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Native Gold

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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Gold is one of the first minerals used by prehistoric cultures. The Latin name for this mineral was "aurum" and Jöns Jakob Berzelius used Au to represent the element when he established the current system of chemical symbols. The Old English word "gold" first appeared in written form about 725 and may further have been derived from "gehl" or "jehl". May be derived from Anglo-Saxon "gold" = yellow. (Known to alchemists as Sol.)
Copper Group.Gold-Silver Series andGold-Palladium Series.

The name "Native Gold" is preferred here to avoid confusion although the formal IMA name remains simply "gold".

A native element and precious metal, gold has long been prized for its beauty, resistance to chemical attack and workability. As it is found as anative element, has a relatively low melting point (1063 degrees Celsius) and ismalleable, it has been used by mankind for thousands of years.

Gold is used as a standard for international currency and is also widely used in jewelry, electronics (where its superb properties as a conductor help offset its tremendous cost), dentistry and in photographic processes.

Gold occurs in significant amounts in three main types of deposits: hydrothermal quartz veins and related deposits in metamorphic and igneous rocks; in volcanic-exhalative sulphide deposits; and in consolidated to unconsolidated placer deposits. It may also occur in contact metamorphic or hypothermal deposits (e.g. Skarns), or epithermal deposits such as volcanic fumaroles. It is most commonly found as disseminated grains inquartz veins withpyrite and other sulphides, or as rounded grains, flakes, or nuggets in placer deposits in recent to ancient stream and river deposits. Gold is often panned from such deposits by taking advantage of its high density to wash away the lighter sediments from a pan or sluice.

Nuggets are almost exclusively hypogene in origin, forming mostly in veins, but can be somewhat modified in form and chemistry by weathering, erosion, and transport (Hough et al., 2007).


Unique Identifiers

Classification of Native Gold

1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
A : Copper-cupalite family
Dana 7th ed.:
1.1.1.1
Dana 8th ed.:
1.1.1.1

1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
Hey's CIM Ref.:
1.5

1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Rich yellow, paling to whitish-yellow with increasing silver; blue & green in transmitted light (only thinnest folia [gold leaf])
Streak:
Shining yellow
Hardness:
2½ - 3 onMohs scale
Hardness:
VHN10=30 - 34 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Malleable
Cleavage:
None Observed
None
Fracture:
Hackly
Density:
15 - 19.3 g/cm3 (Measured)    19.309 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Calculated density at 0° C. Depends on silver content (pure gold is 19.3).

Optical Data of Native Gold
CAS Registry number:
7440-57-5

CAS Registry numbers are published by theAmerican Chemical Society
Common Impurities:
Ag,Cu,Pd,Hg,Bi

Crystallography of Native Gold
Click on an icon to view
Gold no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.3 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.4 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.17 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.46 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.47 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

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Crystal Structure

Other Language Names for Native Gold

Varieties of Native GoldArgentocuproaurite-IA grain from Noril'sk.

Originally reported from Talnakh Cu-Ni Deposit, Noril'sk, Putoran Plateau, Taimyr Peninsula, Taimyr Autonomous Region (Taymyrskiy Okrug), Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krasnoyarsk Kray; Krasnoyarskii Krai), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia...Argentocuproaurite-IIA grain of cuprian electrum from Talnakh deposit, Russia.Bismuth-bearing GoldA variety of gold containing several weight percent of bismuth, possibly in solid solution (Palache, Berman & Frondel, 1944).

A variety containing 13.5 weight percent of bismuth (on average) has been reported by Shu et al. (2006).Copper-bearing GoldA variety of Gold possibly containing Cu in substitution for Au to at least 20%.ElectrumGold-Silver Series .
High silver-bearing gold is pale yellow, nearly white (Ramdohr, 1969).Iridian GoldAn iridium-rich variety of gold.Lead-bearing GoldA Pb-bearing variety from Polish Cu-bearing Zechstein polymetallic deposits. Mineral from Ariadnenskoe deposit contains 19.73 mass% Pb.Mercurian GoldA variety of gold with aMercury content of up to 15 weight percent.Nickel-bearing GoldNatural gold-nickel alloys with Ni contents up to 40 mass%. The colour of such alloys can be silver-white.Palladium-bearing GoldA palladium-bearing variety of gold.Platinum-bearing GoldA platinum-rich variety of gold.PorpeziteGold-Palladium Series .

