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Corundum

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored byEric D. Fritzsch
Photos of Corundum (3179)
Corundum GallerySearch Photos of Corundum
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Named "corinvindum" in 1725 by John Woodward and derived from the Sanskrit, kuruvinda ("Ruby"). Richard Kirwan used the current spelling "corundum" in 1794. Known by many names in ancient times: adamant, sapphire, ruby, hyacinthos, asteria, etc.
Polymorph of:
Deltalumite,UM1990-23-O:Al,UM1990-24-O:Al,UM1995-15-O:Al,UM1996-16-O:Al,Unnamed (gamma-alumina)
The aluminum analogue ofEskolaite,Hematite, andKarelianite.
The red (Cr-bearing) gem variety is calledRuby.
The blue (Fe- and Ti-bearing) gem variety is calledSapphire.

Compare'silicon spinel', that might be similar to the gamma form of Al2O3.

Paglia (2004) reports the following calcination pathway: gibbsite → böhmite → γ-Al2O3 (Unnamed (gamma-alumina)) → δ-Al2O3 (synthetic equivalent ofdeltalumite) → θ-Al2O3 (synthetic equivalent ofUM1990-23-O:Al) → α-Al2O3 (corundum).

Visit gemdat.org forgemological information about Corundum.



Unique Identifiers

Classification of Corundum
Dana 7th ed.:
4.3.1.1
Dana 8th ed.:
4.3.1.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
Hey's CIM Ref.:
7.6.1

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
6 : Oxides of Al

Mineral SymbolsJolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of Corundum
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Colourless, blue, red, pink, yellow, grey, golden-brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
9 onMohs scale
Hardness Data:
Mohs hardness reference species
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Parting:
Rhombohedral and basal parting {0001}, sometimes perfect but interrupted; also on {1011} due to exsolution (Boehmite), observed on large blocks (Georgia, USA).
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.98 - 4.1 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.997 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Corundum
Surface Relief:
High
Colour in reflected light:
Colourless
Pleochroism:
Not Visible
Comments:
Weak in sapphire (e = blue-green to yellow-green, o = pale to deep blue), otherwise none visible.
Comments:
Asterism often present due to oriented needle-like inclusions or to colloidal or other material deposited in oriented tubules.

Chemistry of Corundum
Common Impurities:
Cr,Fe,V,Ti

Crystallography of Corundum
Click on an icon to view
Corundum no.17 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Corundum no.34 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided bywww.smorf.nl.

Toggle
Edge Lines |Miller Indices |Axes

Transparency
Opaque |Translucent |Transparent

View
Along a-axis |Along b-axis |Along c-axis |Start rotation |Stop rotation

Crystal Structure
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.48 Å(70)
2.551 Å(97)
2.379 Å(42)
2.085 Å(100)
1.7398 Å(42)
1.6014 Å(82)
1.3738 Å(45)

Geological Environment1 : Stellar atmosphere condensatesStage 1: Primary nebular phases4.567-4.5613 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs)>4.565Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration4.566-4.5505 : Primary asteroid phases4.566–4.5606 : Secondary asteroid phases4.566-4.560Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust>4.507 : Ultramafic igneous rocksNear-surface Processes23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47)26 : Hadean detrital mineralsHigh-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formationsStage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.035 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocksStage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics<3.5-2.538 : Ophiolites39 : High-𝑃 metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh 𝑃 facies)40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies)41 : Mantle metasomatismStage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere<0.648 : Soil leaching zone minerals<0.650 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals<0.3651 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56)<0.36Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals<10 Ka54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56)
Geological Setting:
Silica-poor rocks, such as Nepheline-Syenites, alkali igneous undersaturated rocks, contact aureoles in altered aluminous shales, aluminous xenoliths in high temperature plutonic and hypabyssal rocks, metamorphosed bauxite deposits, and as a detrital material in sediments.

Synonyms of Corundum

Other Language Names for Corundum

Varieties of CorundumAdamantine SparA silky brown variety of corundum.AlundumAn artificial Corundum used as an abrasive.Asteriated SapphireA variety of Sapphire exhibiting the property of asterism.BarklyiteA magenta-coloured variety of ruby (corundum).
Originally reported from Victoria, Australia.Blue AlexandriteA trade name for blue/violet sapphireCat SapphireOriental sapphires of some value but not of the characteristic colour.ChlorosaphirA deep green variety of Corundum from Drachenfels, Königswinter, Siebengebirge, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.Chromium-bearing CorundumAn unnecessary name for a Cr-bearing corundum. Note that much corundum contains traces of Cr. Red, Cr-bearing corundum isruby.Ledo frozen fireA Fe Ti rich blue gem variety of CorundumOriental AmethystA purple gem variety of Corundum.Oriental EmeraldA green gem variety of Corundum.Oriental TopazA yellow gem variety of Corundum.PadmaragayaA trade name for a yellow gem variety of Corundum.PadparadschaA salmon-pink coloured gem sapphire.

It is GIA's opinion that this color range should be limited to light to medium tones of pinkish orange to orange-pink hues. Lacking delicacy, the dark brownish orange or even medium brownish orange tones of corundum f...RubyA red, gem variety of corundum. The red colour is caused by minor amounts of trivalent Cr replacing Al in the crystal structure.

In traditional gemmological terms, ruby has to be blood-red and of clear, facetable quality to justify the name. However, in ...SapphireMost commonly refers to a bluegem variety ofcorundum, but other coloured varieties ofcorundum are also described as sapphire, except redcorundum, which is better known asruby.

The dehydration ofdiaspore incorundum occurs between 525 and 550 °C, ...Star CorundumA variety of corundum exhibiting a star pattern when viewed down the C axis. The chatoyance is due to oriented microscopic inclusions.Star RubyA variety of ruby exhibiting a star pattern when viewed down the c axis. The chatoyance is due to oriented microscopic inclusions (nanorods) ofdiaspore (Nadin, 2007).Star SapphireA variety of sapphire that exhibits a star pattern when viewed down the c axis. The chatoyance is due to oriented microscopic inclusions (nanorods) ofdiaspore (Nadin, 2007).

