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Ilmenite

A valid IMA mineral species
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Fe2+TiO3
As a Commodity:
Colour:
Iron black or black
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
4.68 - 4.76
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Ilmenite Group
Name:
Named in 1827 by Adolph Theodor Kupffer after its type locality in the Ilmen Mountains, Russia.
Type Locality:
ⓘPit No. 3, Ilmen Mountains, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
Polymorph of:
Liuite,Wangdaodeite
Geikielite-Ilmenite Series,Ilmenite-Pyrophanite Series. The iron analogue ofGeikielite,Pyrophanite, andEcandrewsite.

May be confused with minerals of theCrichtonite Group and withHematite.

CompareUnnamed (Fe-Ti oxyhydroxide I) andUnnamed (Fe-Ti oxyhydroxide II).


Unique IdentifiersUllmanniteA valid IMA mineral speciesNiSbS

IMA Classification of Ilmenite
IMA Formula:
Fe2+Ti4+O3
First published:
1827
Type description reference:
Kupffer, A.T. (1827) Ilmenit, ein neues fossil (Sammt neuen spielarten des zirkon und gadolinit) aus Sibirien; beschrieben. Archiv für die Gesammte Naturlehre: 10: 1-13.

Classification of Ilmenite

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
Dana 8th ed.:
4.3.5.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
Hey's CIM Ref.:
7.9.15

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti

Mineral SymbolsJolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of Ilmenite
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Iron black or black
Streak:
Black to reddish brown
Hardness:
5 - 6 onMohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=566 - 698 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Parting:
On {0001}, {1011} due to twinning (?).
Fracture:
Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.68 - 4.76 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.789 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Ilmenite
Common Impurities:
Mn,Mg,V

Chemical Analysis
Click on an icon to view
Ilmenite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Ilmenite no.2 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Ilmenite no.29 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

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Crystal StructureFaraday Property, Bancroft District, Ontario, Canada 2285
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.754 Å(100)
2.544 Å(70)
1.7261 Å(55)
1.8683 Å(40)
1.4686 Å(35)
3.737 Å(30)
2.237 Å(30)
Comments:
Synthetic. Data from Morris et al. (1978).

Geological Environment
Reference:
Kupffer, A.T. (1827) Ilmenit, ein neues fossil (Sammt neuen spielarten des zirkon und gadolinit) aus Sibirien; beschrieben. Archiv für die Gesammte Naturlehre: 10: 1-13.

Synonyms of Ilmenite

Other Language Names for Ilmenite

Varieties of IlmeniteFerrian IlmeniteIlmenite containing up to 33% Fe2O3 in solid-solution in the rhombohedral series Fe2O3-FeTiO3.GuadarramiteA supposed radioactive variety of ilmeniteHystatiteA ferrian variety of ilmenite. On material from Arendal.Iron(III)-bearing IlmeniteA ferrian variety of Ilmenite. [Clark, 1993 - "Hey's Mineral Index"]
Originally reported from Tregonwell Mill, Manaccan, Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, England, UK.IserineA supposed cubic form of ilmenite.
Originally described from Jizerská meadow (Iser meadow), Jizerské Mts (Iser Mts), Liberec Region, Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen), Czech Republic.KibdelophaneA high Ti IlmeniteMagnesium and Chromium-bearing IlmeniteA Mg-Cr-bearing variety from DeBeers mine (kimberlites), associated, i.a., withhawthorneite.Magnesium and Iron(III)-bearing IlmeniteA ferrian magnesian variety of ilmenite.Magnesium-bearing IlmeniteA variety of ilmenite with some Mg replacingFe2+.MagnetoilmeniteAnFe3+-bearing (ferrian) variety of ilmenite.Manganese-bearing IlmeniteA manganese-bearing variety of ilmenite. The pure Mn end-member ispyrophanite.ManganilmeniteA Mn-bearing variety of ilmenite.PicrocrichtoniteA magnesian variety of ilmenite.PicroilmeniteA Mg-rich variety of ilmenite.PicrotitaniteA magnesian variety of ilmenite.REE-bearing IlmeniteSilico-ilmenitePossibly a solid solution of silica in ilmenite.WashingtoniteA ferrian variety of ilmenite.

Relationship of Ilmenite to other Species
Other Members of Ilmenite Group:
AkimotoiteMgSiO3Trig.3 :R3
EcandrewsiteZnTiO3Trig.3 :R3
GeikieliteMgTiO3Trig. 3 :R3
HemleyiteFe2+SiO3Trig.3 :R3
PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3Trig.3 :R3
Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)FeCrO3Trig.3 :R3
Forms a series with:
GeikieliteGeikielite-Ilmenite Series
PyrophaniteIlmenite-Pyrophanite Series

Common AssociatesTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m4.CB.KidoditeBaMg2Fe16O27Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) :P63/mmc4.CB.Ferrohögbomite-2N2S[(Fe2+,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.Zhenruite(MoO3)2 · H2OMon. 2/m :P21/m4.CB.FuyuaniteMg7Nb6O18(OH)8Trig.3 :P34.CB.VirgilluethiteMoO3 · H2OMon. 2/m :P21/b4.CB.Pengite(Pb8Sb3+3)Σ11Sb5+9O35Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m4.CB.05BrizziiteNaSb5+O3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05TistariteTi3+2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c4.CB.05HematiteFe2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c4.CB.05EcandrewsiteZnTiO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05MelanostibiteMn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6Trig. 3 :R34.CB.05UM1998-11-O-AuHSbAu+2Sb3+O2(OH)4.CB.05KarelianiteV3+2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c4.CB.05CorundumAl2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c4.CB.05EskolaiteCr2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c4.CB.05GeikieliteMgTiO3Trig. 3 :R34.CB.05AkimotoiteMgSiO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)FeCrO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05AuroantimonateAuSbO34.CB.05HemleyiteFe2+SiO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.10Bixbyite-(Fe)(Fe,Mn)2O3Iso.4.CB.10Bixbyite-(Mn)Mn3+2O3Iso.m3(2/m3) :Ia34.CB.10AvicenniteTl2O3Iso.m3(2/m3) :Ia34.CB.15Armalcolite(Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.CB.15FerropseudobrookiteFe2+Ti2O5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Cmcm4.CB.15GriffiniteAl2TiO5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Cmcm4.CB.15Pseudobrookite Group4.CB.15SassiteTi3+2Ti4+O5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Cmcm4.CB.15PseudobrookiteFe2TiO5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.CB.20Zincovelesite-6N6SZn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH)Trig.3m(32/m) :P3m14.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S(Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)Σ=10Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.20Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S(Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2Trig. 3m :P3m14.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N6S[(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S[(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S[(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2Trig.3m(32/m) :P31m4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S[(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.20Ferrohögbomite-6N12S[(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m4.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N2S[(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.25KleberiteFeTi6O11(OH)5Mon. 2/m :P21/b4.CB.25PseudorutileFe3+2Ti4+3O9Hex. 622 :P63224.CB.30OxyvaniteV3+2V4+O5Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.30BerdesinskiiteV3+2TiO5Mon.4.CB.30KaitianiteTi3+2Ti4+O5Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.35MachiiteAl2Ti3O9Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.35Vestaite(Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.35Olkhonskite(Cr,V)2Ti3O9Mon.4.CB.35SchreyeriteV3+2Ti4+3O9Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.40Zincorinmanite-(Zn)Zn2Sb2(Fe3+4Zn2)O14(OH)2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40MajindeiteMg2Mo3O8Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40AlmagreraiteCuZnMn4+3O8Orth.mm2 :Pmn214.CB.40KamiokiteFe2Mo3O8Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40NolaniteV3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40IseiteMn2Mo3O8Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40RinmaniteZn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2Hex. 6 :P634.CB.45StibioclaudetiteAsSbO3Mon. 2/m :P21/m4.CB.45ClaudetiteAs2O3Mon. 2/m4.CB.50SenarmontiteSb2O3Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.CB.50ArsenoliteAs2O3Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.CB.55ValentiniteSb2O3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pccn4.CB.60BismiteBi2O3Mon. 2/m :P21/b4.CB.65SphaerobismoiteBi2O3Tet.4.CB.70SilléniteBi12SiO20Iso. 23 :I234.CB.75KyzylkumiteV3+Ti2O5(OH)Mon. 2/m :P21/b4.CB.80TietaiyangiteFe3+4Fe2+TiO9Hex.4.CB.85LiuiteFeTiO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma4.CB.90LuogufengiteFe2O3Orth.mm2 :Pna214.CB.95WangdaodeiteFeTiO3Trig. 3m :R3c

