)Franceschelli M. et al. (2005)+11 other referencesExel (1987)Exel (1987)Exel (1987)Exel (1987)Exel (1987)Exel (1987)Exel (1987)Exel (1987)Folie et al. (2010)Dini A. et al. (1997)Di Giovanni (1981)
    Japan
     
    Katou (2007)- (n.d.)Kato (2009)Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970)- (n.d.)Akira Kato (2011)Takahata+1 other referenceKotora Jimboh (1899)Kitamura et al. (1982)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Hwang et al. (2006)Mikhno A (2014)+1 other referenceKorsakov et al. (2020)+1 other referenceDubinchuk et al. (2010)Dobrzhinetskaya et al. (2003)+1 other referencePilitsyna et al. (2018)Erlich et al. (2002)+1 other referenceTogizov et al. (2023)Akhmetova et al. (2025)
    Kenya
     
    Lavinsky (n.d.)Betts (n.d.)+1 other referenceWang et al. (2025)Pohl et al. (1979)- (n.d.)Christoph Hauzenberger
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    OROZBAEV et al. (2007)
    Liberia
     
    Force (1983)
    Lithuania
     
    Miyahara et al. (2021)
    Madagascar
     
    Behier (1963)Michel Arliguie collection & photo (Photo ID: 889667)Ackermand et al. (2006)Behier (1963)Behier (1960)Michel Arliguie collection & photo (Photo ID: 954030, old sample)Behier (1963)Lacroix (1922)Behier (1963)Behier (1963)Voarintsoa (2011)Royal Museum for Central AfricaRoyal Museum for Central AfricaKnut Edvard Larsen collection nr M-523Behier (1963)Michel Arligue photo and specimenwww.minsocam.org (2004)Morteani et al. (2006)Behier (1960)Behier (1963)
    Malaysia
     
    Ref Tang Thim Wan collection
    Mauritania
     
    Marsh et al. (2015)
    Mongolia
     
    Pauliš (1995)
    Morocco
     
    Pang et al. (2019)Afiri et al. (2023)
    Mozambique
     
    Neiva (1984)
    Myanmar
     
    Harald Schillhammer collectionMaung Thein & Soe Win (1970)
    Namibia
     
    von Bezing (2007)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526+2 other referencesvon Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing et al. (2016)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)Cairncross (1997)Bühn et al. (2002)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)
    Nepal
     
    - (n.d.)- (n.d.)M. P. Searle et al. (2003)Krishna P. Kaphle- (n.d.)Eric Manandhar personal communicationAaron J. Martin et al. (2009)Shashi Tamang et al. (2019)www.pegmatite.ruMr. Akrur Dhoj ShahKrishna P. KaphleKrishna P. Kaphle (2011)Niedermayr et al. (2012)
    Netherlands
     
    Faber F.J.
    New Zealand
     
    Stallard & Shelley in Journal of Metamorphic Geology 23:425 (2005)C. M. Ward (1984)Challis et al. (1995)+1 other referenceMcClintock et al. (2010)Grapes (2022)
    North Korea
     
    Hideo Tsuda: "Supplement to "Minerals of Korea"" (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)Miscellaneous Reports et al. (1942)
    North Macedonia
     