The Star of India is the largest star sapphire in the world (563 carats or 113 ...Titanium-bearing CorundumTrapiche rubyVariety showing six-spoked growth features.
Comparetrapiche emerald.

Relationship of Corundum to other Species
Other Members of Hematite Group:
EskolaiteCr2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c
HematiteFe2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c
KarelianiteV3+2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c
TistariteTi3+2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c

Common AssociatesTrig.3m(32/m) :R3m4.CB.OboniobiteMg4Nb2O9Trig.3m(32/m) :P3c14.CB.Ferrohögbomite-2N2S[(Fe2+,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.Zhenruite(MoO3)2 · H2OMon. 2/m :P21/m4.CB.FuyuaniteMg7Nb6O18(OH)8Trig.3 :P34.CB.VirgilluethiteMoO3 · H2OMon. 2/m :P21/b4.CB.Pengite(Pb8Sb3+3)Σ11Sb5+9O35Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m4.CB.05BrizziiteNaSb5+O3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05TistariteTi3+2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c4.CB.05HematiteFe2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c4.CB.05EcandrewsiteZnTiO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05MelanostibiteMn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6Trig. 3 :R34.CB.05UM1998-11-O-AuHSbAu+2Sb3+O2(OH)4.CB.05KarelianiteV3+2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c4.CB.05EskolaiteCr2O3Trig.3m(32/m) :R3c4.CB.05GeikieliteMgTiO3Trig. 3 :R34.CB.05AkimotoiteMgSiO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)FeCrO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05AuroantimonateAuSbO34.CB.05Hemleyite(Fe2+0.48Mg0.37Ca0.04Na0.04Mn2+0.03Al0.03Cr3+0.01)sum=1.00Si1.00O3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05IlmeniteFe2+TiO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.05PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3Trig.3 :R34.CB.10Bixbyite-(Fe)(Fe,Mn)2O3Iso.4.CB.10Bixbyite-(Mn)Mn3+2O3Iso.m3(2/m3) :Ia34.CB.10AvicenniteTl2O3Iso.m3(2/m3) :Ia34.CB.15Armalcolite(Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.CB.15FerropseudobrookiteFe2+Ti2O5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Cmcm4.CB.15GriffiniteAl2TiO5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Cmcm4.CB.15Pseudobrookite Group4.CB.15SassiteTi3+2Ti4+O5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Cmcm4.CB.15PseudobrookiteFe2TiO5Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)4.CB.20Zincovelesite-6N6SZn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH)Trig.3m(32/m) :P3m14.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S(Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)sum=10Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.20Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S(Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2Trig. 3m :P3m14.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N6S[(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S[(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S[(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2Trig.3m(32/m) :P31m4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S[(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.20Ferrohögbomite-6N12S[(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6Trig.3m(32/m) :R3m4.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N2S[(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.25KleberiteFeTi6O11(OH)5Mon. 2/m :P21/b4.CB.25PseudorutileFe2Ti3O9Hex. 622 :P63224.CB.30OxyvaniteV3+2V4+O5Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.30BerdesinskiiteV3+2TiO5Mon.4.CB.30KaitianiteTi3+2Ti4+O5Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.35MachiiteAl2Ti3O9Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.35Vestaite(Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.35Olkhonskite(Cr,V)2Ti3O9Mon.4.CB.35SchreyeriteV3+2Ti4+3O9Mon. 2/m :B2/b4.CB.40Zincorinmanite-(Zn)Zn2Sb2(Fe3+4Zn2)O14(OH)2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40MajindeiteMg2Mo3O8Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40KamiokiteFe2Mo3O8Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40NolaniteV3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40IseiteMn2Mo3O8Hex. 6mm :P63mc4.CB.40RinmaniteZn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2Hex. 6 :P634.CB.45StibioclaudetiteAsSbO3Mon. 2/m :P21/m4.CB.45ClaudetiteAs2O3Mon. 2/m4.CB.50SenarmontiteSb2O3Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.CB.50ArsenoliteAs2O3Iso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fd3m4.CB.55ValentiniteSb2O3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pccn4.CB.60BismiteBi2O3Mon. 2/m :P21/b4.CB.65SphaerobismoiteBi2O3Tet.4.CB.70SilléniteBi12SiO20Iso. 23 :I234.CB.75KyzylkumiteV3+Ti2O5(OH)Mon. 2/m :P21/b4.CB.80TietaiyangiteFe3+4Fe2+TiO9Hex.4.CB.85LiuiteFeTiO3Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma4.CB.90LuogufengiteFe2O3Orth.mm2 :Pna214.CB.95WangdaodeiteFeTiO3Trig. 3m :R3c

Other Information

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    • References for CorundumⓘAb-i-PanjaOrris et al. (2002)Iftikhan of University of Peshewar geology department (dealer at Tucson, 2013)Deer (1978)Woodside et al. (2014)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)Orris et al. (2002)
    Algeria
     
    van Bergen (1980)Anorthite+3 other references
    Antarctica
     
    Goodrich et al. (2001)Journal of Petrology et al. (7)Grew et al. (2000)Grew (1982)Can Min 41 (2)Grew et al. (2007)Sun et al. (2011)Kawakami et al. (2008)+1 other referenceHiroi et al. (2010)Yurimoto et al. (2001)Burt+1 other referenceNeedham et al. (2103)Абдрахманов et al. (2021)+1 other referenceGeological Magazine+4 other references
    Argentina
     
    Singer et al. (2008)O. Rabbia et al. (1993)Zappettini (1999)Ian Graham et al. (2018)Sardi et al. (2009)Sardi et al. (2021)Zappettini et al. (2023)+1 other referenceEduardo O. Zappettini and Marcelo Dalponte (2009)Färber (n.d.)Peña (1970)+1 other referenceRaúl J. Tauber Larry (2013)Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collectionCarlos Díaz (1920)
    Asia
     