Other InformationGranitoid
  • Syenitoid
  • Coarse-grained-ultramafic-rock
  • Fine-grained ("volcanic") normal crystalline igneous rock
  • Fine-grained ultramafic-rock
  • Exotic crystalline igneous rock
  • Metamorphic rock
  • Meteorite and other extra-terrestrial rock and sediment

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    • References for Ilmenitedoi:10.2113/gsecongeo.55.4.843
    Lynd, Langtry E. (1961) Conditions for ilmenite alteration.Economic Geology, 56 (5) 994-995doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.56.5.994
    BUDDINGTON, A. F., LINDSLEY, D. H. (1964) Iron-Titanium Oxide Minerals and Synthetic Equivalents.Journal of Petrology, 5 (2) 310-357doi:10.1093/petrology/5.2.310
    Snetsinger, Kenneth G., Keil, Klaus (1969) Ilmenite in ordinary Chondrites.American Mineralogist, 54 (5-6) 780-786
    Neumann, E.-R. (1974) The distribution of Mn2+ and Fe2+ between ilmenites and magnetites in igneous rocks.American Journal of Science, 274 (9). 1074-1088doi:10.2475/ajs.274.9.1074
    Ishihara, S. (1977) The magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitic rocks. Mining Geology: 27: 293-305.
    Morris, M.C., McMurdie, H.F., Evans, E.H., Paretzkin, B., de Groot, J.H., Weeks, B.S., Newberry, R.J., Hubbard, C.R., Carmel, S.J. (1978) Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25, Section 15, 204 pgs (34).
    GREW, E. S. (1980) Sillimanite and Ilmenite from High-grade Metamorphic Rocks of Antarctica and Other Areas.Journal of Petrology, 21 (1) 39-68doi:10.1093/petrology/21.1.39
    D’arco, P., Maury, R.C. (1981) Comparative geothermometry of some magnetite–ilmenite–orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene associations from volcanic rocks. The Canadian Mineralogist: 19: 461-467.
    Wechsler, Barry A., Prewitt, Charles T. (1984) Crystal structure of ilmenite (FeTiO3) at high temperature and at high pressure.American Mineralogist, 69 (1-2) 176-185
    Arculus, R. J., Dawson, J. B., Mitchell, R. H., Gust, D. A., Holmes, R. D. (1984) Oxidation states of the upper mantle recorded by megacryst ilmenite in kimberlite and type A and B spinel lherzolites.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 85 (1) 85-94doi:10.1007/bf00380225
    Cawthorn, R.G., Groves, D.I., Marchant, T. (1985) Magnesian ilmenite: clue to high-Mg parental magma of the Insizwa complex, Tranksei. The Canadian Mineralogist: 23: 609-618.
    Cassidy, K.F., Groves, D.I., Binns, R.A. (1988) Manganoan ilmenite formed during regional metamorphism of Archean mafic and ultramafic rocks from Western Australia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 26: 999-1012.
    Cawthorn, R.G., Maske, S., De Wet, M., Groves, D.I., Cassidy, K.F. (1988) Contrasting magma types in the Mount Ayliff intrusioin (Insizwa complex), Transkei: evidence from ilmenite compositions. The Canadian Mineralogist: 26: 145-160.
    Mineralogical Journal (Japan) (1989): 14: 179.
    Mücke, A.; Bhadra Chaudhuri, J.N. (1991) The continuous alteration of ilmenite through pseudorutile to leucoxene.Ore Geology Reviews, 6 (1). 25-44doi:10.1016/0169-1368(91)90030-b
    Whitney, D. L., Hirschmann, M., Miller, M. G. (1993) Zincian ilmenite-ecandrewsite from a pelitic schist, Death Valley, California, and the paragenesis of (Zn,Fe)TiO3 solid solution in metamorphic rocks.The Canadian Mineralogist, 31 (2). 425-436doi:10.3749/1499-1276-31.2.425
    Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (1995)Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 2 part 1 - Silica, Silicates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.p.264
    Jiang, S.Y., Palmer, M.R., Slack, J.F. (1996) Mn-rich ilmenite from the Sullivan Pb–Zn–Ag deposit, British Columbia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 29-36.
    Chakhmouradian, A.R., Mitchell, R.H. (1999) Niobian ilmenite, hydroxylapatite and sulfatian monazite: alternative hosts for incompatible elements in calcite kimberlite from Internatsional'naya, Yakutia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 37: 1177-1189.
    (2005) Ilmenite.Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America
    Nishio-Hamane, D., Zhang, M., Yagi, T., Ma, Y. (2012) High-pressure and high-temperature phase transitions in FeTiO3 and a new dense FeTi3O7 structure.American Mineralogist, 97 (4) 568-572doi:10.2138/am.2012.3973
    Liang, Weigang, Broquet, Adrien, Andrews-Hanna, Jeffrey C., Zhang, Nan, Ding, Min, Evans, Alexander J. (2024) Vestiges of a lunar ilmenite layer following mantle overturn revealed by gravity data.Nature Geoscience, 17 (4) 361-366doi:10.1038/s41561-024-01408-2
    Breitenfeld, Laura B., Dyar, M. Darby, Tokle, Leif, Robertson, Kevin (2024) Raman spectroscopy of the ilmenite–geikielite solid solution.American Mineralogist, 109 (9).doi:10.2138/am-2023-9262