A tan-coloured palladium-bearing variety of gold containing 5-10 wt% Pd.PyrrhochrysitSilver rich goldRhoditeA rhodian variety of Gold. Gold containing 34 to 43 weight percent Rh has beenreported from Columbia & Mexico, butnot confirmed.Silver- and mercury-bearing GoldA variety of gold, containing up to 31 weight percent of silver and up to 15 weight percent of mercury.
Compare alsoUnnamed (Ag-Au Amalgam).

Relationship of Native Gold to other Species
Other Members of Copper Group:
MaldoniteAu2BiIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m
Native CopperCuIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m
Native SilverAgIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m
Forms a series with:
Native SilverGold-Silver Series
Native PalladiumGold-Palladium Series

Common AssociatesIso.43m :P43m1.AA.05Native LeadPbIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m1.AA.05aAuricupride Subgroup1.AA.05Native NickelNiIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m1.AA.05Native SilverAgIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m1.AA.05UM2004-08-E:AuCuPdCu2PdAu1.AA.05UM1991-06-E:AuCuAu3Cu1.AA.05Native AluminiumAlIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m1.AA.05SteinhardtiteAl0.38Ni0.32Fe0.30Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Im3m1.AA.05Native CopperCuIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m1.AA.05Copper Group1.AA.10aCuproaurideCu3Au1.AA.10bTetra-auricuprideAuCuTet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) :P4/mmm1.AA.10aAuricuprideCu3AuIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Pm3m1.AA.10Nickel Group1.AA.15AnyuiiteAuPb2Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) :I4/mcm1.AA.15NovodnepriteAuPb3Tet.42m :I42m1.AA.15UM1985-02-E:AlZn(Zn,Cu)Al21.AA.15Khatyrkite(Cu,Zn)Al2Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) :I4/mcm1.AA.20Cupalite(Cu,Zn)AlOrth.1.AA.25HunchuniteAu2PbIso.m3m(4/m32/m)1.AA.30StolperiteAlCuIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Pm3m1.AA.35HollisteriteAl3FeMon. 2/m :B2/m1.AA.40IcosahedriteAl63Cu24Fe13Icos.53m :Fm351.AA.45Kryachkoite(Al,Cu)6(Fe,Cu)Orth.mm2 :Cmc211.AA.50ProxidecagoniteAl34Ni9Fe2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma

Fluorescence of Native Gold

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    • References for Native GoldⓘFarallon Blanco MineRaúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection.Peña (1970)
    Australia
     
    Bottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)+1 other reference
    Austria
     
    Paar et al. (1978)+1 other reference
    Canada
     
    British Columbia Ministry of Energy+1 other referenceSwinden et al. (1990)Ontario MDI Number: MDI42A06NW00032+4 other referencesSabina (1974)+1 other reference
    Ireland
     
    Ovoca Gold Exploration reports.+1 other referenceWolfe et al. (2008)
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Sorrell (n.d.)+2 other references
    Romania
     
    Carles Curto Mila collection
    Russia
     
    Ozerskii et al. (1843)+3 other referencesLehmann et al. (1999)+3 other references
    Taiwan
     
    James K.C.Huang Collection+3 other references
    UK
     
    Russell (1929)+4 other references
    USA
     
    Cook et al. (1982)Rocks & Minerals 83:5 pp 392-401+2 other referencesEidahl (1977)+4 other referencesRocks & MineralsWaring (1917)MinRec.:20 (5)Speckels (1965)+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:57:61.Eckel et al. (1997)Maneotis: 2009the Book "Colorado Gold" by Allen Bird (ex manager of the mine)+3 other referencesRocks & Min.: 64:196.[var: Electrum]USGS Bull 2090+3 other references- (2005)+1 other referenceLieberman (1989)[var: Electrum]www.mindat.org (n.d.)R&M 79:1 p44-54- (2005)Eric He's CollectionRice Museum
    Venezuela
     
    Steve Smale specimens+1 other reference
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