    Grant (2001)
    Australia
     
    Crooks et al. (2003)Mason (1976)Brown R.E. (1997)Brown R.E. (1997)Coenraads (1994)R.E Brown and W.J StroudBrown R.E. (1997)Brown R.E. (1997)Coenraads (1994)R.E Brown and W.J StroudGilligan (1975)Gilligan (1975)Henley et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Dana's System of MineralogyGilligan et al. (1992)Gilligan et al. (1992)Gilligan et al. (1992)Gilligan et al. (1992)Dana's System of MineralogyGilligan et al. (1992)Gilligan et al. (1992)Gilligan et al. (1992)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Brown et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Gilligan et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1997)Henley et al. (2001)Duggan+4 other referencesHenley et al. (2001)Brown et al. (1997)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Department of Mineral Resources et al. (booklet)+1 other referenceHenley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Webb et al. (1998)+1 other referenceHenley et al. (2001)R.E Brown and W.J StroudHenley et al. (2001)R.E Brown and W.J StroudBrown R.E. (1997)R.E Brown and W.J StroudHenley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Henley et al. (2001)Brown et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1997)Brown et al. (1997)Gilligan et al. (1992)Gilligan et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1992)Wagga Wagga Mine Data SheetsBrown et al. (1992)Felton E. Anne (1975)Burchester (1972)Sutherland et al. (2003)Brown et al. (1992)Hollis et al. (6)Sydney 1:500Gilligan et al. (1992)Gilligan et al. (1992)Brown et al. (1992)Wagga Wagga Mine Data SheetsWagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets[Ruby var: Barklyite]Liversidge (1896)JerrySlack et al. (1993)Mackie (1986)[MinRec 11:271]+1 other referenceThompson (ed.)R BottrillMcColl et al. (1979)Thompson (ed)Thompson (ed)Warren et al. (1983)Wilson (1977)Hudson et al. (1966)+1 other referenceWilson (1977)gemexplorer.org (n.d.)Sankey (1907)+1 other referenceNatural History Museum Vienna collection ...www.dme.qld.gov.au (n.d.)Veevers et al. (1964)+2 other referencesRaffan (2018)Irving (1980)+3 other referencesRoheryn CliffordSharon Clifford collectionKen Stockdale collectionKen Stockdale collectionwww.corunduminium.com (n.d.)Collection of NHMSutherlandOn the topaz trail. P. O’BrienCrooksBarossa SI5409 6628I Record of mines - ...P.A. Wulser - in the South Australian ...J. S. Delaney et al. (1985)Noble+1 other referenceNoble et al. (1983)Crooks et al. (2004)Ehrig et al. (2012)Crooks et al. (2003)Crooks A.F. and Abbot P.J. (2004)R Bottrill collectionWülser et al. (2011)Bottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill & BakerBottrill et al. (2008)Sorrell (n.d.)R Bottrill collectionBottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill et al. (2008)Taheri+1 other referenceAnderson (1905)Sutherland+1 other referenceBottrill et al. (2008)Bottrill+1 other reference[Ruby var: Barklyite]Liversidge (1896)Birch et al. (1997)Billing collectionSpecimens collected and visually ...GHF Ulrich (1870)McAndrew+1 other referenceJudy Rowe collectionlenn J. MacPherson et al. (1984)Willman et al. (2002)Birch et al. (1999)W D Birch and D A HenryBirch et al. (2007)+1 other referenceDunn et al. (1913)David Sheumack collectionJacobson et al. (2007)Jacobson et al. (2007)Fetherston et al. (2013)Simpson (1948)Marshall et al. (2016)Groat et al. (2008)Fetherston et al. (2013)Singh et al. (1995)+1 other referenceFetherston et al. (2013)Hesperian Press+2 other referencesFetherston et al. (2013)Simpson (1928)Pryce (1973)Tom Kapitany coll.Tom Kapitany collections
    Austria
     
    Meixner (1967)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Brandstätter et al. (2014)+1 other referenceMeixner (1967)Niedermayr et al. (1995)Niedermayr et al. (1995)seen at Melk mineral show 3/09ERTL et al. (2008)Niedermayr (1986)+2 other referencesHuber et al. (1977)seen at Melk mineral show 3/09Himmelbauer (1926)+2 other referencesNiedermayr (1973)+1 other referenceWichmann (1884)KNOBLOCH (2012)Matura (1989)Albert Prayer collectionWichmann (1884)Zirkl (1961)+2 other referencesGoldmann et al. (2008)Exel (1993)Wichmann (1884)+1 other referencePetrakakis et al. (2018)Thiele (1971)Zirkl (1961)matrixx 5Bernhard et al. (1998)www.franzbernhard.x10hosting.com (2016)Bernhard et al. (2006)Grachev (Ed)+1 other referencePostl et al. (1996)Taucher (1989)+1 other referenceHoernes S. et al. (1971)Gerhard BrandstetterPolz (1989)
    Belgium
     
    Ottenburgs et al. (1998)
    Bolivia
     
    Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998)+1 other reference
    Bosnia and Herzegovina
     
    Operta+4 other referencesEin Beryll aus dem Gebirge Motajica ...+3 other references
    Brazil
     
    OverstreetSauer (1982)Sauer (1982)Cassedanne (1985)Cassedanne et al. (1977)Rafael Hernandes Corrêa-Silva .Santos (2012)Sauer (1982)Thomson et al. (2014)Cid et al. (2014)Watt et al. (1994)Sauer (1982)Sauer (1982)Sauer (1982)Daneu et al. (2007)Cornejo et al. (2009)Cornejo et al. (2009)Sauer (1982)Rosa et al. (2018)VASQUEZ+4 other referencesSauer (1982)de Sá et al. (2018)MARTINS et al. (1981)+3 other references
    Bulgaria
     