    Localities for IlmeniteⓘDara Alasang Cu-polymetallic depositOrris et al. (2002)Ramdohr (1972)Waizy et al. (2021)Waizy et al. (2021)Waizy et al. (2021)Orris et al. (2002)King (n.d.)Brandstätter et al. (2000)Orris et al. (2002)
    Africa
     
    Odman+5 other references
    Albania
     
    Kaza et al. (2012)Váczi-Lovász et al. (2024)Váczi-Lovász et al. (2024)
    Algeria
     
    www.lpi.usra.edu (2020)Vorobyov (2023)Endress et al. (1994)Ramdohr (1972)Augé et al. (2012)J.P. Lorand and J.Y. CottinBischoff et al. (1994)- (2004, July)Hejny et al. (2002)Mason et al. (1966)+1 other referenceEur. J. Mineral.Eur. J. Mineral.Allègre et al. (1981)+9 other referencesŚrodek et al. (2025)
    Angola
     
    Neiva (1959)+1 other referenceRamdohr (1972)Beleque (2010)Sighinolfi et al. (1990)Gonçalves+1 other referenceVillanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017)Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017)Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017)Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017)Campeny et al. (2011)+1 other referenceAmores Casals S et al. (2014)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Milesi et al. (2006)www.venuewest.com (2003)+1 other referenceBorst et al. (2023)
    Antarctica
     
    Pelletier et al. (2002)Ruzicka et al. (1999)McKay et al. (1990)Swindle (2001)gsa.confex.com (n.d.)Grew (1981)Osanai; Yasuhito; Toyoshima; Tsuyoshi; Owada; Masaaki (2001)Grew (1982)Ramdohr (1967)Walker et al. (1971)Sushchevskaya et al. (2017)Eur. J. Mineral.Semenova et al. (1992, March)Anand et al. (2005)+2 other referencesaaa.wustl.edu (2005)Eur. J. Mineral.Grew et al. (2007)Carson et al. (1995)Carson et al. (1995)Egorova et al. (2015)Himmelberg et al. (1977)+1 other referenceHiroi et al. (2023)Bischoff et al. (1991)+1 other referenceAmerican Mineralogist- (n.d.)Bucher et al. (2005)Kojima et al. (1995)+1 other referenceGrady et al. (2015)Usui et al. (2010)+2 other referencesTakahashi et al. (2018)Takahashi et al. (2020)Keil (2012)Ohtani et al. (2011)Grew et al. (1991)Harris et al. (1993)+1 other referenceRiley et al. (2009)Dreschhoff+5 other referencesIkeda (1994)Makoto et al. (2004)Goodrich et al. (1984)McSween Jr. et al. (1998)+1 other referenceMeteoritical Bulletin 84 (Aug.2000)Proceedings of the VII International ...+1 other referenceHornig et al. (1991)Mikouchi et al. (1998)+1 other referenceKyle (1981)Philip Raymond Kyle (1976)Eur. J. Mineral.+2 other referencesSheraton et al. (1980)+1 other referenceThomson (1974)HawkesHooper (1962)Smellie et al. (1984)Smelle et al. (1980)LeMasurier et al. (1982)+3 other referencesWoolley (2019)
    Argentina
     
    146-157 (Jan/Feb 1971)+5 other referencesJuan Carlos LodovichiFrancis+3 other referencesFernando Colombo et al. (2010)Dirección Provincial de Geología y Minería de la Provincia de Catamarca (1970)COLOMBO+2 other referencesDelaney et al. (1983)Brodtkorb (2002)Schiller et al. (1931)+2 other referencesO. Haluska (1975)O. Rabbia et al. (1993)O. Rabbia et al. (1993)Mr. Nelson Valenzuela.Zaccarini et al. (2004)Espeche et al. (2022)Rapela et al. (2002)O. Haluska (1975)O. Haluska (1975)Angelelli et al. (1983)ZAPPETTINIAngelelli (1958)Angelelli (1958)Angelelli (1958)Kaneda et al. (2000)Lira et al. (2023)Brodtkorb (2002)Brodtkorb (2002)ZAPPETTINI+5 other referencesSinger et al. (2008)Singer et al. (2008)Grundmann et al. (2018)KOSTADINOFFC. R. Cortelezzi y R. A. Argañaraz (1981)GALLISKI (1983)+1 other referenceRudashevsky et al. (2018)Sosa Graciela+1 other referenceFERRACUTTI+2 other referencesRoquet et al. (2011)+2 other referencesSmith (2009)Tassara et al. (2017)Ramdohr (1972)Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry+1 other referenceRaúl Jorge Tauber LarryRaúl Jorge Tauber Larry
    Armenia
     
    Nazarov et al. (1993)Bowell et al. (2021)Kogarko et al. (1995)Hovakimyan et al. (2019)
    Asia
     
    evidence from the basal alkaline basalts in Dongchuan et al. (1-4)+2 other references
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    Cornen (1982)+3 other referencesDelacour et al. (2008)Liu et al. (2022)Maslennikov et al. (2023)Vlasov E.A. et al. (2010)Sharkov et al. (2007)Dekov et al. (h-Cu6Sn5)+1 other referenceD'Orazio et al. (2004)
    Australia
     
    Gorter et al. (2002)Cundari (1973)+3 other referencesWellman et al. (1974)+1 other referenceGilligan et al. (1993)Gilligan et al. (1993)Ramdohr (1972)Gilligan (1975)Brown et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Carr (1982)Ramdohr (1972)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Ramdohr (1972)Branagan et al. (2000)Tschernich (1992)Oskierski et al. (2013)Carg-Narra 1:250 000Brown et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Russell et al. (1997)Sheppard et al. (1995)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Amphon et al. (2024)R.E Brown and W.J StroudBrown et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1992)Johan et al. (1989)Armistead et al. (2017)Garcia et al. (1978)+1 other referenceSchellen et al. (2021)Graham et al. (2021)Stolz 1986+7 other referencesHollis et al. (1985)Ramdohr (1972)Steve Sorrell CollectionGilligan et al. (1992)Gilligan (1975)Ramdohr (1972)Ramdohr (1972)Gilligan et al. (1992)Sutherland et al. (2003)Osborne et al. 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    Austria
     
