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Hemimorphite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored byGail Spann
Photos of Hemimorphite (3789)Discuss HemimorphiteView 'Best Of' Article
Hemimorphite GallerySearch Photos of Hemimorphite
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Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O
Colour:
Colorless, white, pale blue, pale green, gray, brown
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy, Silky, Pearly
Hardness:
4½ - 5
Specific Gravity:
3.475
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in 1853 by Adolph Kenngott in allusion to the hemimorphic morphology of the crystals. Many names were previously assigned to this species, including calamine. Hemimorphite was chosen by the International Mineralogical Association, over calamine, in 1962.
Type Locality:
ⓘBăiţa mining district, Nucet, Bihor County, Romania

Fake Blue Hemimorphite Crystals

04521910017271923692229.png
Coated hemimorphite

In 2020 a number of electric-blue crystals of hemimorphite crystals came to market, from the Ojuela mine, Mapimi, Mexico. These have been proven to be deceptively stained using the artificial compound Phthalocyanine Blue BN. See discussion:https://www.mindat.org/mesg-537289.html#538010



Visit gemdat.org forgemological information about Hemimorphite.



Unique Identifiers
IMA Formula:
Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O

Classification of Hemimorphite

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
D : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
Dana 8th ed.:
56.1.2.1

56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
1 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:
14.7.12

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
7 : Silicates of Ba, Sr and Zn

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, white, pale blue, pale green, gray, brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4½ - 5 onMohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {110}, poor on {101}, {001} rare
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.475 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.484 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Hemimorphite
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
strong r > v
Optical Extinction:
X = b; Y = a; Z = c.

Chemistry of Hemimorphite
Common Impurities:
Cu,Fe

Crystallography of Hemimorphite
Click on an icon to view
Hemimorphite no.2 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Hemimorphite no.33 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Hemimorphite no.91 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

Toggle
Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

View
Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal StructureDurango, Mexico 324
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
6.60 Å(86)
5.36 Å(55)
3.296 Å(73)
3.288 Å(75)
3.104 Å(100)
2.559 Å(51)
2.400 Å(54)
Comments:
Sterling Hill, New Jersey, USA (Anthony et al. (1990) Handbook of Mineralogy, v. 2(I), p. 328.)

Geological Environment

Synonyms of Hemimorphite

Other Language Names for Hemimorphite

Common AssociatesOrth.mm2 :Cmc219.BD.15JunitoiteCaZn2Si2O7 · H2OOrth.mm2 :Aba29.BD.20TinzeniteCa2Mn2+4Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2Tric.1 :P19.BD.20Axinite-(Fe)Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OHTric.1 :P19.BD.20DubińskaiteCa4Sc2Al4[Be2Si8O30](OH)2Tric.1 :P19.BD.20Axinite-(Mg)Ca2MgAl2BSi4O15OHTric.1 :P19.BD.20Axinite-(Mn)Ca2Mn2+Al2BSi4O15(OH)Tric.1 :P19.BD.25VistepiteSnMn4B2Si4O16(OH)2Tric.1 :P19.BD.30BoralsiliteAl16B6O30(Si2O7)Mon. 2/m :B2/m9.BD.35Werdingite(Mg,Fe)2Al14Si4B4O37Tric.1 :P19.BD.40VránaiteAl16B4Si4O38Mon. 2/m :B2/m

Fluorescence of Hemimorphite

Other Information
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    • External Links:
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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
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    • References for HemimorphiteⓘGuergourLouha+5 other references
    Angola
     
    A. M. I. Martins collection
    Argentina
     
    N. Pezzutti y M. K. de Brodtkorb (1975)Brodtkorb et al. (1999)A. G. Quiroga y T. Ruíz (1994)Brodtkorb (2002)
    Australia
     
    McQueen+2 other referencesGilligan et al. (1993)Crocoite.comGilligan et al. (1995)Birch et al. (1997)Ramdohr (1950)Birch et al. (1997)Museum Victoria collectionMuseum Victoria collectionBirch et al. (1982)Rod Martin CollectionSorrell (n.d.)Warren et al. (1974)Vaasjoki et al. (1986)Stuart MillsKnightsSielecki (1988)Lottermoser et al. (2008)Sielecki (1988)Haupt (2012)Haupt (2012)Bosworth et al. (2001)Pring et al. (2000)Johnston et al. (1978)Noble et al. (1983)+1 other referenceNobleMuller (1972)+1 other referenceBottrill (2018)BottrillNickel et al. (1993)Grice et al. (1991)Dept of Mines (1990)Vaasjoki et al. (1986)Hancock et al. (2007)Simpson Mineral Collection of the ...+7 other referencesAustralian Journal of Mineralogy+3 other referencesSimpson (1948)Nickel (1982)Murray Thompson+1 other referenceSimpson (1928)Simpson (1928)Ferguson (1999)Downes et al. (2011)
    Austria
     
    C.Auer (2013)Hiden (1997)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Sabor et al. (2001)+1 other referenceIndra+1 other referenceNiedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr (1993)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Chris Auer collectionGröbner (1998)Blass et al. (2001)+1 other referenceC.Auer (2013)Auer & Kolitsch (2017)www.indra-g.at (2016)Kolitsch et al. (2013)Meixner (1967)C. Auer (2022)Niedermayr (1987)+1 other referenceC.Auer (2020)Niedermayr et al. (1995)A.Pichler (2003)A.Pichler (2012)A.Pichler (2012)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Meixner 1981F. Brandstätter (1996)Brandstätter et al. (2014)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Pichler (1990)Pichler (1990)+1 other referenceNiedermayr et al. (1995)Pichler (2009)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Meixner (1949)Puttner (1996)Hiden (1997)Hiden (1997)Hiden (1993)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Hiden (1997)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001)G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt)G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt)G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (1999)G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt)G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt)C.Auer (2014)G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Chris AuerBergbau in Osttkärnten (Pichler 2003)Chris AuerA.Pichler (2012)NIEDERMAYR (1989)+1 other referenceAuer (2023)Auer (1998)C.Auer (2013)Exel (1993)Huber et al. (1977)+1 other referenceC.Auer (2013)Kolitsch et al. (2012)MEFOS 20Kirchner et al. (2007)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Niedermayr (1991)+1 other referenceStrasser (1989)Schachinger et al. (2015)Schachinger et al. (2014)matrixx 5Gröbner et al. (2008)Strasser (1989)+1 other referenceNiedermayr (2008)Neschen (n.d.)Preite D. (1986)Mrazek et al. (1992)Schnorrer et al. (2000)Kutil (2004)Niedermayr et al. (2009)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)Strasser (1989)- (n.d.)Strasser (1989)Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010)+1 other referenceSchachinger et al. (2013)Christian Auer 2015 (EDS-analysed)Tomazic et al. (2012)+1 other referenceCarinthia II (1986)C.Auer (2014)Auer (2010)Auer (2023)C. Auer (1990)+1 other referenceH.Meixner (1974)C.Auer (2015)Postl et al. (1988)Jakely (2008)Mutschlechner (1954)Hanneberg et al. (2009)+1 other referenceBergmann et al. (2007)50. (in German)+1 other referenceLapis 29 (6)54+3 other referencesKolitsch (2014)Kolitsch (2014)Kolitsch (2014)Kolitsch et al. (2011)+1 other referenceKolitsch (2009)
    Belgium
     
    Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Dejonghe et al. (1993)+1 other referenceHatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Braun (1857)+2 other referencesSchulz et al. (1886)Centenaire de l`Association des ...+2 other referencesSchulz et al. (1886)François Wouters collectionDejonghe et al. (1993)+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals (xxxx)+1 other referenceLévy (1843)+4 other referencesHatert et al. (2002)Dejonghe et al. (1993)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Dejonghe et al. (1993)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)+1 other referenceDejonghe et al. (1993)+1 other referenceDejonghe et al. (1993)+1 other referenceDejonghe et al. (1993)+1 other referenceDejonghe et al. (1993)+1 other referenceDejonghe et al. (1993)+1 other referenceHatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)Hatert et al. (2002)De Nul (2006)Van Troyen et al. (2018)Hatert et al. (2002)Blondieau et al. (2012)Hatert et al. (2002)
    Bolivia
     
    Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998)
    Botswana
     
    Forrester+1 other reference
    Brazil
     
    Slezak et al. (pdf available at https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/7027?mode=full)Rafael Hernandes Corrêa-Silva ...from personal collection of my friend
    Bulgaria
     
    Svetoslav Petrussenko et al. (2007)Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Annual ...Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte et al. (10)
    Canada
     
    Richard Gunter Collection.Walker (1916)+3 other referencesParadis et al. (2015)Paradis et al. (2015)Peatfield (n.d.)+1 other referenceSabina (2003)Sabina (2003)SABINA (1976)Norman Wilson collectionRocks & Min 81:1 pp 24-32Terry Collett CollectionMelanson et al. (1982)HORVÁTH et al. (2006)Museum Thetford Mines collectionEstrie and Gaspesie+2 other referencesGrice (1989)+1 other referenceYukon Geological SurveyRichard Gunter Collection.
    Chile
     
    Thorne (n.d.)Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University)Schlüter et al. (1996)Remy Phillippe personal communicationSamples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University)+1 other referenceMaurizio Dini collectionM.Dini & A.Molina collectionRemy Phillippe personal communicationsamples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ...maurizio dini collection - analysed ...Maurizio Dini collectionmaurizio dini collection - analysed ...fluid inclusion microthermometry et al. (1-2)+1 other referenceM. Dini & A.Molina Collections - analysed with quantitative and semi quantitative methods by Dr. Jochen Schluter (curator of Hamburg Mineral Museum)Personally collected by Günter FrenzAssociated to challacolloite in M.E. Ciriotti collection (2005)+1 other reference
    China
     
    Naizheng Xu et al. (2008)Songnian Yang and Yuanxing Miao (1986)Song Wang et al. (2008)Changqing Zhang et al. (2005)Zhongguo Jin and Zhilong Huang (2009)Changqing Zhang et al. (2005)Zhongguo Jin and Zhilong Huang (2009)Zhongguo Jin and Zhilong Huang (2009)+1 other referenceZhongguo Jin and Zhilong Huang (2009)Changqing Zhang et al. (2005)Changqing Zhang et al. (2005)Changqing Zhang et al. (2005)+1 other referenceSenning Tang (1984)Lin Ye et al. (2004)+1 other referenceZhijun Shi (2014)Wensheng Peng (2002)Siwei He and Minyun Sun (1986)Juemin Bao et al. (2003)Shengyun Fu et al. (2006)Minzhi Yang (2003)Huaping Zhu and Dequan Zhang (2002)+1 other referenceHuaping Zhu and Dequan Zhang (2004)Zhuanying Huang and Runan Lu (2003)+1 other referenceWen Qi et al. (2006)+1 other referenceQingmin Jin et al. (1992)Yongjun Wang et al. (2012)Yongjun Wang et al. (2012)Changqing Zhang et al. (2005)Zejiang Wang (1981)+3 other referencesZejiang Wang (1981)Kui Han et al. (2012)Jinhong Li and Xiaoyan Yu (1998)Zhidan Li et al. (2010)Shiye Xie et al. (2002)Chuandong Xue et al. (2008)Cheng et al. (2024)Xiao'ou Zhao (1989)Malcolm Southwood collection (self-collected)Ottens (2006)Baogui Zhang et al. (2002)Jianzhong Wu and Hongping Yu (2011)Shen (n.d.)Shen (n.d.)www.mindat.org (n.d.)+2 other referencesJiajun Liu et al. (2010)Jiafeng Bai et al. (1985)+5 other referencesChen (2002)Senning Tang (1984)Chen (2002)+1 other referenceNational Geological Archives of China ...Wang et al. (2025)The most famous hemimorphite locality ...Liu Guanghua (2006)Bin et al. (2025)Current H. Jiang's CollectionDianhao Huang (2000)+2 other referencesChen (2002)Chen (2002)Changqing Zhang et al. (2005)
    Czech Republic
     
    Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ...RÜSENBERG et al. (1996)C.Auer (2014)[Bull.N.M.Praha 2002[Bull.N.M.Praha 2002VelebilPauliš P. et al. (2015)+1 other referenceLapis 2002 (7/8)FojtPauliš et al. (2004)Pauliš et al. (2023)Fojt (A)Kuttna+1 other referencePaulišNovákVenclík V. (2018)www.mineralos.cz (2003)Zikeš et al. (2011)Malý (1997)Gramblička (n.d.)Malý (2004)Velebil+5 other referencesPauliš
    DR Congo
     
    Piret et al. (1985)+1 other referenceDe Bondt (n.d.)
    Egypt
     
    Gatto Rotondo et al. (2012)Safwat S. Gabr (2015)Richard de Nul collectionRichard de Nul collection
    Europe
     