    Doinikova (2007)Doinikova (2007)Marcus Vau CollectionPetrusenko et al. (1996)Vasil Arnaudov et al. (2003)
    Cambodia
     
    Mason (1976)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)Eldridge M. Moores (1997)Peter Cristofono+3 other referencesRocks & Min.: 20:467.Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)Concise Field Report Volume 1: Pailin (Dec 2008 – Feb 2009)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)www.gia.edu (n.d.)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993)Sutherland et al. (2015)+2 other referencesLacombe (1969)+3 other references
    Cameroon
     
    Kanouo et al. (2012)
    Canada
     
    albite alunite andalusite andesine ...Singer et al. (2008)Montgomery (n.d.)Minfile 082FNW259Harris et al. (1968)Philippe M. BelleyLentz+3 other referencesArima et al. (1991)Chusi Li et al. (2001)C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data)Chusi Li et al. (2001)www.alpinegems.netSabina (2003)Pe-Piper et al. (2024)www.alpinegems.netAnn P Sabina (1964)Traill (1983)Hans DurstlingOwen et al. (1988)Don Doell CollectionLougheed+3 other referenceswww.gia.edu (2006)+1 other referenceBelley et al. (2020)162-165.+2 other referencesMDI Number: MDI42A08NE00227Can Mineral December 1966 v. 8 no. 5 p. ...www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.)MDI Number: MDI31E01SE00095David K. Joyce CollectionMDI Number: MDI31E01SE00097Sabina (1986)Sabina (1986)collection of W.BabcockSabina (1986)Reiner MielkeSabina (1971)Ontario MDI Number: MDI31F05SE00021ref.: D.F. Hewitt (1954)www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.)ref.: D.F. Hewitt (1954)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Fouts (1998)Hogarth et al. (1982)Ann P. Sabina+1 other referenceSabina (1986)Richard Gunter specimensSatterly (1977)S. MireteKievlenko et al. (2003)Richard Gunter+2 other referencesOttawa-Peterborough+2 other referencesSabina (1971)Rocks and minerals for the collector: ...Sabina (1971)MDI Number: MDI31F06SW00037Sabina (1971)Ontario Ministry of Northern ...+1 other referencePetersen (1986)+1 other referenceCindy Hasler collection+2 other referencesHorváth et al. (2013)Martin+1 other referenceHorváth et al. (1990)Finley (1930)Arguin et al. (2018)Eur. J. Mineral.Adlakha et al. (2013)
    Chile
     
    Gibbons (2018)+1 other referenceSinger et al. (2008)Miranda-Díaz et al. (2022)Singer et al. (2008)- (2003)
    China
     
    Kuiren Wang and Junxin Wang (1987)Ruqing Ji et al. (1987)Jiazhen Li (1994)Li+4 other referencesQiu Zhili et al. (2005)Xinyu Cao and Tongjiang Tang (1986)Qiu Zhili et al. (2001)+1 other referenceGiuliani et al. (2007)Guochun Zhao et al. (2004)Zhengmin Cao et al. (1997)Yingjun Li et al. (2007)Shenghe Guo (1982)Ruihua Wu and Qionglin Liu (1998)Liu (2017)Mei et al. (1998)Yang et al. (2022)Heo et al. (2001)Shimou Chen et al. (1981)+1 other referenceYuzhou Li (1990)+1 other referenceZhang et al. (2022)Bonnetti et al. (2015)Zhang et al. (2004)Kamitani et al. (2007)Sun et al. (2023)wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004)Gao+5 other referencesNatural History Museum Vienna collection+3 other referencesDa-Xin Li and Yi-Ming Zhao (1997)wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004)Ma et al. (2024)Su Sun (1993)Changbi Li (1991)Weizheng Hu et al. (2006)- (n.d.)Xiangzhen Xu et al. (2013)Xiangzhen et al. (2009)+1 other referenceYanling Tang (2005)Yanling Tang (2005)Wang et al. (2024)Yanling Tang (2005)wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004)Yunkui Qian (2004)Jambor et al. (1992)Kamitani et al. (2007)
    Colombia
     
    Publications of the Field Columbian ...Romero et al. (2002)+1 other referenceRomero et al. (2002)+1 other reference
    Cuba
     
    Pujol-Solà et al. (2018)
    Czech Republic
     
    Moravec+4 other referencesVrtiška L. (2016)Kotrlý+5 other referencesKrestina et al. (2002)Nepejchal M. (2004)GábaGábaBohuslav Bures collectionFialaWelserLitochleb (1997)www.mineralos.cz (2003)Dokoupilova P.Hršelová et al. (2013)Rost R.: Doplňky k mineralogii ...+1 other referencePauliš et al. 2016 Bulletin Nár. Muz.Láznička+3 other referencesPauliš et al. (2022)Houzar+1 other referenceStaněk (1991)+4 other referencesStaněk (1997)Staněk (1997)Staněk (1997)
    DR Congo
     
    De Bondt (n.d.)e-rocks.com (n.d.)+1 other referenceEdwards (1917)Milesi et al. (2006)
    Eswatini
     
    Mineralogical Magazine 1899 12 : 96-101Cairncross (2004)
    Ethiopia
     
    Stephan et al. (2019)
    Finland
     
    Kari A. Kinnunen (1995)Hytönen (1999)Haapala+2 other referencesAl Ani Thair and Torppa Akseli 2011. ...RouhunkoskiGeological Survey of Finland ...Hölttä et al. (toim.)Ilkka Mikkola collectionwww.gsf.fi (2002)Niskanen (2014)Laitakari
    France
     