    Postl et al. (2005)+1 other referenceRavasz et al. (1977)Loránth et al. (2018)Koller (1978)Feuerbach et al. (1969)Huber et al. (1977)+1 other referenceAutorenkollektiv (Red. M. A. Götzinger und P. Huber)Pichler (2003)Meixner (1978)G. Niedermayr (1993)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Blass et al. (2001)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Praetzel (1985)Meixner (1950)+1 other referenceMeixner (1950)Thiedig (1962)+1 other referenceNiedermayr (1992)G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 186./106.:130 (1996)Niedermayr et al. (1995)A.Pichler (2003)Puttner (1994)J.Mörtl (1985)Paar et al. (1998)W. Postl: Carinthia II 186./106.:135-138 (1996)Paar et al. (1982)+1 other referenceNiedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 176./96.:523 (1986)Stroh (1978)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Annalen 1999Pichler (2009)Pichler (2009)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr (1997)Wallner et al. (1983)Pichler (2009)Ucik et al. (1970)Walter (2021)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Ferenczi et al. (2018)Brandstätter et al. (2006)Friedrich (1960)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Postl et al. (1985)Meixner (1949)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Meixner (1949)Husar et al. (2022)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Brandstätter (2001)Collection of city museum MannersdorfAndreas Ertl collection (Uwe Kolitsch SXRD-analysis)Scharbert (1979)Kolitsch (2019)Peter Lamatsch collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch)+1 other referenceKolitsch (2024)Kolitsch (2015)Kolitsch et al. (2020)Ertl (1995)Erwin Löffler collectionNeschen (n.d.)Erwin LöfflerSIGMUND (1937)Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD analysis, to be published)+1 other referenceSCHARBERT et al. (1981)Martin Slama collectionKolitsch et al. (2012)Erwin Löffler collectionMeixner (1965)+1 other referenceKolitsch (2008)+1 other referenceKolitsch (2014)Sigmund (1937)Harald Schillhammer collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch)Kolitsch et al. (2008)+3 other referencesKolitsch (2019)Löffler (2005)Kolitsch (2025)Löffler et al. (2019)Löffler et al. (2011)Löffler et al. (2011)Exel (1993)Kolitsch et al. (2015)Kolitsch et al. (2018)W.Tufar (1972)Niedermayr (2007)Elmer (2020)Kolitsch et al. (2023)Kolitsch et al. (2023)Kolitsch (2017)KOLLER (1978)Kolitsch et al. (2016)Kolitsch et al. (2014)Libowitzky et al. (2012)Meixner (1961)Kolitsch (2014)Kurat et al. (1965)Thiele (1971)Kolitsch et al. (2020)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Albit (Ce)Strasser (1989)Paar et al. (1993)Auer (1995)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Steinwender (2014)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Lapis 2006-6Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)+1 other referenceStrasser (1989)Kolitsch et al. (2018)+1 other referenceStrasser (1989)Kolitsch et al. (2021)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)S.Schwabl (2016)Strasser (1989)Friedrich (1969)+1 other referenceStrasser (1989)Lewandowski et al. (2006)Preite D. (1986)Seemann (1986)Seemann et al. (1987)Seemann (1993)- (n.d.)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)E.J. Zirkl: Der Aufschluss (1966)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Tomazic (2010)Bernhard (1998)F.BernhardAuer (2020)Spengler (1920)Sigmund (1919)Miller et al. (2005)Weissensteiner (1970)+1 other referenceMeixner (1937)Postl (2013)Husar et al. (2022)Postl (1978)+1 other referenceAufschluss 1972 (SB)C.Auer (2021)Hollerer (1999)Taucher et al. (2015)Grachev (Ed)+1 other referenceNiedermayr (1993)Auer (2019)Josef TaucherAnnalen 1999Friedrich (1954)Roland NilicaLeitner (2013)Raith et al. (2015)Postl et al. (2011)Postl et al. (1996)Taucher et al. (1998)C.Auer (2024)Tufar (1967)Reiter et al. (2005)Jakely (2008)Bojar et al. (1994, 1998)Purtscheller et al. (1985)Miller (1970)Purtscheller et al. (1985)Der Stoansucher 10 (1996)Melcher (1991)+1 other referenceNEINAVAIE et al. (1999)Brandstätter et al. (2013)C. Auer (2023)C.Auer (2016)Auer (2022)C.Auer (2016)Neinavaie et al. (1983)Hoschek (2004)Collection of NHMExel (1993)Bauer (1997)Schadler et al. (1933)Erich J.ZirklBernhard GruberHans CommendaNeschen (n.d.)Neschen (n.d.)Neschen (n.d.)Gerhard BrandstetterBrandstetter (2001)Neschen (n.d.)Brandstetter (2001)Reiter (2012)Horninger (1936)+1 other referenceKolitsch (2008)+1 other referenceKolitsch (2022)Kolitsch (2016)
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    Bangladesh
     
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    Belarus
     
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    Bolivia
     
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    Brazil
     
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    Bulgaria
     
    BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CENTRAL LABORATORY OF MINERALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY ANNUAL REPORT No 2/1996 7. Platinum-group minerals from alluvial placers of Blagoevgrad graben (Z. Tsintsov, L. Petrov)Mihail Tarassov et al. (2004)Atanasov (1990)Marcus Voigt CollectionTsintsov (2004)Singer et al. (2008)Stanislav Stoykov et al. (2007)Svetoslav Petrussenko et al. (2007)Petrík et al. (2016)Singer et al. (2008)+1 other referenceMarcus Vau CollectionKostov et al : Minerals of Bulgaria (1964)Panayotova et al. (2025)
    Burkina Faso
     
    Bonzi et al. (2023)Econ Geol (2003)Ramdohr (1972)Carlson et al. (1988)Neybergh et al. (1980)Neybergh et al. (1980)Schaeneman (1994)
    Burundi
     
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    Cambodia
     
    Ramdohr (1972)Barr et al. (1981)+2 other referencesSutherland et al. (2015)+2 other references
    Cameroon
     
    Gouhier (1974)+1 other referenceEmbui et al. (2022)Ngounouno et al. (2001)Ketchaya et al. (2022)Ketchaya et al. (2022)Tetsopgang et al. (2003)Swiffa Fajong et al. (2022)Pouclet et al. (2014)
    Canada
     
