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Gadolinite-(Ce)

A valid IMA mineral species
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(Ce,La,Nd,Y)2Fe2+Be2Si2O10
Often slightly radioactive due to minor U and/or Th contents; therefore often metamict.
Colour:
Black
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
6½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
4.20
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Gadolinite Subgroup >Gadolinite Group >Gadolinite Supergroup
Name:
Named for its relationship to gadolinite-(Y), but with cerium as the dominant rare earth element. Gadolinite honors Johan Gadolin (5 June 1760, Turku, Finland - 15 August 1852, Mynämäki, Finland), chemist, physicist, and mineralogist.

Type Locality:
ⓘBuer, Bjørkedalen, Porsgrunn, Telemark, Norway
The cerium analogue ofGadolinite-(Y) andGadolinite-(Nd).
At thetype locality, gadolinite-(Ce) often occurs with an orange or yellow alteration rim (up to 0.5 mm).

The Italian occurrences of gadolinite-(Ce) are not probed by analyses and most correctly they should be classified as "gadolinite" (s.l.).


Unique Identifiers
IMA Formula:
Ce2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2
Approval year:
1987
First published:
1978
Type description reference:
Segalstad, Tom Victor, Larsen, Alf Olav (1978) Gadolinite-(Ce) from Skien, southwestern Oslo region, Norway.American Mineralogist, 63 (1-2) 188-195

Classification of Gadolinite-(Ce)

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
J : Nesosilicates with BO3 triangles and/or B[4], Be[4] tetrahedra, cornersharing with SiO4
Dana 8th ed.:
54.2.1b.2

54 : NESOSILICATES Borosilicates and Some Beryllosilicates
2 : Borosilicates and Some Beryllosilicates with B in [4] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:
14.3.24

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
3 : Silicates of Be

Mineral Symbols
Colour:
Black
Comment:
Olive green in thin sections
Hardness:
6½ - 7 onMohs scale
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.20 g/cm3 (Measured)    

Optical Data of Gadolinite-(Ce)
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
pale yellow-green in thin section
Comments:
The mineral is reported in numerous sources as "isotropic" with n = 1.78, but as the mineral is monoclinic, this observation was clearly done on metamict material. This assertion appears to derive from an observation on material only from Skien, Norway (Segalstad & Larsen, 1978). In contrast to the Norwegian sample, gadolinite-(Ce) from the Malmkärra mine, Norberg, Sweden is U-free and Th-free and is non-metamict. This material shows normal anisotropic optical properties consistent with a monoclinic symmetry (non-zero birefringence; biaxial nature).

Note that in the absence of measured R.I. data for anisotropic gadolinite-(Ce), the listed R.I. values above are those of the analogous species gadolinite-(Nd) (but no estimate of errors is attempted). However, these values nonetheless successfully reproduce the observed birefringence and 2V° of the Malmkärra mine gadolinite-(Ce). Not unexpectedly, the overall optical properties of non-metamict gadolinite-(Ce) appear to be largely comparable to those of gadolinite-(Nd).

Chemistry of Gadolinite-(Ce)

Crystallography of Gadolinite-(Ce)
General Appearance of Type Material:
Black irregular masses up to 20 mm in matrix.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mineralogical-Geological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, number 21325.
Chemical Analysis of Type Material:
SiO222.99 %
BeO8.83 %
Al2O30.02 %
B2O30.55 %
TiO20.25 %
FeO10.65 %
MnO1.89 %
MgO0.33 %
CaO2.15 %
Na2O0.11 %
K2O0.52 %
Y2O314.82 %
La2O39.07 %
Ce2O315.55 %
Total:87.73 %
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Syenite pegmatite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
AegirineMicroclinePyrochlore GroupPyrophaniteZircon
Reference:
Segalstad, Tom Victor, Larsen, Alf Olav (1978) Gadolinite-(Ce) from Skien, southwestern Oslo region, Norway.American Mineralogist, 63 (1-2) 188-195

Synonyms of Gadolinite-(Ce)

Other Language Names for Gadolinite-(Ce)

Relationship of Gadolinite-(Ce) to other Species
Other Members of Gadolinite Subgroup:
Calcybeborosilite-(Y)(Y,Ca)2(◻,Fe2+)(B,Be)2[SiO4]2(OH,O)2Mon.
Gadolinite-(Nd)Nd2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Gadolinite-(Y)Y2Fe2+Be2Si2O10Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Hingganite-(Ce)(Ce,REE)2(◻,Fe2+)Be2[SiO4]2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Hingganite-(Nd)Nd2◻Be2Si2O8(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Hingganite-(Y)(Y,REE,Ca)2(◻,Fe2+)Be2[SiO4]2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Hingganite-(Yb)(Yb,Y,REE)2◻Be2[SiO4]2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b
Minasgeraisite-(Y)(Ca2Y2)◻2(Be2B2)[SiO4]4(OH)4Tric. 1 :P1
Unnamed (OH-analogue of Gadolinite-(Y))(Y,Ca)2(Fe,◻)Be2Si2O8(OH,O)2Mon. 2/m