    Jovanovski
    Norway
     
    Visser (1993)Oftedahl (1963)Jan Kihle specimenKihle (2013)Nordrum (2003)Reykdal (2022)Grew et al. (1998)Ljøstad et al. (2023)Ljøstad et al. (2023)Dalen (2003)+1 other referenceBryn (1962)Garmo (2006)Garmo (2007)Carswell et al. (2003)Terry et al. (2000)+1 other referenceTerry et al. (2004)August RøvAugust Røv collectionAtle Michalsen photo and specimen- (n.d.)Schönig et al. (2018)Root et al. (2005)Mysen et al. (1971)Straume et al. (1999)Mysen et al. (1972)+1 other referenceRaade (1971)+1 other referenceLappin (1960)Lappin (1960)Lappin (1960)Garmo (2013)- (1997)Nordrum (2005)Dan Olsen collectionNordrum (2004)Nordrum (2004)Nordrum (2004)Nordrum (2005)Kullerud et al. (1999)Rune S. Selbekk (2010)Kolitsch et al. (2013)Cook (1993)Stuart Mills nov 2002 entryLindahl (1973)Holstad (2006)Østergaard (1969)Østergaard (1969)Larsen (2024)Larsen (2017)- (n.d.)Jenssen et al. (1986)Jorge M. Alves photo and specimen+1 other referenceJorge M. Alves photo and specimensGeological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Brastad (1982)Neumann (1985)Müller et al. (2012, January)Geological Survey of Norway. The ...Neumann (1985)Stuart Mills 17.11.2002Larsen (2024)- (2016)Nordrum et al. (2006)Jim EnganKnut Edvard Larsen collection # 359 (Ex. Thor Sørlie collection)Sørlie (1988)Roald Ellingsen collection+1 other referenceKośmińska et al. (2015)Visser et al. (1991)Weibye (1848)Ramsay et al. (1971)Weibye (1848)Jan Kihle photos & identification.Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM- 5313 (Ex- Harry Andersen collection)Weibye (1848)Anonymous (1989)Michalsen (2010)Michalsen (2000)- (2004)Øivind Thoresen photo and collectionMichalsen (2010)Michalsen (2000)Atle Michaelsen photo & collection- (2008)Bøe (1976)Larsen (2016)Janák et al. (2015)Bøe (1997)Ramber (1944)Nilsen (1971)Bøe (1974)Bøe (1974)Witsø (1994)Witsø (1995)Nordrum (2007)Ulf Nyberg photo & specimenNielsen (2016)Müller et al. (2011)Grav (2014)Bryhni (1964)Putnis et al. (2017)Cempírek J. et al. (2010)Engvik et al. (2000)Garmo (2013)Lappin (1960)Smith et al. (1989)BRYHNI+2 other referencesBen Grguric Photo & specimenLappin (1960)Lappin (1960)Smith et al. (1986)Cotkin (1997)Carswell et al. (2003)Lappin (1960)Garmo (2013)
    Pakistan
     
    Blauwet et al. (2004)Roccati (1909)Rolfo et al. (1997)M. P. Searle et al. (1986)imported from Rondu District+1 other referenceimported from old Swat page
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Baldwin et al. (2021)
    Poland
     
    Błocisz et al. (2015)Łodziński M. & Pieczka A. (2008)Pieczka A. et al. (2004)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Majka et al. (2015)Lis et al. (1986)Ferrero et al. (2016)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Madziarz (2006)Muszer et al. (2006)+1 other referenceGrzegorz BijakGrzegorz BijakLis et al. (1986)Dera et al. (2023)Lis et al. (1986)Ilnicki et al. (2019)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Wierchowiec 2011+2 other referencesLis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Szopa+4 other referencesSzopa+4 other references
    Portugal
     
    Museu Geológico e Mineiro of Lisbon ...Martins da Pedra.
    Romania
     
    Udubaşa G. et al. (2004)Szakáll (2002)HÎRTOPANU et al. (2025)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526Negulescu et al. (2012)Szakáll (2004)al României (2003)+2 other references
    Russia
     
    Sorokin et al. (2019)+1 other referenceIzbrodin et al. (2011)E.V. et al. (2025)Korinevsky et al. (2021)Igumnov et al. (1935)+2 other referencesPavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)S.Kolesnichenkowebmineral.ru (2016)Chugaev et al. (2022)Koneva AA (1997)Rundqvist (1997)Sokol et al. (2023)Sokol et al. (2023)Sergeevna (2020)Volkov et al. (2016)Pekin et al. (2010)+1 other referencePekin et al. (2010)+1 other referencePekin et al. (2010)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Vladimir Sergienko CollectionVladimir Sergienko CollectionBalagansky et al. (2015)Balagansky et al. (2015) ... ...Voytekhovskiy et al. (2008)Cristofono (n.d.)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Neradovskiy et al. (2011)information from peopleYu.A.Kozhevnikov (2010)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Rob RosenblatBukanov (2006)Nikiforov (2019)Никифоров (2018)Никифоров (2018)Никифоров (2018)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Singh et al. (2009)Kailachakov et al. (2020)[World of Stones 12:49]Loz'ko (1983)+1 other referencewww.geology.utoronto.ca (2000)+1 other referenceJournal of Petrology: 9: 253-280.Argunov (1990)USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p11Trunilina et al. (2024)Patyk-Kara et al. (2008)Hyršl (1992)6th orogenic lherzolite conference 2014 ...+2 other references
    Sierra Leone
     