    Eccles et al. (2004)Ramdohr (1972)Pollock et al. (1998)Smith (1980)Burke et al. (1983)Alberta Geological Survey et al. (2007)personal correspondence with Giles ...the world's largest besshi-type ...+1 other referenceJennifer Pell (1994)Peatfield (n.d.)Jennifer Pell (1994)+1 other referencepersonal correspondence with Giles ...- (1998)Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)Grice et al. (1981)+2 other referencesJones (1955)- (n.d.)Piilonen et al. (2025)Caudle+1 other referencePeatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)Peatfield (n.d.)personal correspondence with Giles ...Peatfield (n.d.)Chudy T et al. (2014)George J. Simandl (2001)Thompson (1954)Garagan (2014)Peatfield (n.d.)Pell (1994)Jennifer Pell (1994)Nixon et al. 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(2024)Gao Jiu et al. (1999)Denghong Wang et al. (2003)Fuwen Chen et al. (1999)Shiguang Wang et al. (1994)Minqing Cheng et al. (1993)www.smartminerals.com (2004)Lingang Xu et al. (2007)Shiguang Wang et al. (1994)Jiaxin Teng and Qingming Wang (2006)+1 other referenceShiguang Wang et al. (1994)Shiguang Wang et al. (1994)Jiaxin Teng and Qingming Wang (2006)Chen et al. (2024)www.portergeo.com.au (2007)Wu et al. (2022)Shen Ping et al. (2007)Yanming Lu et al. (2010)Han et al. (1997)Zhao et al. (2018)Zhang et al. (2022)Wu et al. (2023)Fuquan Yang et al. (2010)+2 other referencesYida Xiong (1990)Rui Wang and Yongfeng Zhu (2007)Zhou et al. (2001)Chen et al. (2010)Qiuyue Huang and Yongfeng Zhu (2012)Gu et al. (2022)Xin Liu et al. (2013)Fanmei Kong et al. (2013)Cao et al. (2019)Yanling Tang (2005)Wang et al. (2025)Wei et al. (2014)+1 other referenceLiu et al. (2025)Wenhua Ji et al. (2009)Wenzhang Fu and Jinchuan Gu (2001)Zhong et al. (2017)+2 other referencesWang et al. (2024)Fan et al. 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(2025)Jinhai Yu et al. (2002)+1 other referenceChengbin Wang et al. (2013)Li et al. (2008)+1 other referenceCui et al. (2025)Qiu et al. (2004)+1 other referenceNational Geological Archives of China ...Qiu et al. (2004)+1 other reference
    Colombia
     
    OverstreetSutherland et al. (2008)Betancur-Figueroa et al. (2020)Goff et al. (1994)Garcia Ramirez et al. (2006)
    Croatia
     
    Foullon (1883)+3 other referencesRamdohr (1972)+1 other reference
    Cuba
     
    Lastra-Rivero et al. (2018)Costafreda et al. (2024)Acta Geológica Hispánica et al. (1-4)Aiglsperger et al. (Eastern Cuban Ophiolites)+1 other reference
    Czech Republic
     
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    Czech Republic/Poland
     
    Lis et al. (1986)
    Denmark
     
    Ramdohr (1972)Pedersen et al. (1975)+1 other reference
    Dominican Republic
     
    Broda et al. (2022)
    DR Congo
     
    Chabu (1995)J. Cailteux (Shaba, République du Zaïre)Batumike et al. (2007)Batumike et al. (2007)Pivin et al. (2009)+1 other referenceGiurgiu et al. (2025)Edwards (1917)Milesi et al. (2006)Ramdohr (1972)Makutu et al. (2024)Makutu et al. (2023)- (2005)Makutu et al. (2024)Mineral. Deposita (Berl.)Jedwab et al. (1992)Cabral et al. (2014)Richard+9 other referencesRumvegeri et al. (1985)Ramdohr (1972)Dewaele et al. (2016)
    Ecuador
     
    Gumowska-Wdowiak Z.Weiser et al. (1993)Embley et al. (1988)+1 other referenceAlejandro Félix collection.
    Egypt
     
    Abdalla (2006)Mohamed (2013)Treiman (1993)+2 other referencesOsman et al. (2002)Alekseev et al. (2023)El-Desoky et al. (2023)Abdalla (2006)+1 other referenceHarraz (2002)Khedr et al. (2020)Abd El-Fatah et al. (2023)+1 other referenceAbdelfadil et al. (2025)El Aref et al. (2020)Atef et al. (2023)Fathy et al. (2025)El-Dokouny et al. (2023)Khedr et al. (2024)Abdel‐Karim et al. (2018)El-Awady et al. (2024)Feteha et al. (2022)Stern et al. (1985)+3 other referencesEl Monsef et al. (2018)+1 other referenceMartins da Pedra collectionGhoneim et al. (2024)Abdalla (2006)El-Awady et al. (2024)Abdel Gawad et al. (2025)El Aref et al. (2020)+1 other referenceEl-Sharkawy (2000)Atef et al. (2023)Eur. J. Mineral.Abed et al. (2022)Abd El-Naby (2009)+1 other referenceShalan (2021)Zoheir (2004)+1 other referenceKhairiya M. Fawzy (2017)Tarek et al. (2009)+1 other referenceShahin et al. (2025)Ibrahim (2014)Helmy et al. (2021)Mamedov et al. (2012)Mamedov et al. (2012)
    Equatorial Guinea
     
    Thomé (1970)+6 other referencesFersman Mineralogical Museum (cat. no. 83089)
    Eritrea
     
    Bucca (1892)
    Estonia
     
    Mason et al. (1965)+1 other reference
    Eswatini
     
    Cairncross (2004)Daniels (1991)Trumbull (1995)
    Ethiopia
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Jelenc (1966)Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2019Jelenc (1966)Varet (1970)Econ Geology (1993)A Geological Excursion To The Mesozoic Sediments Of The Abay Basin ( Blue Nile)+1 other referenceGhebre (2010)- (2005)
    Eurasian Plate
     