    Ducluzaux (2024)Périnet (n.d.)François PérinetFrançois Périnet collectionPérinet (n.d.)R. PierrotPérinet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Belot (1978)J. AubouinBrousse R (1966)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Servant (2010)Périnet (n.d.)PEGERE G. (1994)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Cedric Simonet (2000)F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ...Périnet (n.d.)FORESTIER F. H. (1969)Collected by Guy Pégère and François ...Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Collected by Guy PégèrePERINET F. (2009)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Jean Brun collectionPérinet (n.d.)Collected by Guy PégèreGONNARD F. (1910)Périnet (n.d.)François Périnet collectionGONNARD (1910)Périnet (n.d.)Gonnard (1910)GIRODCedric Simonet (2000)GONNARD (1910)GONNARD (1910)Périnet (n.d.)GONNARD (1910)Gonnard F (1910)Heavy sands collected by Charles NicolasPérinet (n.d.)Périchaud J.-J. (1986)GONNARD (1910)GONNARD (1910)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)GONNARD (1910)Jean Brun collectionGONNARD (1910)Périnet (n.d.)GONNARD (1910)GONNARD (1910)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)François Périnet collectionCollection François PérinetGONNARD (1910)François Périnet collectionJean Brun collectionPérinet (n.d.)J. BertauxPersonnaly collected by Matthias DiotPersonnaly collected by Matthias DiotSIG Mines France - Echantillon n° ...Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Gaétan Bouclet collectonLACROIX A. (1894)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)collected by François Périnet.Jean Brun collectionPérinet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Chollet Pascal collection - collected ...Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)collected by François Périnet.F Périnet collectionPérinet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)De Ascençao Guedes (2003)G. Kurat et al. (1981)collected by Gaétan Bouclet and ...Gaétan Bouclet collectionDelfour (2007)François Périnet collectionFrançois Périnet collectionChauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1997)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Pierrot et al. (1973)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Heavy sands collected by Marc Bassoulet ...Chauris (2014)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1982)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris (2014)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1988)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)R. PierrotR. PierrotChauris L. (1982)R. PierrotCHAURIS L. (1982)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)R. PierrotFrançois Périnet collectionFrançois Périnet collectionGaétan Bouclet collectioncollected by François Périnet.collected by François Périnet.Brearley et al. (1998)Périnet (n.d.)François Périnet collection+1 other referencePérinet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Périnet (n.d.)Personnal discovery Jacques VALVERDEMONCHOUX P. et al. (2006)MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006)+1 other referenceClaude LaforêtHeavy sands collected by Christian ...Baissieres (2010)Périnet (n.d.)MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006)Périnet (n.d.)Cedric Simonet (2000)Baissieres (2010)Guitard (2010)Heavy sands collected by Christian ...Heavy sands collected by Christian ...Ian D. Hutcheon et al. (1994)P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des ...+1 other referenceChauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (2001)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1982)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Chauris L. (1987)Jean-Marc Johannet collectionPérinet (n.d.)Gol (2013)Périnet F. (2018)Abdel-Karim et al. (1989)
    Germany
     
    Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Walenta (1992)Walenta (1960)Habel (2011)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)Blessing et al. (1991)Wittern (2001)Haege (1887)Brauns et al. (1922)Purwin (2017)Dechen (1852)[var: Chlorosaphir]Dechen (1852)Brauns et al. (1922)Brauns et al. (1922)Brauns et al. (1922)Brauns et al. (1922)Brauns et al. (1922)Lorenz et al. (2015)Lorenz et al. (2015)VogelsangBlaß et al. (1992)SandbergerBraunsBraunsBrauns (1922)Brauns (1922)Lapis 33 (12)Rondorf et al. (1988)+1 other referenceBlaß et al. (2003)BraunsSandbergerSandbergerSandbergercollection C.&H. SchäferSandbergerHentschel (1983)Künzel et al. (2011)Von Dechen (1864)+1 other referenceHentschel (1987)Brauns (1922)FrechenHentschel (1983)LeuHentschel (1983)Guth (2000)Blaß et al. (2012)El-KaluobySchüller (1990)Koch (1886)LangeLapis 30 (7/8)Baumann et al. (2000)Baumann et al. (2000)Wittern (2001)+1 other referenceH. Vollstädt et al. (Dresden)WITZKE (2018)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)
    Greece
     
    Hanke (1996)Christos Spiromitros collected ...Wang et al. (2017)+2 other referencesVoudouris (2014)Voudouris (2014)Voudouris et al. (2019)Eur. J. Mineral.+1 other referencewww.visitikaria.gr (n.d.)+2 other referencesVoudouris et al. (2019)Ockenga et al. (1998)+1 other reference33-35+2 other referencesvarious photographsRocks & Min.: 23: 124+1 other referenceVoudouris et al. (2019)Voudouris et al. (2019)+2 other references
    Greenland
     
    Petersen (2001)Melson et al. (1966)Am Min 51:664-676Bøggild (1953)Petersen et al. (1993)gem-a.com (n.d.)+1 other referenceJ.Ralph site visit 2020J.Ralph site visit 2022Petersen et al. (1980)Friend (1982)Williams (1984)Bøggild (1953)Ackermand et al. (1983)Friend (1995)Field visit 2022Keulen et al. (2020)
    Hungary
     
    Szakáll et al. (1996)Szakáll et al. (1996)Sándor et al. (2005)Szakáll et al. (1996)USGS Open-File Report 02–156–AKOVÁCS-PÁLFFY (2005)
    Iceland
     
    Balić-Žunić et al. (2016)
    India
     
    Specimen in the collection of Rock ...Kaur et al. (2016)Bose et al. (1971)+3 other referencesReddy et al. (1986)Grew (1983)Tom D. La Touche (1890)Mineralogical Society of America - ...+1 other referenceRao (1968)Robert Trapp information to Knut Edvard ...Specimen in the collection of Rock ...www.conventus.de (n.d.)W. F. Smeeth and P. Sampat Iyengar (1916)Lavinsky (n.d.)+1 other referenceNayak et al. (2024)JSS collectionSandiford et al. (1991)+3 other referenceswww.mpgovt.nic.in/mineralresources/Sarkar (2015)Srinivasan et al. (1996)+1 other referenceRichard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India"Golani (1989)Dwivedi et al. (2017)Natural History Museum Vienna collectionNIYOGI (1966)Rout et al. (2022)various added photosGSA Bulletin+5 other referencesBalasubrahmanyan (1965)www.knowyourcrystals.com (n.d.)+1 other referenceKrestina et al. (2002)Murthy (1954)
    Indonesia
     