    Hills et al. (1989)
    Slovakia
     
    Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra et al. (2025)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Kahan Š. (1968)Kahan Š. (1965)Pyka et al. (2013)Koděra (1986)
    Slovenia
     
    Personally collected by Aleš Šoster ...
    Somalia
     
    Artini (1915)
    South Africa
     
    Field et al. (2008)Cairncross et al. (1995)Gibson R (2008)Mathias et al. (1970)Dana 6:A2:34.Cairncross et al. (1995)Ware (2001)JAGUIN et al. (2012)Cairncross (2023)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Coetzee (1976)Westerlund et al. (2004)Cairncross et al. (1995)Fosso-Kankeu et al. (2015, November)Cairncross et al. (1995)Field et al. (2008)Field et al. (2008)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cole (2013)Macdonald et al. (1997)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)
    South Korea
     
    Miscellaneous Reports et al. (1942)Hideo Tsuda (1969)Hideo Tsuda (1969)Miscellaneous Reports et al. (1942)
    Spain
     
    Foro FMFGoffé+3 other referencesCalvo Rebollar (2018)JRG Lopez collectionCalvo (2018)Goffe et al. (1989)Azañón et al. (1997)Goffé+3 other referencesAzañón et al. (1997)Romero Silva (2003)Puga et al. (2025)Angel Ortiz Maellas Aom specimen & photoFMF ForumBareche (2005)& locality references+1 other referenceI.G.M.E. (1994)ANGEL ORTIZ MAELLAS AOMwww.foro-minerales.com (n.d.)Collection of Geominero Museum (Madrid)J.I. Gil IbarguchiATLANTI et al. (1983)Arias et al. (2021)Calvo Rebollar (2018)Fernandez et al. (1972)+2 other references
    Sri Lanka
     
    Sudan
     
    sites.google.com (n.d.)
    Suriname
     
    De Roever et al. (1976)
    Sweden
     
    Natural History MuseumKlonowska et al. (2017)Torben Kjeldgård photo & collection (ex Ingemar Johansson Collection)Blomstrand (1866)+2 other referencesSwedish Nat. MuseumSwedish Nat.Musuem ( O.Gabrielson)Jongejan et al. (1949)Grensman (1989)+3 other referencesGatedal (n.d.)Aleva+1 other referenceMulder+1 other referenceGöran Axelsson CollectionBukała+5 other referencesBergström (1960)Ek et al. (1990)+1 other reference
    Switzerland
     
    Bedognè F. et al. (1995)Stalder et al. (1998)Trommsdorff et al. (1969)Stalder (1991)+1 other referenceMeyre et al. (1999)Meyre et al. (1999)Meyre et al. (1999)Meyre et al. (1999)Stalder et al. (1998)Kündig (1926)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)Mason (1976)Stalder et al. (1998)Mittelholzer (1936)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)irocks.com specimenMason (1976)+2 other referencesStalder et al. (1998)Niggli et al. (1965)Niggli et al. (1965)Niggli et al. (1965)Niggli et al. (1965)Stalder et al. (1998)Casasopra (1939)+1 other referenceCasasopra (1939)+1 other referenceCasasopra (1939)+1 other referenceWeiß et al. (2018)Taddei (1937)Meier et al. (1982)collection Joachim EscheChristian Bracke CollectionRoth (2007)Liati A. et al. (2001)Zen et al. (1964)Stalder et al. (1998)Feenstra et al. (2003)
    Tajikistan
     
    Malsy et al. (2010)+1 other referenceGrew et al. (1998)Zatolokina et al. (2023)
    Tanzania
     
    Yang et al. (2025)Yang et al. (2025)Wildner et al. (2013)Werner Radl collection+2 other referencesAm Min 67: 76-84+3 other referenceswww.gemologyonline.com (n.d.)Tanz. J. Sci. Vol.29 (2)+1 other referenceKing (n.d.)Feneyrol et al. (2010)Feneyrol et al. (2012)Hintze (2010)Moore (2005)www.colored-stone.com (n.d.)www.colored-stone.com (n.d.)Mathias et al. (1970)Werner Radl collectionJun Liu and Guchang Zhu (2012)Zwaan (1974)
    Turkey
     