    Rout et al. (2025)Guo et al. (2022)
    Europe
     
    Ferenc et al. (2001)Mélon et al. (1976)+1 other reference
    Fiji
     
    Pals et al. (2003)Colley et al. (1980)
    Finland
     
    Hietanen (2015)Aho (1975)Hautala (1980)Chernet (1999)+1 other referenceMarmo et al. (1966)B.K. (1958)+3 other referencesEur. J. Mineral.Kuosmanentupa.gtk.fi (n.d.)Eilu (2003)Kojonen et al. (1996)Ilkka Mikkola collectionIlkka Mikkola collectionKärkkäinen et al. (2016)Ilkka Nmikkola collectionIlkka Mikkola collectionAl-Ani et al. (2013)Wilke (1976)Lukkari (2002.Petrography and geochemistry of the topaz-bearing gran- ite stocks in Artjärvi and Sääskjärvi,western margin of the Wiborg rapakivi granite batholith. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 74, Parts 1–2, 115–132.)Lukkari (2007)SipiläKojonen et al. (2007)+2 other referencesTuisku (2010)Tuisku (2010)Thair Al Ani and Olli Sarapää (2011)Gornostayev et al. (2000)Eilu (2003)Eilu (2003)www.gsf.fi (2002)+1 other referenceGeological Survey of Finland 2008 ...Kojonen et al. (eds)Iljina (1994)+1 other referenceVartiainen et al. (1974)+2 other referencesMutanenMutanenAl AniVartiainen (1980)Törmänen et al. (2008)33 IGC excursion No 15+3 other referencesAl-Ani et al. (2018)Eilu (2003)Pelayo Barrón Francisco (2020)+1 other referenceGeological Survey of Finland 2008 ...+1 other referenceEpigenetic gold occurrence in a Paleoproterozoic meta-evaporitic sequence in the Rompas-Rajapalot Au system et al. (1)Hytönen (1999)Kojonen et al. (1991)Stein et al. (1998)KojonenGeological Survey of Finland 2008. Pampalo (Ward)+2 other referencesGeological Survey of Finland 2008. ...Lips (2006)+1 other referenceen.gtk.fi (n.d.)Peltonen et al. (2008)www.belvedere-resources.com (n.d.)KojonenGeological Survey of Finland 2007 ...+1 other referenceMutanenGeological Survey of Finland 2007 ...Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ...Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ...Kontionoemi et al. (2006)Hector et al. (2023)Al-AniGeological Survey of Finland 2007 ...+1 other referenceHayden Dalton et al. (2018)Hayden Dalton et al. (2018)VuorelainenGeological Survey of Finland 2008. ...Hayden Dalton et al. (2018)Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ...Järvinen et al. (2019)Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ...Kojonen K: K. (2005)+1 other referenceKresten et al. (1977)+3 other referencesKarinenAl Ani Thair and Torppa Akseli 2011. ...Hector et al. (2023)O'Brien et al. (1999)Jupperi Aarre 1997. The magnetite ...Kojonen Kari 1989. The early ...Peltonen et al. (2008)Geological Survey of Finland ...O´Brien HughHölttä et al. (toim.)PapunenKojonen et al. (2002)Makkonen et al. (2020)Ahven (2012)+2 other referencesErvamaaLemanski (n.d.)Häkli+1 other referencePlacencia-Gómez et al. (2010)Geological Survey of Finland 2009. ...Haapala Ilmari 1977 Petrography and ...Marttilawww.gsf.fi (2001)+1 other referenceSatu Vuori et al. (2005)J. Dyer collectionGrönholm et al. (2012)Lips (2006)Prinz et al. (1980)Kärkkäinen et al. (1999)Tuovinen LauriHänninen (1978)MakkonenVirtasalmi-Copper Database. Geological Survey of Finland (2009)TulokasKojonen+1 other referenceAarne LaitakariLaitakari (1967)Kärkkäinen et al. (2012)Hangala Leake S. 1987 The early ...Wilke (1976)Geological Survey of Finland ...+1 other referenceSotka (1982)www.gsf.fi (2002)Niskanen (2014)Wilke (1976)Kärkkäinen+2 other referencesEilu (2003)Al-Ani et al. (2018)Pérez del Villar et al. (386)Cook et al. (2011)Ramdohr (1972)
    Finland/Russia
     
    Haapala et al. (2005)
    France
     
    Ducluzaux (2022)Lorand et al. (2018)Ducluzaux (2024)Monnier et al. (2021)François PérinetBukovanska et al. (1993)+2 other referencesBull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...Périnet (n.d.)Brousse+3 other referencesM. Christophe Michel-LévyPélisson (1989)Périnet (n.d.)Pélisson (1989)F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ...Périnet (n.d.)Collected by Guy PégèrePérinet (n.d.)Collected by Guy PégèrePélisson (1989)Pélisson (1989)Collected by Guy Pégère and François ...Collected by Guy Pégère and François ...Pélisson (1989)Périnet (n.d.)LACROIX A. (1892)Grew (1977)Galli et al. (2008)Brousse+15 other references- (2004, July)Valverde J. (1999)Belot (1978)Personnaly collected by Matthias DiotPersonnaly collected by Matthias DiotSIG Mines France - Echantillon n° ...Personnaly collected by Matthias DiotPersonnaly collected by Matthias DiotBrousse+13 other referencesLACROIX A. (1894)Designolle (2023)Gourgaud A. (1985)Périnet (n.d.)P & E Médard collectionMédard et al. 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(1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Georget et al. (France)+1 other referencePérinet (n.d.)family Le Roch.Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Lacroix (1907)+1 other referenceChauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris (2014)Chauris L. (1982)Pierrot et al. (1973)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Barrière et al. (1985)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1982)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)43-44.+2 other referencesPérinet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1988)Pierrot et al. (1973)Pierrot et al. (1973)Pierrot et al. (1973)Pierrot et al. (1973)perso.wanadoo.fr (2000)Périnet (n.d.)Pillard F. et al. (1985)Pochon et al. (2018)Belot (1978)+1 other referenceBelot (1978)+1 other referenceChauris (2014)Chauris (2014)Chauris (2014)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris (2014)Belot (1978)+2 other referencesChauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1982)collected by Jean GuennéguèsChauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001)Périnet (n.d.)R. PierrotR. PierrotR. PierrotChauris L. (1982)R. PierrotCHAURIS L. (1982)R. PierrotR. PierrotChauris L. (1982)R. PierrotChauris L. (1982)R. PierrotLacroix (1907)Chauris (2014)Collected by Gaétan BoucletGaétan Bouclet collectionBrearley et al. (1998)Ramdohr (1972)Périnet (n.d.)Velde (1967)+3 other referencesVelde (1968)a possible case of evolution through volatile transfer. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (5)+4 other referencesAzias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)H. Azais et al.Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Azias (1968)Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...Heavy sands collected by Jacques BrestChubb (1927)+6 other referencesJeremine (1959)+1 other referenceBrousse et al. (1980)+8 other referencesLegendre C. et al. (2005)Blais et al. (1997)+2 other referencesMcbirney et al. (1968)+2 other referencesTracy et al. (1977)Nougier (1972)+22 other referencesPérinet (n.d.)Ramdohr (1972)Wittern et al. (1997)Floran et al. (1978)+2 other referencesRobertson CollectionPh. D'arcoBriggs (1975)Briggs (1975)Briggs (1975)Maurizot et al. (2020)Briggs (1975)Cluzel et al. (2024)Belot (1978)Ramdohr (1972)Dietderich et al. ( 2013)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)François Périnet collectionHeavy sands collected by Charles Nicolasheavy sands collected by Serge Nénert ...Infoterre Fiche Données - Dossier du sous-sol - BSS001UFBQ (brgm.fr)D. CoffrantAzambre et al. (1988)MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006)MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006)Lacroix (1893)J.L. Bodinier et al.Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege (Editions BRGM 1984)J.L. Bodinier et al.J.L. Bodinier et al.C. DerréBull. Minéral.F. Boyer and P.Picot : "Sur la Présence de Maldonite (Au2Bi)Heavy sands collected by Christian ...G. Trolliard et al.+1 other referenceHeavy sands collected by Charles NicolasCollected by Jean-Claude LapertotR.C. Maury and P. Picot : "Conditions ...Chauris L. (1991)+1 other referenceSemenenkov et al. (1992)Ramdohr (1972)Pierrot et al. (1978)Pierrot et al. (1978)Périnet (n.d.)Inventaire minéralogique de la France ...Dill (2008)BERBAIN et al. (2010)van Marcke de Lummen (1985)+1 other referenceGuitard (2010)Heavy sands collected by Christian ...Heavy sands collected by Christian ...Heavy sands collected by Christian ...Heavy sands collected by Christian ...Heavy sands collected by Christian ...P. AndrieuxBerbain et al. (2005)Guitard (2010)Guitard (2010)Magnus Endress & Adolf Bischoff (1993)Moëlo et al. (2006)Baret (1905)LACROIX A: Mineralogie de la France et ...Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (2001)Chauris L. (1982)Baret (1905)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Périnet (n.d.)Gol (2013)SEM-EDS analysed at Laboratoire "Magmas ...R. PierrotPérinet F. (2018)Chauris L. (1991)Ducluzaux (2022)Pusztaszeri (1969)+1 other referenceDesmons (1990)Pusztaszeri (1969)R. PierrotSelf collected by S. MAURY+1 other referenceStephane Maury Collection+1 other referenceGeorges FAVREAU collection and EDX ...+1 other referenceLougnon (continent et Iles du Levant)+1 other referenceMAURY (S)Lougnon (continent et Iles du Levant)COUREAU
    Gabon
     