    Singer et al. (2008)Monument et al. (anti-clockwise from top left)+1 other referenceCernuschi et al. (2023)
    Iran
     
    Alehashem et al. (2021)
    Ireland
     
    McKie (1963)+1 other referenceHenwood (1871)
    Israel
     
    Howard CoopersmithJ. Hattingh (2019)Xiong et al. (2017)+3 other referencesGriffin et al. (2016)+1 other referenceKrüger et al. (2021)
    Italy
     
    Piccoli et al. (2007)Mineralogical Magazine+1 other referenceCarlino (1972)Balassone et al. (2004)Russo et al. (2009)Maruyama et al. (2008)Bonatti et al. (1950)+2 other referencesPuxeddu (1971)van Bergen (1980)Antofilli et al. (1983)Tumiati et al. (2018)Guastoni (2005)Romeo Tam collectionDe Michele (1974)De Michele (1974)AA. VV.Simon et al. (2001)+1 other referenceMandarino (1996)Tilghman (2014)Piccoli et al. (2007)Piccoli et al. (2007)Gruppo Mineralogico Lombardo (10)Lapis (10)Roggiani (1975)+1 other referenceAA. VV.Albertini (1996)+1 other referenceRoggiani (1969)+4 other referencesBoriani A. et al. (1988)Piccoli et al. (2007)De Michele (1974)Rossi (1968)+1 other referencePichler (1980)Renzulli+4 other referencesRotolo et al. (2006)Díaz Pace et al. (2024)Cavarretta et al. (1990)Panebianco (1886-87)+4 other referencesBoscardin M. (1996)+3 other references
    Japan
     
    - (n.d.)Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970)Komuro collectionSadanaga et al. (1974)Nakajima & Kurosawa (2006)Osakabe et al. (1983)Osakabe et al. (1983)Geological Survey of JapanChishitsu Chousajo (1902)Sadanaga et al. (1974)+1 other reference- (n.d.)Higashi (1982)- (n.d.)MORISHITA et al. (2001)Takahata+1 other reference- (n.d.)Seki et al. (1957)- (n.d.)- (n.d.)Yamada (2004)Fujii et al. (1971)Chishitsu Chousajo (1902)Fujii et al. (1971)- (n.d.)Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto)Murata (1982)Miyajima H (2014)Fossa Magna Museum specimensMasutomi Museum specimensOuroboros - ...Osakabe et al. (1983)Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago- (n.d.)Osakabe et al. (1983)Osakabe et al. (1983)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Dill (1999)Singer et al. (2008)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Bespaev H.A. et al. (Almaty, 1999)Shpanov et al. (1971)
    Kenya
     
    Simonet et al. (2004)Bulletin of the Imperial Institute - Geology and Mineral Resources of Kenya (1948)Mercier et al. (1999)Mercier et al. (1999)Levitski et al. (1997)Mercier et al. (1999)Betts (n.d.)Betts (n.d.)
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    Kievlenko et al. (2003)
    Laos
     
    Sutherland et al. (2002)+2 other referencesGlass et al. (2020)
    Liberia
     
    Kiefert et al. (2011)
    Lithuania
     
    Miyahara et al. (2021)
    Madagascar
     
    BaselPardieu et al. (2017)Pardieu et al. (2017)Pardieu et al. (2017)Pardieu et al. (2017)Giuliani et al. (2007)Ungemach (1916)Besaire (1966)Behier (1963)Ungemach (1916)Collection Musée National de la ...Giuliani et al. (2007)T.R.Yager: The Mineral Industry of ...Pardieu et al. (2016)Knut Edvard Larsen (2023)Ackermand et al. (1991)Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-113Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-19Behier (1963)Behier (1963)Arliguie M. photo and collectionRakotondrabe et al. (2020)Wolfgang HampelHampel (2006)Mineralogical Society of America - ...+1 other referenceMartins da Pedra photoBehier (1963)Delbos (1955)Behier (1960)Schwab (1998)Behier (1963)Giuliani et al. (2009)Delbos (1955)M Arliguie specimen & photoRakotonandrasana et al. (2010)Lacroix (1922)Rakotondrazafy et al. (2008)Behier (1963)Giuliani et al. (2007)Vry et al. (1990)Giuliani et al. (2007)Collection Arliguie M (old label)Giuliani et al. (2007)Lacroix (1922)Schwab (1998)Behier (1960)Behier (1963)Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-114Behier (1960)Behier (1960)Behier (1963)Rakotondrazafy et al. (2008)Pezzotta (2006)Behier (1963)Behier (1963)Giuliani et al. (2007)Michel Arliguie collection & photo (photo id 899363 )Wolfgang Hampel (site visit 4 September 2011)Wolfgang Hampel (site visit 28 August 2011)Schwarz et al. (2000)Giuliani et al. (2007)Behier (1960)Behier (1963)Arliguie Michel photo and collection Photo ID: photo-1347233 ( label from old collection)Rakotonandrasana et al. (2010)Rakotonandrasana et al. (2010)Rakotonandrasana et al. (2010)Rakotonandrasana et al. (2010)+1 other referenceSchmetzer (1999)Pardieu (2013)Pardieu (2013)www.gggems.com (n.d.)B. Devouard et al. : "Occurrence of musgravite in anorthite-corundum-spinel-sapphirine rocks ("sakenites")Giuliani et al. (2007)Gem News.Gems & Gemmology 39 (3)Goujou (2005)Giuliani et al. (2007)Goujou (2005)Goujou (2005)Goujou (2005)Rakotonandrasana et al. (2010)Rakotonandrasana et al. (2010)Pezzotta (2005)+1 other referenceKnut Edvard Larsen (2023)Lacroix (1922)Groat+5 other referencesLacroix (1922)Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1514Ungemach (1916)Knut Edvard Larsen collection (Micro # 950)Behier (1960)
    Malawi
     