    Oberhänsli et al. (2013)Okay et al. (1985)Whitney (2002)Akiska et al. (2008)Akiska et al. (2008)Erik Vercammen collection
    Uganda
     
    Roccati (1907)
    UK
     
    Golley et al. (1995)Golley et al. (1995)Day (1999)Rutley (1902)Lewerentz (2014)Collected by Roy Starkey (and others)BMS CollectionRender (n.d.)+1 other referenceRender (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Paul Render.Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)National Museum of Scotland specimen ...AmMin 85: 1474-1484Day (1999)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Dr Stephen Moreton collection.Dr Stephen Moreton collection.Heddle (1879)
    Ukraine
     
    Rappenglück (2022)Gursky D (2001)O.K.Babynin et al. (2006)Liventseva (n.d.)Lyckberg et al. (2009)
    USA
     
    Cook et al. (1982)Heinrich et al. (1953)Dean (1995)Cook et al. (1982)Dean (1995)Gem Hunters guideCook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Dean (1995)Dean (1995)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Heinrich et al. (1953)Cook et al. (1982)- (2005)Am. Min. 50 (1965)+1 other referenceCook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)- (2005)Dean (1995)Heinrich et al. (1953)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Heinrich et al. (1953)Cook et al. (1982)Heinrich et al. (1953)Ransom (1974)- (2008)- (2008)- (2008)MRDS database Dep. ID file #10233632MRDS database Dep. ID #10136598Wilson (1929)+2 other referencesReynolds (1988)+1 other referenceArizona Bureau of Mines file data. MRDS ...Peirce (1990)Peirce (1990)Peirce (1990)Grant et al. (2005)MRDS database Dep. ID file #10062128Reynolds et al. (1988)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)MRDS database Dep. ID file #10060209Anthony et al. (1995)Bideaux et al. (1960)+2 other referencesWilson (1929)+4 other referencesWilson (1933)Bancroft et al. (1990)MRDS database Dep. ID file #10056453Wilson (1949)+1 other referenceMRDS file #10040383.Anthony et al. (1995)Theodore et al. (1987)Theodore et al. (1987)Theodore et al. (1987)Theodore et al. (1987)Olson (1960)+1 other referenceMRDS database Dep. ID #10060222+1 other referenceGalbraith (1959)Sampson (1942)+1 other referencewww.mineralsocal.org (1999)Tucker (1926)+5 other referencesSampson (1942)+1 other referenceMorton (1977)+2 other references- (2005)Luetcke (n.d.)Whitney et al. (1993)Bradley (1939)+1 other referenceBradley (1941)+2 other referencesDudley (1969)CDMG OFR 94-11 " Mineral Land ...Minobras- (2005)Bradley (1941)+3 other referencesMRDS - 10286426Sampson (1931)+3 other referencesU.S. Geological Survey Professional ...+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)- (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)Jim HallEckel et al. (1997)- (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Januzzi (1994)Cook (2008)Weber et al. (1995)Januzzi et al. (1976)John BurnhamJohn BurnhamJohn Burnham ...Collection of Mark A GottliebNotes by Ed ForceJohn BurnhamJohn BurnhamEmerson (1902)John BurnhamNotes from John Hiller+1 other referenceBrace (1819)+2 other referencesRobinson (1825)+1 other referenceAdam Berluti specimenCollected by Adam Berluti in 2010Moritz (n.d.)Hiller (1982)JanuzziStanley (1964)Force (1990s)Januzzi et al. (1976)+1 other referenceJanuzzi et al. (1976)Mike Polleta Collected and identified ...Yedlin (1964)Segeler et al. (1985)Collected by Mike Polletta.Merguerian (1985)Shepard (1837)Schairer (1931)+4 other referencesMoritz (n.d.)Robinson (1825)Yedlin (1964)Mike Polletta ObservationCollected by A. Berluti in 2007Taylor (1824)Schooner (1961)Davis (1901)Schooner (1958)Williams (circa 1945)Williams (circa 1945)Moritz (n.d.)Schooner (1958)Schooner (1958)Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop+3 other referencesSchooner (1955)Visually identifiedMike Polletta field observationMoritz (n.d.)Moritz (n.d.)Anthony Scalzi collectionJ. Zolan field observationMike Polletta specimenCollected/observed-David S. Bernstein ...Visually identified by Mike Polletta.Former Philadelphia Academy of Natural ...Mike Polletta specimenAgue (1995)+1 other referenceEric Quinter collection. Former Edward ...Weber et al. (1995)Dana 6:1070.Bernstein (1976)- (2005)Florida Geological Survey Spec. Pub. 35- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)+1 other referenceEcon Geol (1984)Marc V. Hurst (2012)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)- (2005)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Cook (1978)Econ Geol (1991)- (2005)Cook (1978)Econ Geol (1993)Cook (1978)Dana 6:1081.Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Rocks & Min.: 64:190.King (1894)+1 other referenceCook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)- (2005)- (2005)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Charles Creekmur collectionCook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Ransom (1974)Cook (1978)Rocks & Min.: 64:188Palache et al. (1951)Hurst+1 other referenceCook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Heinrich et al. (1953)Heinrich et al. (1953)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Heinrich et al. (1953)Rocks & Min.:64:202.Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Helms et al. (1987)Prindle et al. (1935)+1 other referencePrindle et al. (1935)+1 other referenceCook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Econ Geol (1993)Hurst et al. (1964)Hurst et al. (1966)+1 other referencePrindle et al. (1935)+1 other reference- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Hietanen- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Hwang et al. (2015)- (2005)Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Ream (1995)- (2005)- (2005)Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Ream (1995)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Ream (1995)- (2005)Ream (2004)Kolata et al. (1981)Andrew R. Thomas and Haydn H.Murray (1989)Byron F. King (1932)King (2000)Vandall KingThompsonKing (n.d.)Vandall KingJohn RaymomndBeard (2015)Jat Thompson CollectionRoswell Miller III (1945)USGS : Wissahickon Formationwww.benitoitemine.com (2002)Bernstein (1980)Emerson (1899)Berkshire MuseumSkehan (2001)Dana et al. (1868)Self collected by Paul Gilmore.Lincks (1978)Alan R. PlanteAlan R. PlanteBrownlow (MIT thesis)+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals (2008)Nash (1827)Shaub (1954)Dana 4:264 (1854)Emerson (1895)Robinson+1 other referenceGleba (2008)Cristofono (n.d.)P. Cristofono colelctionP. Cristofono collectionHeinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)- (2005)- (2005)MRDSHeinrichGobla (2012)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Tucker (n.d.)+1 other reference- (2005)- (2005)Gobla (2012)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)W Johanssen collectionMeyers et al. (1956)Schumacher and Robinson (6)MorrillMeyers et al. (1956)Meyers et al. (1956)Rocks & Minerals (2008)Rocks & Minerals (2008)Rocks & Minerals (2008)Rocks & Min. 80:256 (2005)Morrill (1960)Meyers et al. (1956)Orange (1985)OrangeNicolay & Stone (1967)Orange (1985)Smith (2005)Orange (1985)Rocks & Min.: 17:136-139.Rocks & Minerals (2008)April 1986+4 other referencesOrange (1985)Smith (2005)Robinson (1825)NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1886)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Bingler (1968)Northrop et al. (1996)Jahns (1946)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Schreyer et al. (1966)Bingler (1968)Bingler (1968)Jahns (1946)+3 other referencesNorthrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)+1 other referenceEcon Geol. (1995)Northrop et al. (1996)Montgomery et al. (1953)Schilling (1960)+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)Self-Collected In 20064th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium (1985)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Manchester (1931)American Museum of Natural History ...Levison (1901)Conklin (1997)Merguerian (2010)Manchester (1931)Manchester (1931)+1 other referenceManchester (1931)Mason (1976)Espenshade and Potter (1960)Genth et al. (1881)J.Robert ButlerWilson et al. (1978)metamorphism and observation in ...+2 other referencesJ.Robert ButlerLesure (1968)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526Mountain Mineral MonthlyWilson et al. (1978)Streeter (2003)Wilson et al. (1978)Rocks & Minerals (2008)Wood (1996)Everett HarringtonRocks & Minerals (2008)Rocks & Min.:60:86.- (2005)J.Robert Butler- (n.d.)Mineral Commodity FilesMineral Commodity FilesMineral Commodity FilesRansom (1974)J.