    ATANASSOVA+1 other reference
    Finland
     
    www.gsf.fi (2002)
    France
     
    G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français)Gol D. (2009)Several AFM members collectionBarral (2023)Médard P. et al. (2006)Valverde J. (1999)Duarte (2014)Designolle J-L. (1993)Chollet Pascal CollectionChollet Pascal CollectionCoueille (1988)Favreau G. et al. (1996)Chollet Pascal CollectionValverde J. (1999)Chollet Pascal CollectionYannick Vessely collectionDe Ascencao Guedes R. (2001)self collectedvarious photographsAsselborn (1982)J. Wolf collectionHaas (n.d.)Th Brunsperger collectionMartaud (2013)Hohl (1994)Wittern et al. (1997)MinesMines+1 other referenceCédrick Gineste photo & collectionCussey (1999)Remy Ph. (2003)Gol (2014)Gol (2013)Berbain C. & Aymar J. (1991)Berbain et al. (2000)Berbain et al. (2000)Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude )www.zampano.com (n.d.)+1 other referencewww.pangeaminerals.com (2005)Leconte J. et al. (2016)PierrotVanaecker et al. (2014)Gol (2012)www.pangeaminerals.com (2005)Laurent Gayraud collectionBoisson et al. (2012)Several AFM members collectionSelf collected S. MauryYannick Vessely collectionGol et al. (2010)Y. Vessely collectionQueneau (n.d.)Chollet Pascal Collectionperso.wanadoo.fr (2003)Daniel Gol collectionCollection Frédéric BonnetDincuff (2008)Gol et al. (2010)Vincent Bourgoin collection.BLOND B. (1978)+1 other referenceGalvier et al. (1997)+1 other referenceGuitard (2010)Guitard (2010)+1 other referenceBerbain et al. (2005)Dubru. M (1986)Matteo Chinellato collectionGarric FrançoisBernadi (1992)R. Pierrot ...R. PierrotPierrot et al. (1974)Y. Vessely collectionPierrot et al. (1972)R. PierrotJean-Luc Portes CollectionJean-Luc Portes CollectionJean-Luc Portes CollectionR. PierrotMari et al. (1979)No ref.Favreau et al. (2024)Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ...+1 other reference
    Germany
     
    Walenta (1992)Weiß (1990)Boisson et al. (2014)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Schlomann et al. (1988)Weiß (1990)Gruber (2000)Walenta (1992)Weiß (1990)www.mineralienatlas.de (2020)Weiß (1990) ...Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Aufschluss 71 (3)Wittern (2001)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)+1 other referenceWittern (2001)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1992)+1 other referenceSteen (2004)+1 other referenceFalkenstein (2010)Wittern (2001)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Habel (2001)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Poeverlein (1984)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)web.archive.org (2001)Hauner (2024)+1 other referenceDill et al. (2010)King (n.d.)Weiß (1990)SEM-EDS by Joy DesorGröbner (2007)Schnorrer-Köhler (1981)+2 other referencesGröbner et al. (2011)Weiß (1990)Steinkamm et al. (1988)Baumgärtl (2014)Neschen (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Gröbner et al. (2011)Schnorrer et al. (2002)+1 other referenceGröbner (2001)Schnorrer (1994)Gröbner (2007)Weiß (1990)Blaß et al. (2021)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Stieglitz et al. (1989)Weiß (1990)Blaß et al. (1993)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Weiß (1990)collection Leon HupperichsAufschluss 90 (2)Aufschluss 90 (2)Aufschluss 90 (2)Blaß et al. (1995)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Blaß et al. (1995)Weiß (1990)Graf et al. (1992)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)Wittern (2001)Weiß (1990)Schnorrer et al. (1998)Günter Frenz collection+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Der Aufschluss Vol.55Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990) ...Thomas LührThomas Lühr CollectionThomas Lühr Collection+1 other referenceWittern (2001)Gröbner et al. (2011)Thomas LührGröbner et al. (2011)Gröbner et al. (2011)Thomas LührSilvio HerrmannMüller et al. (2021)Hochleitner (1990)+1 other referenceSebastian MöllerWittern (2001)Gröbner et al. (2006)WEISS et al. (2001)Gröbner et al. (2006)Knoll (2009)
    Greece
     
    Rieck et al. (1999)LAPIS 24 (7/8)+1 other referenceFritz Schreiber collectionlavrion.gr (2023)Heracles Katsaros collection (visual ID by Uwe Kolitsch)+1 other referenceRieck (n.d.)Gelaude et al. (1996)50.+1 other referenceLapis et al. (1999)Rieck (n.d.)62+3 other referencesHanke (1998)Lapis et al. (1999)Gelaude et al. (1996)Bracke (n.d.)
    Greenland
     
    Bøggild (1953)+1 other referencePetersen (2001)Metcalf-Johansen (1977)Collection of NHM+1 other referencePetersen et al. (2004)
    Guatemala
     
    - (2005)
    Hungary
     
    GEODA/2007/3Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997)Tamás Ungvári+1 other referenceSzakáll et al. (1996)Sándor et al. (2005)
    India
     
    Nalin Shah (2002)
    Indonesia
     
    Dana et al. (2022)
    Iran
     
    Singer et al. (2009)Hosseini-Dinani et al. (2016)Rick TurnerJörg ReichertCairoli et al. (2017)Thorne (n.d.)+1 other referenceWilke (1977)Bariand (1963)S. Weiß: Lapis 29 (12)Mineralien-Welt 1/2009Bariand et al. (1963)Javad Amiri collection (visual id)Ghasemi et al. (2008)+2 other referencesMondillo et al. (2017)Rajabi et al. (2022)Mondillo et al. (2017)Bazargani-Guilani et al. (2008)Vachik Hairapetian collectionUSGS databaseJavanshir. A. 2007. Mineralogy et al. (Mo)M Nazari collectionWilke (1977)Pazouki et al. (2000)+2 other referencesGhasemi Siani et al. (2022)
    Ireland
     
    Boni et al. (Tynagh, Silvermines and Galmoy)+2 other referencesJohn R. Sullivan et al (2005)S. MoretonFound by George Ryback in 1963.S. MoretonS. MoretonRhoden (1959)Rhoden (1959)Rhoden (1959)Moreton (1999)
    Italy
     