Common AssociatesMon. 2/m :P21/b9.AJ.Arrheniusite-(Ce)CaMg[(Ce7Y3)Ca5](SiO4)4(Si2B3AsO18)(BO3)F11Trig. 3m :R3m9.AJ.05Ominelite(Fe2+,Mg)(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)(BO3)O2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AJ.05Grandidierite(Mg,Fe2+)(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)(BO3)O2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AJ.10DumortieriteAl(Al2O)(Al2O)2(SiO4)3(BO3)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AJ.10Nioboholtite(Nb0.6◻0.4)Al6BSi3O18Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbcm9.AJ.10Titanoholtite(Ti0.75◻0.25)Al6BSi3O18Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pbcm9.AJ.10Holtite(Ta0.6◻0.4)Al6BSi3O18(O,OH)2.25Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma9.AJ.10MagnesiodumortieriteMg(Al2OH)(Al2O)2(SiO4)3(BO3)Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)9.AJ.15GarrelsiteBa3NaSi2B7O16(OH)4Mon. 2/m :B2/b9.AJ.20Muromontitenear Be2FeY2Si3O129.AJ.20Gadolinite-(Nd)Nd2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AJ.20DatoliteCaB(SiO4)(OH)Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AJ.20Melanocerite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4,BO4)3(OH,O)Hex.9.AJ.20Gadolinite-(Y)Y2Fe2+Be2Si2O10Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AJ.20Unnamed (OH-analogue of Gadolinite-(Y))(Y,Ca)2(Fe,◻)Be2Si2O8(OH,O)2Mon. 2/m9.AJ.20Hingganite-(Ce)(Ce,REE)2(◻,Fe2+)Be2[SiO4]2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AJ.20Hingganite-(Y)(Y,REE,Ca)2(◻,Fe2+)Be2[SiO4]2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AJ.20Hingganite-(Yb)(Yb,Y,REE)2◻Be2[SiO4]2(OH)2Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AJ.20HomiliteCa2(Fe2+,Mg)B2Si2O10Mon. 2/m :P21/b9.AJ.20Minasgeraisite-(Y)(Ca2Y2)◻2(Be2B2)[SiO4]4(OH)4Tric. 1 :P19.AJ.20Calcybeborosilite-(Y)(Y,Ca)2(◻,Fe2+)(B,Be)2[SiO4]2(OH,O)2Mon.9.AJ.25Stillwellite-(La)LaBSiO5Trig. 32 :P32219.AJ.25Stillwellite-(Ce)(Ce,La,Ca)BSiO5Trig. 3 :P319.AJ.30Cappelenite-(Y)Ba(Y,Ce)6Si3B6O24F2Trig. 3 :P39.AJ.35Laptevite-(Ce)Ca6(Fe2+,Mn2+)Y3REE7(SiO4)3(PO4)(B3Si3O18)(BO3)F11Trig. 3m :R3m9.AJ.35Proshchenkoite-(Y)Ca(Y,REE,Ca,Na,Mn)15Fe2+(P,Si)Si6B3O34F14Trig. 3m :R3m9.AJ.35Okanoganite-(Y)(Na,Ca)3(Y,Ce)12Si6B2O27F14Trig. 3m :R3m9.AJ.35Hundholmenite-(Y)(Y,REE,Ca,Na)15(Al,Fe3+)(CaxAs3+1-x)(Si,As5+)Si6B3(O,F)48Trig. 3m :R3m9.AJ.35Vicanite-(Ce)(Ca,Ce,La,Th)15As5+(As3+0.5,Na0.5)Fe3+Si6B4O40F7Trig. 3m :R3m9.AJ.40JadariteLiNaSiB3O7(OH)Mon. 2/m

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    • References for Gadolinite-(Ce)ⓘMunicipal quarry (Dick quarry)Wittern (1994)Exel (1993)
    Germany
     
    Italy
     
    Thorne (n.d.)CarliniGrill (1935)Pezzotta et al. (1999)Folie et al. (2010)
    Mozambique
     
    Behier (1957)+1 other reference
    Norway
     
    Larsen et al. (2010)Segalstad et al. (1978)- (n.d.)Larsen et al. (1981, June)+1 other referenceRaade et al. (1983)Grice et al. (2013)Larsen et al. (1992)Andresen (2011)Larsen et al. (2010)Engvoldsen et al. (1991)Hansen (1981)+1 other referenceBerge (n.d.)Engvoldsen et al. (1991)Engvoldsen et al. (1991)Engvoldsen et al. (1991)Collection of Peter Andresen.Berge (1993)+1 other referenceEngvoldsen et al. (1991)Andresen (2013)Larsen et al. (1981, June)+1 other reference
    Pakistan
     
    RUFF
    Poland
     
    Evans et al. (2018)
    Russia
     
    Kasatkin et al. (2020) ...European Journal of Mineralogy 19 (2007)
    Sweden
     
    Nysten et al. (2006)Nysten et al. (2006)+1 other referenceAndersson et al. (2024)Nysten et al. (2006)Öhman et al. (2005)+1 other referenceAndersson et al. (2024)
    USA
     
    Hanley et al. (1950)+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Ream (2004)Smith (2005)+1 other referenceMetamict crystal identified by XRD after annealing at 700° for 48 hours by John Attard et al. (Ce)
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