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerGenth (1891)+1 other referenceDana 6:515- (2005)USGS Bull 315Sterrett et al. (1906)- (2005)Agortino et al. (1985)J.Robert ButlerCharles Creekmur collection in trade ...J.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerForsyth Gem and Mineral Club- (2005)Genth et al. (1881)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)J.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerStreeter (2003)Lesure (1968)Wilson et al. (1978)Lesure (1968)J.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerRansom (1974)Jacksonville Gem and Mineral ClubJ.Robert Butler- (2005)Genth (1891)+1 other referenceKing (n.d.)- (n.d.)+1 other referenceKing (n.d.)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)Griffitts et al. (1953)Wilson et al. (1978)USGS Bull 1042GSean Price CollectionAbsher and McSween H.Y Jr- (2005)Betts (n.d.)Heinrich (1950)Eckert- (2005)Dana 6: 1077.J.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerMineralienkabinet J. de FourestierJ.Robert ButlerStreeter (2003)Richard James JacquotDana 6:1078.- (2005)- (2005)J.Robert ButlerJ.Robert Butler- (2005)J.Robert Butler- (2005)J.Robert ButlerCollection of Alex EarlJ.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerEspenshade et al. (1960)J.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerMohr et al. (1983)J.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerJ.Robert ButlerMason (1976)Lesure (1968)Magma Field Trip ReportsC.W. Allen collection"Mineralogy of the Ray Mica Mine" by ...www.mcrocks.comRocks & Min.: 18:47.Lesure (1968)- (2005)Mark Harrison CollectionByron F. King (1932)Byron F. King (1932)Byron F. King (1932)Gordon (1922)Dana 6:1067.Samuel S. Gordon+1 other referenceDana 6: 1067.The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1922+1 other referenceRob Lavinsky (ex. Allen Heyl and Richard Kosnar specimen)Gordon (1922)John Snajkowski CollectionSecond Geological Survey of ...Gordon (1922)KingByron F. King (1932)Gordon (1922)Gordon (1922)Gordon (1922)AmMin 12:427-436 (1927)Michael W. Kieron.Grew et al. (1972)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Ransom (1974)- (2005)Griffitts et al. (1953)- (2005)- (2005)Dana 6:1080.- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Roberts et al. (1965)U.S. Geological Survey Professional ...+1 other referenceSmith et al. (2000)Smith et al. (2000)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Paris (2011)Paris (2011)- (2005)Paris (2011)www.gamineral.orgParis (2011)- (2005)- (2005)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Dana 4:264 (1854)Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996)Nicolay & Stone (1967)Rocks & Min 71:330Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996)Morrill & ChaffeeMacFall (1975)ChildRocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526Rocks & Min 71:333Amer. Mineral (1934)GrantMorrill & ChaffeeBen OrronDietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Luetcke (n.d.)John LichtenbergerRocks & Minerals: 60: 166.- (2005)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Rocks&Min. 47:587 (1972)Dietrich (1990)Rocks & Min.:60:167.Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)- (2005)Dietrich (1990)- (2005)- (2005)Dietrich (1990)- (2005)Robert C. Smith II Ph.D. P.G.Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Rocks & Min.:60:168.Virginia et al. (4)Virginia et al. (4)Rocks & Min.: 60:168.Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Rocks & Min.:60:168.Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Cannon (1975)Cannon (1975)Cannon (1975)Valentine et al. (1956)+1 other referenceCannon (1975)Byron F. King (1932)Mudrey et al. (1979)Cordua (1998)Cordua (1998)Kimball (1984,)+1 other referenceCordua (1998)Hausel et al. (2001)- (2005)Hausel et al. (2001)Hausel et al. (2001)Hausel et al. (2001)Hausel et al. (2001)Hausel et al. (2001)
    Vietnam
     
    Nguyôn et al. (2005)Malsy et al. (2010)
    Zambia
     
    Vrána et al. (1978)de Roever et al. (1985)Grew et al. (1998)Skerl et al. (1934)Stanislav Vrána photo & specimenCapistrant (2013)+1 other referenceBartlett et al. (2013)Meighan (2015)MacIntyre (2019)Kampunzu et al. (2009)Blanks et al. (2022)
    Zimbabwe
     
    Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526Johnson et al. (1998)+3 other referencesRocks & Minerals (1955)- (2011)
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