    M. Russo & I. Campostrini (2011)Russo et al. (2011)Russo et al. (2011)Bortolozzi (n.d.)+1 other referenceCecchi A. (1986)Bortolozzi et al. (2015)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Bortolozzi (n.d.)on public display of the ...Marchesini M.Balestra-Castellaro-KampfAmoretti F. (1980)+2 other referencesBertolini A. Rivista Mineralogica ...Gramaccioli et al. (1992)G.M.GramaccioliCollection Joachim Esche and Lorenzo ...GramaccioliScherillo A. (1933)Mondillo et al. (2020)G. Signorelli collectionDel Caldo et al. (1973)+1 other referenceMaida (2002)Maida et al. (2012)Ref: 1986 - Wulfenite in un'antica ...Vergani et al. (2020)Itinerari Mineralogici della Lombardia ...Boscardin et al. (1970)- (n.d.)Del Caldo et al. (1973)Vergani et al. (2020)Vergani et al. (2021)Vergani F. et al. (2020)Pezzotta et al. (1999)Domenico Preite photo+1 other referenceBruno Marello et al. (2023)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)ALBERTINI C. (2014)Guastoni et al. (2010)Guastoni et al. (2010)Preite et al. (1995)Mattioli V. (1976)+2 other referencesAlbertini C. (2014)Albertini (2000)+1 other referenceAlbertini et al. (2005)Lips (2006)Stara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1999)De Michele (1974)Fiori et al. (1995)Olmi F. et al. (1995)Orlandi et al. (2007)+1 other referenceStara et al. (1996)P.StaraStaraStara P. (1996)Moldovan et al. (2013)P.StaraStaraDe Michele (1974)StaraP.StaraStara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)Brizzi G. et al. (1989)Stara et al. (1994)Pflügel (1982)Stara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)Preite et al. (2007)Del Caldo et al. (1973)+2 other referencesStara et al. (1996)StaraDe Michele (1974)Stara P. (1996)Stara P. et al. (1996)StaraStara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)Stara et al. (1996)De Michele (1974)Del Caldo et al. (1973)Del Caldo et al. (1973)JM Johannet collectionDe Michele (1974)EDS analysis at Modena-Reggio Emilia ...Stara et al. (1995)Lovisato (1908)Billows (1941)Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 3/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis)Giovanni Scapin CollectionStara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1993)Stara et al. (1993)Antonio Franco Fadda-Sardegna (Guida ai tesori nascosti)Bortolozzi (n.d.)+1 other referenceDaniel LorenzExel (1987)Ferretti et al. (2018)Conedera M. et al. (2016)M. Moro collectionBortolozzi (n.d.)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Ferretti P. et al. (Lavis, Trentino-Alto Adige)Bortolozzi et al. (2021)Rocchetti I. (2012)Bortolozzi (n.d.)Vecchi et al. (2013)M.E. Ciriotti (2006)De Michele (1974)Maiello (1998)Gasparetto et al. (2014)Campostrini et al. (2006)Erica Bittarello+3 other referencesExel (1987)Bazzoni C. et al. (2011)Bazzoni et al. (2007)Bazzoni C. et al.Batacchi et al. (2011)A.Costantini (2015)Bazzoni et al. (2001)Biagioni et al. (2013)Biagioni et al. (2013)Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2)Nannoni R. et al. (2012)+1 other referenceSenesi F. (1999)De Michele (1974)+1 other referenceNannoni R. et al. (2012)+1 other referenceJansen et al. (1998)Cerutti et al. (1995)Nannoni R. et al. (2012)Tinagli et al. (2015)Marco Bonifazi collectionOrlandi P.Orlandi et al. (1980)+1 other referenceOrlandi et al. (2009)Orlandi (1974)+2 other referencesFranzini et al. (1982)+1 other referenceOrlandi et al. (2009)Orlandi et al. (2000)NannoniBiagioni et al. (2014)Jervis (1873)+5 other referencesDondi M. et al. (1995)De Michele (1974)Boscardin et al. (2011)Pegoraro et al. (1997)+2 other referencesCollected & analyzed by Mr. Buscaroli ...Sergio Pegoraro et al. (2022)+2 other referencesPegoraro S. et al. (2009)Pegoraro S. (2014)Pegoraro S. (2014)Saccardo D. et al. (Torrebelvicino, Vicenza)Boscardin et al. (2011)
    Japan
     
    Sadanaga et al. (1974)Go Ito specimenSadanaga et al. (1974)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)Field observation by Hiroaki TanoYamada (2004)Uehara et al. (2014)Urabe (1977)Kotaro Watanabepers. comm. Kotaro Watanabe+1 other referenceUehara et al. (2014)- (n.d.)Sadanaga et al. (1974)Masutomi Museum specimensS. Taka et al. (1897)Kusachi et al (1986)Ohnishi et al. (2001)Okamoto et al. (1988)Yamada (2004)Petrov (n.d.)- (n.d.)+1 other reference- (n.d.)Sadanaga et al. (1974)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Evseev (1995)Evseev (1995)June 2003+3 other references- (2005)- (2005)
    Mexico
     
    Personal collecting experienceMegaw (1990)Panczner (1987)Megaw (2023)Martin Števko-unpublishedGerardo Pérez Reveles- (2004)Wilson (2004)Nuno Miguel SantosPanczner (1987)Peter MegawPanczner (1987)Saini-Eidukat et al. (2009)Bardo Tavizon CollectionQuerol+1 other referenceVargas et al. (1993)Reyes (2020)Panczner (1987)+1 other referencePanczner (1987)J.R. de Wet and J.D. Singleton (2008)+1 other referencePanczner (1987)Panczner (1987)Megaw (2023)Palache et al. (1951)+4 other referencesMoore (2008)Moore (2008)Moore (2008)Moore (2008)Johannes Swartswww.amsac.com.mx (1999)Panczner (1987)Carles Canet et al. (2011)Parker (2010)
    Morocco
     
    Barral et al. (2008)Favreau (n.d.)Enrico Bonacina photoFavreau et al. (2006)JP Barral collectionZhao et al. (2024)Favreau (n.d.)Barral (2023)Favreau (n.d.)Choulet et al. (2014)+1 other referenceChoulet et al. (2014)Rocks & Min.: 65:27.
    Namibia
     
    Bowell et al. (2013)Gebhard (1999)Rocks & Min.: 23:606+1 other referenceLaukamp (2006)von Bezing (2007)Cairncross et al. (2012)www.metalin.com (2002)+3 other references
    North Korea
     