    H.G. Dill+2 other referencesHaslam (1983)+1 other referencepdfs.semanticscholar.org (n.d.)+5 other referencesWooley (2001)H.G. Dill+2 other referencesCorundum crystals obtained from an ...Bloomfield (1958)+2 other references
    Malaysia
     
    Matthew LowGeol. Soc. MalaysiaRef Matthew Low Collection
    Mauritania
     
    Marsh et al. (2015)
    Mexico
     
    John Sinkankas (1964)American Mineralogist+3 other references
    Middle East
     
    Vapnik et al. (2006)
    Mongolia
     
    Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Kononova et al. (1982)+3 other referencesPetr Paulis (Bajan Mod)Economic Geology+5 other referencesPeretyazhko et al. (2017)
    Morocco
     
    Pang et al. (2018)+1 other reference
    Mozambique
     
    António Joaquim Monteiro PhotoPardieu et al. (2013)Pardieu et al. (2013)Pardieu et al. (2013)Pardieu et al. (2013)Pardieu et al. (2013)Pardieu et al. (2013)Krebs+5 other referencesWilson et al. (2000)Wilson et al. (2000)gemexplorer.org (n.d.)António Manuel Ináçio Martins.Rui Nunes April 2009Wilson et al. (2000)
    Myanmar
     
    Han Htun & George E. Harlow. ...Themelis (2008)Han Htun & George E. Harlow. ...www.ruby-sapphire.com (2000)Gübelin et al. (1976)+2 other referencesThemelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Harald Schillhammer collectionThemelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Halford-Watkins (1935b)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Vertriest+1 other referenceThemelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Jordi Fabre collectionThemelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Kyaw Thu (2007)+1 other referenceThemelis (2008)Kyaw Thu (2007)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Harald Schillhammer collectionThemelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Sutherland et al. (2014)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Gübelin et al. (1976)Lavinsky (n.d.)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Dana 6: 1031.Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Mine ownerThemelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Themelis (2008)Mine ownerThemelis (2008)The 1995 ICA World Gemstone Mining ...Dr. Kyaw Khaing WinWin et al. (2001)Garnier et al. (2002)Themelis (2008)Han Htun & George E. Harlow. ...Themelis (2008)
    Namibia
     
    von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)von Bezing (2007)
    Nepal
     
    Garnier et al. (2008)Garnier et al. (2008)Lavinsky (n.d.)
    New Zealand
     
    Railton et al. (1990)Sutherland et al. (2009)crownminerals.med.govt.nz (n.d.)Railton et al. (1990)Railton et al. (1990)C. M. Ward (1984)Local council Site SignageRailton et al. (1990)Railton et al. (1990)Christie et al. (1993)Railton et al. (1990)+1 other referenceChristie et al. (1993)Railton et al. (1990)
    Nigeria
     
    Kievlenko et al. (2003)
    North Korea
     
    Hideo Tsuda: "Supplement to "Minerals of Korea"" (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)Miscellaneous Reports et al. (1942)Hideo Tsuda (1969)
    North Macedonia
     
    Ilijevski (2012)Jersek et al. (1999)Jersek et al. (1999)Hidden treasures of Macedonia. ...+2 other references
    Norway
     
    Kihle et al. (2010)Evje og Hornnes geomuseum Fennefoss+1 other referenceVisser et al. (1999)Oftedahl (1963)Kihle et al. (1992)Ohta (1968)Kihle (1989)Visser et al. (1992)Visser et al. (1992)Nijland et al. (1998)Bugge (1951)Grew et al. (1998)Hofseth (1942)Robinson et al. (2008)Brueckner (1977)Voght (1910)Neumann (1985)Raade (1971)+1 other referenceLappin (1960)Garmo (2013)+1 other referenceGarmo (2013)Garmo et al. (2017)Garmo et al. (2017)Ramberg (1967)+1 other referenceKrogh (1977)Neumann (1985)Collection of Atle MichalsenHermans et al. (1975)Grew et al. (1998)Barth (1927)Robins et al. (1979)Barth (1927)Cadow (1993)Neumann (1985)Sturt et al. (1965)Bøe (2000)+2 other referencesElvevold et al. (1996)Schreyer et al. (1972)Barth (1927)+7 other referencesSturt (1961)+11 other referencesNordrum (2008)Sellbekk et al. (2008)Janák et al. (2015)Bøe (1997)Bucher et al. (2005)Nordrum (2005)Kolderup et al. (1940)+1 other referenceGarmo (2013)Smith et al. (1986)Neumann (1985)Lappin (1960)
    Pakistan
     
    imported from Neelum ValleyBlauwet et al. (2004)Blauwet et al. (2004)Jose Zendrera CollectionKievlenko et al. (2003)Betts (n.d.)Blauwet et al. (2004)Betts (n.d.)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Ikram Mineralogyimported from Shigar District+1 other referenceAymeric Longi bought material from this locality + article in The Quaterly Journal of GIA (Winter 2004, Volume 40, Issue 4)+1 other referenceJan et al. (1995)
    Papua New Guinea
     
    Petersen et al. (2002)
    Peru
     
    Lewis (1956)
    Poland
     
    Koszowska E. (1994)Błocisz et al. (2015)Lis et al. (1986)Szełęg et al. (Karkonosze massif, Lower Silesia, Poland)Traube (1888)Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD data+1 other referenceLis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Harańczyk C. (1970)Eligiusz Szełęg - "Atlas Skał i ...Łobos K. et al. (2019)Lis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Eligiusz Szełęg collectionLis et al. (1986)Lis et al. (1986)Kucha H. et al. (NE Poland)PierwołaŁ. Kruszewski PXRD and EPMA dataGradowski et al. (1992)
    Portugal
     