    Lena Z. EvinsBerger et al. (2009)
    Georgia
     
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    Germany
     
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    Kenya
     
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    Korea
     
    Sadanaga & Bunno (1973)
    Kosovo
     
    Hyseni et al. (2010)
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    Vrublevskii et al. (2017)+2 other referencesDjenchuraeva et al. (2008)Orozbaev et al. (2011)Konopelko et al. (2014)
    Laos
     
    [[1]]Gan et al. (2022)
    Latvia
     
    Ramdohr (1972)
    Lesotho
     
    Nixon et al. (1968)Clarke et al. (1990)
    Libya
     
    Grady et al. (2015)Ikeda et al. (2000)Geochimica et Cosmochimica ActaMeteoritical Bulletin 84 (Aug.2000)+1 other referenceFolco (2004)Zhang et al. (2013)Alkhazmi+7 other referencesFlinn et al. (1992)
    Lithuania
     
    Prušinskienė et al. (2017)Pupienis et al. (2013)Mason B. (1979)Bukovanská et al. (1991)+2 other references
    Madagascar
     
    Berger et al. (2014)Behier et al. (1959)Behier (1960)Pezzotta (1999)Ackermand et al. (1991)Mahoney et al. (2008)Holder et al. (2018)Behier (1963)www.riotintomadagascar.com (2007)www.mineralogicalassociation.ca (n.d.)Wolfgang HampelBehier (1963)Montel et al. (2018)Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-2019)Ashwal et al. (1998)Grieco et al. (2010)Besaire (1966)Besaire (1966)Besaire (1966)Lacroix (1922)+1 other referenceWolfgang HampelNédélec et al. (2001)Michel Arliguie collection & photo (photo id ID: 905771)Rakotonandrasana et al. (2010)Rakotonandrasana et al. (2010)Tang et al. (2019)Besaire (1966)Groat+5 other referencesBehier (1963)Hänni et al. (1982)Grundmann (2001)
    Malawi
     
    Eby et al. (1998)doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405+4 other referencesPeters+1 other referenceHaslam (1980)doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.8.1405+2 other referencesHaslam (1983)+1 other referenceSalima (2014)Mitchell+1 other referenceBloomfield (1958)+2 other referencesGarson (1962)+3 other referencesPetersen et al. (1994)+1 other referenceDowman et al. (2017)
    Malaysia
     
    Fitch (1952)+1 other reference Geol. Soc. MalaysiaHoe et al. (2003)Ariffin et al. (2008)Econ Geol (1989)Econ Geol (1989)
    Mali
     
    Black et al. (1979)+2 other referencesRamdohr (1972)McFarlane et al. (2011)Soro (2019)
    Mauritania
     
    Berger et al. (2013)Ramdohr (1972)- (2010)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)- (2010)Marsh et al. (2015)Lomena et al. (1976)Kolb et al. (2006)+1 other referenceMarsh et al. (2015)The Meteoritical Society (2020)Gattacceca et al. (2020)Marsh et al. (2015)Ahmedou (2011)Rex Diamond Mining Corp. Investors BriefMarsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)Marsh et al. (2015)
    Mexico
     
    Richard GunterLeón et al. (2016)Singer et al. (2008)Econ Geol (1991)Panczner (1987)Ma et al. (2009)Bohrson W. A. (1997)"Rock-magnetism and ore microscopy of ...Conrad et al. (1992)Madondo et al. (2025)Morgan (2017)Morgan (2017)Rubinovich-Kogan et al. (1988)Edelen (2013)Panczner (1987)Edwin G. Paulson (1964)Cortez et al. (1981)Espinosa Perea (1999)Econ Geol (1985)Elias-Herrera et al. (1991)Duke et al. (1967)+2 other referencesRuzicka et al. (2006)Graham et al. (1988)
    Middle East
     
    Gross (1977)
    Mongolia
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Shen et al. (2025)Savina et al. (2020)Pauliš (1995)Rallakis et al. (2021)Bischoff (1993)+2 other referencesweb.archive.org (n.d.)web.archive.org (n.d.)Dostal et al. (2015)Žáček et al. (2016)+1 other referenceG.M. Tsareva data+3 other referencesKempe et al. (2015)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+2 other referencesBreiter et al. (2024)Dostal et al. (2023)Peretyazhko et al. (2017)Peretyazhko et al. (2018)Tumenbayar et al. (2000)Tumenbayar et al. (2000)
    Montserrat
     
    Montserrat Volcano Observatory
    Morocco
     
    Cheilletz et al. (1988)Bouabdellah et al. (2022)JÉRÉMINE (1955)Jahn et al. (2003)Fabre (n.d.)Michael K. Weisberg & 7 others (2009)Jabbour et al. (2025)Wittmann (2014)+1 other referenceHakkou et al. (2008)Pang et al. (2016)+1 other referenceVerhaert et al. (2018)Journal of PetrologyD. Blamart et al.Petruk (1975)+1 other referencewww.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.)Irving+1 other referenceAfiri et al. (2023)
    Mozambique
     
    www.kenmareresources.com (2021)Unganai et al. (2022)Slobodník+4 other referencesMoiana (2010)Moiana (2010)Moiana (2010)Moiana (2010)Moiana (2010)Moiana (2010)www.pathfinderminerals.com (2013)www.pathfinderminerals.com (2013)
    Myanmar
     
    Shi et al. (2012)Nyunt (2009)Kan-Nyunt et al. (2014)+1 other referencePavel M. Kartashov analytical dataHarald Schillhammer collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch)
    Namibia
     
    Chen et al. (2025)Li et al. (2022)+1 other referenceWilde (2023)von Bezing (2007)Charlie Key specimensNörtemann et al. (2000)Ashworth (2014)Econ Geology (1993)Frankel (1957)+2 other referencesEcon Geol (1989)von Bezing (2007)von Seckendorff et al. (2000)+1 other referencevon Seckendorff et al. (2000)von Seckendorff et al. (2000)Bodeving (2015)Kitt (2017)Gebhard (1999)Verwoerd (1967)+11 other referencesAllsopp et al. (1979)+1 other reference
    Nepal
     
    Kalin Kouzmanov et al. (2009)Aaron J. Martin et al. (2009)Kouzmanov et al. (2009)Carosi et al. (2014)
    Netherlands
     