    Watanabe (1942)
    Norway
     
    Eldjarn (1977)Raade (1995)Raade (1995)Goldschmidt (1911)Berg (1994)Goldschmidt (1911)Nilsen (1993)P. Andresen (2005)Peter Andresen collection. Knut Edvard ...Knut Edvard Larsen (2023)Stensrud (2004)Per Lid Adamsen collection+1 other referenceGarmo (1974)+2 other referencesRaade (1995)Burvald (2018)Burvald (2018)Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-5920 ( Id visually)Hansen et al. (1982)+1 other referencePeter Andresen collectionBerge (n.d.)Larsen (1993)Larsen et al. (2010)Torfinn Kjærnet collection.
    Peru
     
    www.marketscreener.com (2018)Arfè et al. (2017)+4 other referencesArfè et al. (2017)+1 other referenceJ.R. de Wet and J.D. Singleton (2008)+3 other referencesMondillo et al. (2014)
    Poland
     
    Coppola et al. (2009)Górny A. (2007)J. Cabala et al. (2008)Coppola et al. (2009)Coppola et al. (2009)Cabała et al. (2008)+1 other referenceDomań+3 other referencesSiuda et al. (2003)Eligiusz Szełęg collection (SEM/EDS identification)Coppola et al. (2009)Coppola et al. (2009)Coppola et al. (2009)Cabała+4 other referencesOsman A.E.M. 1989: Smithsonite in the oxidation zone of the Upper Silesia Zn-Pb ore deposits (Orzeł Biały Mine, Bytom Area)Coppola et al. (2009)Coppola et al. (2009)Coppola et al. (2009)
    Portugal
     
    Pimentel et al. (2007)Alves (n.d.)Pedro Alves analytical data
    Republic of the Congo
     
    Richard Dale CollectionDemetrius Pohl+1 other referencewww.spiriferminerals.com (2020)Spirifer Minerals specimens and labelsBrian Kosnar specimenArliguie M collection+1 other reference
    Romania
     
    Szakáll (2002)Rocks and Minerals 77:176-180+1 other referenceDonald Volkman Personal Collectionminerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008)Szakáll (2002)Szakáll (2002)
    Russia
     
    Pekov I.V. et al. (2010)+1 other referencewebmineral.ru (2020)Burlakov (1995)Burlakov (1999)Bukanov et al. (2012)Pekov et al. (2004)maurice.strahlen.org (2003)+1 other reference ...Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Grant et al. (2001)Yarosh et al. (1955)Kasatkin et al. (2021)Seroka (2001)Betts (n.d.)
    Saudi Arabia
     
    Luce et al. (1976)
    Slovakia
     
    PaulišLuptáková et al. (2003)Števko M. (2019)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Mrázek Z. & Ďuďa R. (1983)Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika)Števko M. et al. (2009)Ozdín D. et al. (OH)Ženiš P. & Friedl I.
    Slovenia
     
    Recnik et al. (2014)Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ...Bancroft et al. (1991)+1 other referenceTerzić (1972)+1 other referenceŽorž et al. (2002)
    South Africa
     
    Cairncross et al. (1995)+1 other referenceCairncross et al. (1995)SAMS (South African Micromount Society)Cairncross et al. (1995)Reeks (2007)Windisch (2014)Allan William Fraser specimen photo ID ...South African Micromount newsletterCairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Natural History Museum Vienna collection (sample from 1894)+2 other references
    South Korea
     
    University of Tokyo collection
    Soviet Union (1922-1991)
     
    Spain
     
    Viñals et al. (2008)Ko JansenCalvo Rebollar (2018)Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022)Calvo (2015)Dr. Cesar Menor SalvánCastro et al. (2019)Calvo (2018)Calvo (2018)José Miguel Sola Fernández and group.Calvo (2018)Calvo (2018)Arana Castillo (1973)Díaz et al. (2000)Díaz et al. (2000)Díaz et al. (2000)Calvo (2018)Torres-Ruis et al. (1985)Calvo (2018)Pierre RondelezCalvo (2018)Calvo (2018)Calvo (2018)Alvarado A de (1920)Calvo (2008)Calvo Rebollar (2008)Calvo (2018)Gutiérrez et al. (2000)Calvo Rebollar (2016)António Manuel Ináçio Martins ...Calvo (2018)Calvo (2018) ...Calvo (2018)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Gómez Fernández et al. (2006)Calvo (2018)Revista de minerales (Mars)Echevarría (2000)Echevarría (2000)Calvo (2018)Calvo (2018)Calvo (2018)Castro et al. (2001)Calvo (2018)García+3 other referencesCalvo (2018)Sainz de Baranda et al. (2009)Calvo (2018)Calvo Rebollar (2012)Dana et al. (1892)Fabre (n.d.)Calvo (2018)Ignacio Gaspar collection. Confirmed by ...Menor (2010)Cosme Pérez-Puig collectionCalvo et al. (2002)Paniagua A. 1993. Informe de indicios ...Calvo Rebollar (2018)Calvo Rebollar (2018)Perez et al. (1991)Calvo Rebollar (2018)Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3)Joan RosellCalvo et al. (Spain)Joan Abella i Creus (2008)Oscar Fernandez ArcisCalvo (2018)www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.)Lapis 29 (2)Martins da Pedra collectionmineralogía. Bocamina+1 other referenceCalvo (2018)G.L. Garcia et al. (2011)www.e-minerales.com (2007)G.L. Garcia et al. (2011)Borja Sainz de Baranda (1996)González (2023)Calvo (2018)
    Sweden
     
    Gatedal (n.d.)Öhman et al. (2000)Gatedal (1997)Sandström et al. (2008)+1 other reference
    Switzerland
     
    Collection Philippe Roth+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Kellerhals (1962)+1 other referenceKellerhals (1962)+1 other referenceKellerhals (1962)Kellerhals (1962)Kellerhals (1962)Krähenbühl et al. (1999)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Schmutz et al. (1986)Le Cristallier Suisse (7)Vanini F. et al. (1998)Stéphane Eggs & Alexandre SalzmannStalder et al. (1998)Ansermet S. (1996)Stalder et al. (1998)Kolitsch et al. (1996)www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.)50. (in German)+1 other referencePhilippe Roth's collectionPhilippe Roth's collectionAnsermet (2012)EDXS analyses86. (in German)+2 other referencesAnsermet (2012)Ansermet (2012)Schad (1989)Stalder et al. (1998)Meisser (2012)
    Tajikistan
     
    I. Pekov data pers. comm L. Horvath 2008Badalov et al. (1975)
    Thailand
     
    Yutthana Suyasarote (1994)David Clayton - Collection+1 other reference
    Tunisia
     
    Jemmali et al. (2011)+1 other referenceGarnit et al. (2018)Garnit et al. (2018)Dill+1 other referenceG Brandstetter collection+2 other referencesSomrani et al. (2025)
    Turkey
     
    CSA Global (2019)Kines (1969)Santoro (2015)+2 other referencesErik Vercammen field observation and ...
    UK
     
    Golley et al. (1995)Golley et al. (1995)S. Rust collectionCollection Richard De NulDines (1956)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Bridges et al. (1998)Day (1999)Paul Nicholson CollectionHartley (1984)+1 other referenceHartley (1984)+2 other referencesDavidson et al. (1951)+4 other referencesDavid ClaytonMike Leppington collection (visual ID)+1 other referenceAnonymous (1747)+1 other referenceCooper et al. (1990)Cooper et al. (1990)+1 other referenceSweet (1960)+3 other referencesGreg et al. (1858)+6 other referencesHartley (1984)+1 other referencePaul Nicholson CollectionPaul NicholsonCooper et al. (1990)+1 other referenceDunham et al. (2nd Edition)Paul Nicholson CollectionDay (1999)P. Nicholson CollectionDay (1999)[BMS]P. Nicholson CollectionBriscoe et al. (2021)BMS Collection+1 other referenceBMS Collection+1 other referenceFord et al. (1993)Collected by+1 other referenceAndrew Lawton CollectionFord et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1965)+1 other referenceFord et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 441-449+1 other referenceFord et al. (1993)Ford et al. (1993)Palache et al. (1951)+1 other referenceDay (1999)Sorrell (n.d.)Day (1999)Ford et al. (1993)+1 other referenceFord et al. (1993)+1 other referenceJones (1982)+1 other referenceRust (1994)Phillips (1823)+1 other referenceDay (1999)+1 other referenceRender (n.d.)Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)Young et al. (1997)+1 other referenceS. Moreton+1 other referenceRender (n.d.)Day (1999)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Paul Nicholson CollectionRender (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Paul Nicholson CollectionRender (n.d.)L. O. Tyson (1983)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Render (n.d.)Mineralogical Magazine 36 (1968)S. Moreton collectionLivingstone et al. (1976)Render (n.d.)Rust (2022)Day (1999)S Rust collectionDay (1999)M.Wirth collectionGreen et al. (2005)S Rust collectionS.Rust CollectionRender (n.d.)Day (1999)Ian Jones collectionPlant et al. (1996)Day (1999)Braithwaite (1982)Day (1999)Rust et al. (1988)S.Rust CollectionDay (1999)Day (1999)Day (1999)Day (1999)S Rust collectionChris Popham CollectionChris Popham CollectionS. Rust collectionChris Popham CollectionS.Rust collectionS.Rust CollectionChris Popham CollectionGreen et al. (1996)+1 other referenceS. Rust collectionChris Popham CollectionMason et al. (1997)Rutley (1902)Day (1999)S Rust collectionDay (1999)Day (1999)Day (1999)
    USA
     