    Lindner et al. (1990)
    New Zealand
     
    Searle (1961)Searle (1961)Rogan et al. (1996)Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ...Collection of Rod MartinMartin Stolworthy CollectionSuggate et al. (1978)+2 other referencesLauder (1962)Mortimer et al. (2020)Cody et al. (1981)Browne et al. (1972)HobdenGrapes (1975)Palmer (1966)Christensen (1984)Patias et al. (2024)Whittle (1964)Martin et al. (2023)Thornton (Ed)Jones (1972)Courtney et al. (1988)Courtney et al. (1988)Mason et al. (Zn)Ashley et al. (1995)Mason (1968)Tim SaundersonCooper (2020)Service (1937)Mossman et al. (1969)AutonAllibone et al. (2016)Allibone et al. (2016)LilleyBrearley et al. (1998)Gow (1967)Overstreet (1967)www.ttrl.co.nz (2010)WattersWatters (1985)Watters et al. (1961)Windle et al. (1991)+4 other referencesTurnbull et al. (2017)Gill et al. (1970)Simpson et al. (2019)Singh (2015)SkinnerBrown et al. (1994)BROWNCollection of RJ MartinHutton (1942)BradleyRitchie (2018)Wells+2 other referencesWaight (1995)Cooper (1996)Pabst et al. (1951)Happy et al. (1970)Woolley (2019)Cooper (1996)Happy et al. (1970)Grapes et al. (1992)
    Nicaragua
     
    Lipson et al. (2024)
    Niger
     
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    Nigeria
     
    Mason (1967)+1 other referenceSakoma et al. (2002)Bennett et al. (1984)+1 other reference- (2002)Okoli et al. (2023)www.smenet.org (2001)Wang et al. (1999)+2 other referencesMücke et al. (1999)Amuda et al. (2022)Bailey (1980)Schwarz (1997)Ramdohr (1972)
    North Korea
     
    Ju et al. (2021)Kinosaki (1943)Paek et al. (1993)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+2 other referencesHideo Tsuda (1969)HAMPEL et al. (2005)Kinosaki (1941)Hideo Tsuda (1969)Hideo Tsuda (1969)Hideo Tsuda (1969)www.mining.com (2013)Ju et al. (2021)Ishihara et al. (2000)Ju et al. (2021)Suzuki (1938)Takubo et al. (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)+1 other referenceKim et al. (2019)Kim et al. (2019)
    North Macedonia
     
    Serafimovski et al. (2015)Terzić+5 other referencesBermanec et al. (1992)Baric (1965)Radusinovic (1974)Filev et al. (2016)Serafimovski et al. (2016)Tomič+1 other reference
    Northwest Africa
     
    - (2004, July)
    Northwest Africa Meteorites
     
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    Norway
     
    - (2005)- (2005)- (2005)ABILDGAARD (1801)Dana 6:892Hulzebosch-Sijen et al. (1990)Morton et al. (1963)Frigstad (1968)George Creighton photo & collectionBurvald (1983)Åmli (1969)Nixon (1969)Koning (1947)Bjørlykke (1935)Neumann et al. (1960)- (n.d.)Private CollectionBarton et al. (1984)Flink (1886)Adamson (1942)Adamson (1942)Adamson (1942)Adamson (1942)Adamson (1942)Adamson (1942)Adamson (1942)Adamson (1942)Øivind Thoresen specimen & photo+1 other referenceVisser et al. (1999)Brickwood (1986)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Kihle et al. (1992)Bjørlykke (1935)Neumann et al. (1960)Neumann et al. (1960)Bjørlykke (1935)Revheim (2007)Frigstad (1968)Bjørlykke (1935)Bjørlykke (1935)Ronald WernerHansen (1973)Bjørlykke (1935)Breivik et al. (2010)Bjørlykke (1935)Bjørlykke (1935)Stensrud (2009)Neumann et al. (1960)Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore Database. Deposit area 1001 - 012. 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The Ore ...Laurent (2016)Christopher O'Neill collection & photo (Photo id-787046)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Duchesne (1999)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway. The ...Andresen (1990)+1 other referenceGeological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Duchesne (1999)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Duchesne (1999)Duchesne (1999)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Duchesne (1999)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)www.ngu.no (2015)Duchesne (1999)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)Geological Survey of Norway (NGU)aps.ngu.no (n.d.)Geological Survey of Norway. The ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Jean-Clair Duchesne (editor)Jean-Clair Duchesne ed. (2001)Svensen (2004)Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Pedersen (1975)Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Vogt (1892)+1 other referenceaps.ngu.no (n.d.)Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore Database. Deposit Area 1111 - 040. Bø utmark (Prestegårdsskogen)Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...aps.ngu.no (n.d.)Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Duchesne (1999)aps.ngu.no (n.d.)Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...aps.ngu.no (n.d.)Geological Survey of Norway. The ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Vokes (1960)+1 other referenceGeological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Gierth et al. (1973)+1 other referenceGeological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ...Pršek et al. 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    Oman
     
    Worthing et al. (2008)Worthing et al. (2008)Geophysical Research AbstractsThe Meteoritical BulletinNasir et al. (2011)NasirThe Meteoritical Bulletin 84 (Aug.2000)Taylor et al. (2000)Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2000)Greshake et al. (2001)Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2008)LPSC 34+1 other referenceTaylor et al. (2001)Meteoritical Bulletin No. 86+1 other referenceMeteoritical Bulletin et al. (2003)Yukio et al. (2006)Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2003)Russell et al. (2003)- (2004, July)
    Pacific Ocean
     
    Skowronek et al. (2021)Peretyazhko et al. (2022)Deng et al. (2024)Azami et al. (2024)Hein et al. (2010)Yan et al. (2024)
    Pakistan
     
    Kakar et al. (2013)Blauwet et al. (2004)Laurs et al. (1998)Blauwet et al. (2004)Blauwet et al. (2004)+1 other referenceimported from Shigar District+2 other referencesAhmed (1991)Mian et al. (1986)Le Bas et al. (1987)+1 other referenceJan et al. (1995)Kempe et al. (1980)Leavens et al. (2004)Kempe et al. (1970)+5 other referencesMiller et al. (1991)Jan et al. (2022)
    Panama
     
    Singer et al. (2005)
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Yates et al. (1967)Hine et al. (1978)Smith (1976)+1 other referenceChapple et al. (1998)Mason et al. (1973)+1 other referenceCabri et al. (2022)Worthing (1987)Baker (1952)Lowder (1970)
    Paraguay
     
    Comin-Chiaramonti et al. (2016)Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959)Presser et al. (2014)
    Peru
     
    Singer et al. (2008)Bin Wu et al. (2013)Crespo+4 other referencesCrespo+4 other referencesYe et al. (2023)Castroviejo et al. (2009)+1 other referenceTassinari et al. (2011)Haller (2000)De Haller et al. (2006)Li (2016)Eur. J. Mineral.Harlaux et al. (2020)
    Philippines
     
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