    - (2008)- (2008)- (2008)Anthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)Graeme (1993)Walstrom (n.d.)"The Accidental Pocket" talk presented ...C. LemanskiLuetcke (n.d.)Eckhard D. StuartLuetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Cooper (1951)+2 other referencesRolf LuetckeLuetcke (n.d.)Anthony et al. (1995)Cooper (1957)+2 other referencesLuetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)- (1973)Luetcke (n.d.)Butler et al. (1938b)+2 other referencesRob BowellLuetcke (n.d.)Rob BowellButler et al. (1938b)+2 other referencesButler et al. (1938b)+2 other referencesLuetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Thorne (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Galbraith (1959)+2 other references- (1951, July)+3 other referencesMRDS database Dep. ID file #10048118Anthony et al. (1995)Luetcke (n.d.)Robert Jenkins Raman SpectroscopyDr. Marcus OriglieriMRDS database Dep. ID #10046325Keith (1972)+2 other referencesMRDS database Dep. ID #10026851+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)MRDS database Dep. ID #10102439Peterson (1962)+1 other referenceWilson et al. (1950)+2 other referencesPeterson (1962)Wilson et al. (1950)+2 other referencesPeterson et al. (1951)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Lindgren (1904)+3 other referencesMRDS database Dep. ID #10048129Luetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Rocks & Min.: 61:55-56.+2 other referencesAnthony et al. (1995)Minerals identified by the mine owners (2024)Rolf LuetckeEcon Geol (1985)Anthony et al. (1995)Galbraith (1959)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)Galbraith (1959)+1 other referenceBideaux et al. (1960)+1 other referenceLuetcke (n.d.)Anthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)Anthony et al. (1995)- (1951, July)MRDS database Dep. ID #10037116+1 other referencePeterson (1938b)+4 other referencesPalache et al. (1951)MRDS database Dep. ID #10048300Mr. Eckhard Stuart.Wilson et al. (1950)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1995)MRDS database Dep. ID file #10103551Luetcke (n.d.)Self-collected: C.LemanskiDennis TryonLuetcke (n.d.)Luetcke (n.d.)Anthony et al. (1995)Wilson et al. (1950)+4 other referencesWilson et al. (1950)+1 other referenceAnderson et al. (1955)Jahns (1952)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Smith (1988)- (2005)- (2005)Smith (1988)Smith (1988)Rocks & Min.:63:111+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:63:111+1 other referenceSmith (1988)Smith (1988)- (2005)Smith (1988)Rocks & Min.: 63: 111.Smith (1988)Rocks & Min.:64:288-292.Rocks & Min.: 64 (4)Howard (1989)Smith (1988)Rocks & Min.: 63:112.Rocks & Min.: 63:112.Rocks & Min.: 63:112.Smith (1988)Rocks & Min.: 63: 113.Smith (1988)Smith (1988)Smith (1988)Stroud (1969)+1 other referenceSmith (1988)Stroud (1969)+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals (1988)Rocks & Minerals (1988)Smith (1988)Rocks & Min.:63:124+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:63:124+1 other referenceRocks & Min.: 63:124.Rocks & Min.: 63:124Mineral WebzineWalstrom (n.d.)Hawley et al. (1960)Andrew HodgsonHall (1958)+3 other referencesHall (1958)+4 other referencesHall (1963)+3 other referencesKnopf (1914a)+3 other referencesDunning+3 other referencesHall (1958)Knopf (1914a)+3 other referencesCalif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189 et al. (1966)+1 other referenceRogers (1912b)+3 other referencesIrelan et al. (1890a)+4 other referencesUSGS PP 368 "Geology & Ore Deposits of ...+7 other referencesUSGS Bull 540+8 other referencesHawley et al. (1960)Hall (1958)+2 other referencesRobert M. Housley (2005)Robert M. Housley (2005)Hall (1963)+3 other referencesMcAllister (1955)+3 other referencesMcAllister (1955)+2 other referencesHall (1963)+1 other reference- (2005)Murdoch et al. (1966)Troxel et al. (1962)+3 other referencesRocks & Min.:60:240.Murdoch (1966)Dr. Robert HousleyMurdoch et al. (1942)+2 other referencesR.M. Housley and R.E. Reynolds (2002)Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society ...+2 other referencesMayo (1972)Murdoch (1966)Hawley et al. (1960)Hawley et al. (1960)Kepper et al. (2000)Pemberton (1983)+2 other referencesTucker (1943c)+2 other referencesThorne (n.d.)Thorne (n.d.)Rocks & Minerals 86:132-142Housley R.Thorne (n.d.)collected by and in the collection of ...Crowley (1977)+5 other referencesCollected by and in the collection of ...Collected by and in the collection of ...Collected by and in the collection of ...Burton M. Jirgl collection.Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)+1 other referenceDings et al. (1957)Loughlin (1918)+1 other referenceLoughlin (1918)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)- (2005)U.S. Geological Survey Professional ...+2 other referencesRocks & Minerals 81:356-361R. P Rothwell (1898)+1 other referenceUSGS PP 1017 (Lovering,1978)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)USGS OFR 56-103+1 other referenceDings et al. (1957)Dings et al. (1957)Eckel et al. (1997)www.mindat.org (n.d.)Dings et al. (1957)Rocks & Minerals: SeptEckel et al. (1997)Holmes et al. (1983)Eckel et al. (1997)Emmons (1886)Emmons (1886)Emmons (1886)Emmons (1886)Emmons (1886)Emmons (1886)Emmons (1886)Emmons (1886)Emmons (1886)Emmons (1886)Loughlin (1918)Loughlin (1918)Loughlin (1918)Loughlin (1918)Shannon et al. (1985)Rocks & Minerals 81:5 402-409+1 other referenceLoughlin (1918)Loughlin (1918)Frank KarastiMineral Collector (1895)James A. Bauer+1 other referenceShannon et al. (1985)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)- (2005)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Schairer (1931)Januzzi (1994)Segeler et al. (1985)Field observations July 2020Januzzi et al. (1976)Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Ream (2004)Chris DeGrave collection. Purchased ...Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Ream (2004)Collection of Alex EarlThorne (n.d.)USGS PP 1480 (Ruppel,1988)USGS PP 1480 (Ruppel,1988)Thorne (n.d.)Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Rocks & Min. 70:255Ream (2004)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Goldstein (1997)12.+1 other referenceSmith et al. (2002)Smith et al. (2002)Calvin (1900)Dana et al. (1892)Anderson (1994)Goldstein (2006)Goldstein (1997)+1 other reference- (Ulrich & Smith, 1905)+1 other referenceP Cristofono collectionAlan Goldstein collection.Goldstein (1997)+1 other referenceGoldstein (2006)Anderson (1994)Goldstein (1997)+1 other referenceKing et al. (1994)King et al. (1994)King et al. (1994)Mines of the Washington D.C AreaHeyl et al. (1965)Dunn et al. (1975)Krueger (1976)Winslow (1894)[[1]]Winslow (1894)Winslow (1894)Winslow (1894)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Sherwood et al. (1998)Sherwood et al. (1998)Sherwood et al. (1998)Sherwood et al. (1998)- (2005)R&M 72:6 pp 400-419R&M 72:6 pp 400-419Winslow (1894)Dana 6:1083.Winslow (1894)Sherwood et al. (1998)- (2005)Rocks & Min. V.71- (2005)Dana 6:1084.Conroy (2023)Winslow (1894)Winslow (1894)Keller (1940)Conroy (2023)Brichta (1949)- (2005)Winslow (1894)Biennial Report of the State Geologist Transmitted to the General Assembly. (1919)Sherwood et al. (1998)Missouri Mines State Historic Site ...Sherwood et al. (1998)+1 other referenceWinslow (1894)Sherwood et al. (1998)Tucker (2006)Tucker (2006)www.mineralnews.com (2002)- (2005)Gobla (2012)Gobla (2012)Gobla (2012)Thorne (n.d.)Winchell (1914)+1 other referenceGobla (2012)KarlstromGobla (2012)Gabe Cangelosi CollectionTucker (2008)Chris TuckerChris Tuckerwww.christuckerminerals.com and Chris ...Gobla (2012)USGS Bull 1042N+1 other referenceGobla (2012)Waisman (1992)+1 other referenceMin News 21:7 p 1Min News 20:6 pp11-12Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 20-33+1 other referenceGibson (2018)Bill Hamel Collection: In the Tidal Wave Mining District near Twin Bridges (Nos. 1 & 2; USGS MRDS 10019947)- (2005)Walstrom (n.d.)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Longwell et al. (1965)Castor et al. (2004)Walstrom (n.d.)Schilling (1979)+1 other referenceSchilling (1979)+1 other referenceSchilling (1979)USGS PP 162]+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Longwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)USGS PP 162]+1 other referenceUSGS PP 162]+1 other referenceLongwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)Castor et al. (2004)Longwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)USGS PP 162]+1 other referenceCollected in recent years by D. Kim ...+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.Longwell et al. (1965)USGS PP 162]+1 other referenceLongwell et al. (1965)Castor et al. (2004)Longwell et al. (1965)+1 other referenceLongwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)USGS PP 162]+1 other referenceLongwell et al. (1965)+1 other referenceLongwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)USGS PP 162]+1 other referenceDavid Fryauff CollectionRocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.+2 other referencesNBMG Bull 62 Geology and Mineral ...+1 other referenceLongwell et al. (1965)+1 other referenceLongwell et al. (1965)+1 other referenceLongwell et al. (1965)Longwell et al. (1965)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)LaPointe et al. (199)LaPointe et al. (199)LaPointe et al. (199)LaPointe et al. (199)LaPointe et al. (199)LaPointe et al. (199)LaPointe et al. (199)LaPointe et al. (199)LaPointe et al. (199)Kenneth ColemanCastor et al. (2004)LaPointe et al. (199)Castor et al. (2004)S.W. Rose collection. Personally ...+1 other referenceLaPointe et al. (199)Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.Walstrom (n.d.)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Schilling (1979)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.- (2005)Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.+2 other references- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Steve Pullman+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.Clive BailenLuetcke (n.d.)Clive Bailen- (2005)Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ...Castor et al. (2004)USGS Bull 2009Castor et al. (2004)Geoff Sterling CollectionNBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ...Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)Walstrom (n.d.)+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.Rocks and Minerals Volume 74 Number 6Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Goudey (1952)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986)Castor et al. (2004)Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.+1 other reference- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Quillen (2017)Nikischer (2017)Berry et al. (1952)+2 other references- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ...Castor et al. (2004)Wallace et al. (1975)- (2005)Min News (1993)Chris Rayburn collectionCastor et al. (2004)- (1976)Castor et al. (2004)- (1976)- (2005)- (1976)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Rolf LuetckeSmith (2005)Anna Wilken collection+1 other referenceA. Plante collectionMason (1976)Bradley D. Plotkin collectionImbriacco (2009)CummingsDana 6: 1065.Peters et al. (1983)Dunn (1995)Peters et al. (1983)Palache (1935)+2 other referencesDunn (1995)Dunn (1995)II et al. (1994)+1 other referenceCommon knowledge among local collectors.Patrick HaynesGlover et al. (1975)+1 other referenceJerry Cone CollectionJerry Cone CollectionD.Court collection+3 other referencesDon Saathoff collectionPatrick HaynesRocks & Minerals: 65: 18+2 other referencesDeMark (1989)Virginia T. McLemore (2006)Walstrom (n.d.)Northrop et al. (1996)Walstrom (n.d.)- (1936)Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 34-432009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ...+1 other reference2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ...+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 34-43Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 34-43+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)Jay Penn collectionNorthrop et al. (1996)Lindgren et al. (1910)Luetcke (n.d.)DeMark (2004)Min News 20:10 p 8Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)R&M 77:5 p298-305+1 other referenceTwenty-fourth Annual New Mexico Mineral ...R. D. Green photoR&M 77:5 p298-305Walstrom (n.d.)Frank KarastiLuetcke (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ...+1 other referenceDeMark (1989)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ...+1 other referenceWalstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Min News 20:6 p8Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Griswold (1961)Jerry Cone CollectionWalstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Jerry Cone CollectionWalstrom (n.d.)Jerry Cone CollectionNorthrop et al. (1996)+1 other referenceWalstrom 2006 New Mexico Mineral ...Eckhard D. Stuart - collectionRobert E.Walstrom CollectionWalstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)Walstrom (n.d.)+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)5th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium (1985)+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)M Massis collectionDeMark (1989)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)NMBMMR Bull 37 Geology and Mineral ...NMBMMR Bull 37 Geology and Mineral ...+1 other referenceNorthrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Patrick HaynesNorthrop et al. (1996)M Massis collectionChris Emproto CollectionJerry Cone CollectionMichael C Michayluk CollectionNorthrop et al. (1996)King et al. (1991)Jerry Cone CollectionDeMark et al. (1999)M Massis collectionD. Wells collectionGibbs (1989)NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2003)USGS PP 200 (Loughlin,1942)Northrop et al. (1996)New Mexico Bureau of Geology Mineral ...DeMark (1989)M Massis collectionLasky (1932)R&M 66:1 p56-63R&M 66:1 p56-63R&M 66:1 p56-63Robinson et al. (2007)Goble et al. (1980)- (2005)A. Kampf 2-2018- (n.d.)- (n.d.)Carlson (2015)Sloto (1989)Rocks & Min.:9:21.Matrix+1 other referenceRocks & Minerals: 20: 319.+1 other referenceRocks & Min.: 10:34 & 58.Rocks & Min.: 6:26+1 other referenceSmith (1977)Dana et al. (1892)+1 other referenceBoucot (1949)Smith (1977)www.jonesgeo.com (2011)Miller (1971)Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117-118.Smith et al. (2000)Frank KarastiRoberts et al. (1965)Zeitner (1968)Rocks & Minerals Vol. 86Rocks & Minerals Vol. 86Rocks & Minerals Vol. 86Paris (2011)Paris (2011)Paris (2011)Paris (2011)Paris (2011)Paris (2011)Kelly et al. (1958)Paris (2011)Paris (2011)Paris (2011)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Dana 6: 1084.Paris (2011)Paris (2008)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Price (1983)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Price (1983)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)BEG Min Res Circ 71- (2005)Rocks & Min.+2 other references ...- (2005)Frank KarastiButler (1913)+1 other referenceBullock (1981)+1 other referenceThorne (n.d.)Butler (1913)- (2005)- (2005)Bullock (1981)+1 other reference- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Bullock (1981)- (2005)Collection of Alex Earl- (2005)In the collection of Alex EarlCollection of Alex EarlThorne (n.d.)Thorne (n.d.)Ron LaytonThorne (n.d.)Bullock (1981)+2 other referencesBullock (1981)- (2005)Bullock (1981)Marty et al. (1993)- (2005)Ken Puchlik (2009)+1 other reference- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Alexander Wong CollectionBullock (1981)In the collection of Alex EarlCollected by and in the collection of ...Bullock (1981)Collected by and in the collection of ...North (2010)Dana 7:I:596+1 other reference- (2005)+1 other referenceCarl L. Ege (2005)Carl L. Ege (2005)Thorne (n.d.)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)- (2005)Thorne (n.d.)- (2005)- (2005)Kokinos et al. (1993)Kokinos et al. (1993)Kokinos et al. (1993)King et al. (1990)Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 52-62+1 other referenceThorne (n.d.)Thorne (n.d.)- (2005)- (2005)U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ...+1 other referenceCollected by and in the collection of ...Bullock (1981)+1 other referenceUSGS Prof Paper 1024+2 other referencesLuetcke (n.d.)Dietrich (1990)- (2005)- (2005)Kearns+1 other referenceDietrich (1990)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Dietrich (1990)- (2005)- (2005)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dana 6:1073+1 other referenceDana 6:1073.- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ...+1 other reference- (2005)- (2005)Rocks & Min.: 60:170.- (2005)- (2005)Cannon (1975)Cannon (1975)Cannon (1975)+1 other referenceCannon (1975)Cannon (1975)Valentine et al. (1960)+2 other referencesCannon (1975)Cannon (1975)Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998)Cordua (1998)Cordua (1998)Cordua (1998)Hausel et al. (2001)
    Vietnam
     
    TienTienMineralsB. Fojt & I. Kusinir (2001)+1 other reference
    Yemen
     
    Mondillo et al. (2011)+4 other references
    Zambia
     
    Palache et al. (1951)+2 other references
    Zimbabwe
     
    Vetter et al. (1999)+1 other reference
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