    Gaspar et al. (2022)Figueiras+3 other referencesAlves (n.d.)
    Romania
     
    Udubaşa G. et al. (2004)www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009)Mauritz (1915)+1 other referenceHirtopanu et al. (2000)www.minerals-of-the-carpathians
    Russia
     
    Rozhdestvina et al. (2024)Izbrodin et al. (2009)Kislov et al. (2022)Am Min 90:1402-1412 (deposit item)Cesnokov et al. (1998)Sorokina et al. (2021)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Dmitry TonkacheevBetts (n.d.)+1 other referenceFilina et al. (2019)Filina et al. (2019)webmineral.ru (2018)+1 other referenceSorokina et al. (2021)Korinevsky et al. (2016)Sorokina et al. (2019)Boris Z. Kantor collectionKievlenko et al. (2003)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data+1 other referenceKobyashev Yu.S.Nedosekova (2007)Bindi et al. (2011)Rudashevskiy et al. (1983)Rudashevskii et al. (1984)+1 other referenceBuravleva et al. (2016)Gordeev et al. (2014)Glavatskikh+1 other referencePekov et al. (2020)Shchipalkina et al. (2020)Shchipalkina et al. (2020)Аникин et al. (2018)Kaminsky et al. (2016)Palyanova+3 other referencesКоноваленко et al. (2012)Ananyev et al. (2011)Lennikov et al. (2004)Alekseev et al. (2017)Lavrik et al. (2020)Sokol et al. (2023)Shevko et al. (2019, September)Pekin et al. (2010)+1 other referenceOlga Yakovleva et al. (2009)[World of Stones 95:5-6Arzamastsev et al. (2008)Barkov et al. (2000)+2 other referencesMikhailova et al. (2007)Shlyukova Z.V. (1986)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) ...Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Kalinin et al. (2024)Bailey (1980)Krymsky et al. (2003, April)Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)A. Yu. Barkov et al.+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)webmineral.ru (2020)Ivashchenko (2024)V.A. Gorelov (1997)[World of Stones 12:49]Shcheka et al. (2006)www.geology.utoronto.ca (2000)Pekov (1998)Ashchepkov et al. (2022)Siegert et al. (1990)+1 other referenceTrunilina et al. (2024)Sokol et al. (2010)Sokol et al. (2010)Igor.V. Pekov (2008)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Ерохин Ю.В. ...+1 other referencePavel M. Kartashov analytical dataaccording last founds on this pointT. Ushikubo (2000)[Mineralien Welt 6/92:62]Kievlenko et al. (2003)King (n.d.)+3 other referencesKasatkin et al. (2014)
    Rwanda
     
    www.rmb.gov.rw (2021)www.rmb.gov.rw (2021)
    Sierra Leone
     
    Hills et al. (1989)
    Slovakia
     
    Koděra (1986)Rojkovičová[[1]]ReatoHuraiová M. et al. (Lučenecká kotlina)Koděra (1986)Ozdín (2017)Uher P. et al. (2012)Uher P. et al. (2012)Koděra (1986)Ďuďa (1993)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Koděra (1986)Háber et al. (Dankova, SGR Mnts)Bacsó Z.Koděra (1986)Myšľan et al. (2024)Myšľan et al. (2024)Ďuďa+1 other referenceKahan Š. (1968)Koděra (1986)
    Slovenia
     
    Janák et al. (2015)
    Somaliland
     
    Thomas R. Yager (2002)Thomas R. Yager (2002)
    South Africa
     
    Mathias et al. (1970)Gibson R (2008)Mathias et al. (1970)Mathias et al. (1970)Meyer (2021)Cairncross et al. (1995)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Mothetha (2009)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Coetzee (1976)Coetzee (1976)Coetzee (1976)+1 other referenceCoetzee (1976)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Field et al. (2008)Field et al. (2008)Mathias et al. (1970)Cairncross et al. (1995)Schoch et al. (1985)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Contrib Mineral Petrol (1985)Contrib Mineral Petrol (1985)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Hokada et al. (2001)Econ Geol. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Cairncross et al. (1995)Hall (1920)+1 other referenceCairncross et al. (1995)
    South Korea
     
    Yamaguchi (1943)
    Spain
     
    Romero Silva (2003)Abad+3 other referencesCaballero et al. (1993)Calvo (2009)Roda et al. (2001)Encarnación Roda-Robles (2007)
    Sri Lanka
     
    Kriegsman et al. (1999)Dissanayake et al. (2000)+1 other referenceFernando et al. (2005, September)LANKA (1984)Gübelin et al. (1976)Shigley et al. (2010)Shigley et al. (2000)Dissanayake et al. (2000)Dissanayake et al. (2000)Lavinsky (n.d.)+1 other referenceEcon Geol (1981)Lavinsky (n.d.)+1 other referenceDissanayake et al. (2000)Mathavan et al. (2000)G.R.Dharmaratne et al (2012)Lavinsky (n.d.)Dissanayake et al. (2000)Dissanayake et al. (2000)
    Suriname
     
    De Roever et al. (1976)
    Sweden
     
    Norin (1936)Adamson (1944)Claeson (1999)Lyckberg (2006)Lorin et al. (2014)GFF 37+2 other referencesSandström et al. (2011)Hellingwerf (1985)Grensman (1991)Damman (1989)Gatedal (n.d.)Gatedal (n.d.)+2 other referencesPersonal communication with geologists ...Erland Grip et al. (1973)
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Rovetti et al. (1994)+2 other referencesStalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Weiβ et al. (2007)
    Syria
     
    Moore et al. (2020)
    Taiwan
     
    Kono et al. (1934)+1 other reference
    Tajikistan
     
    gemexplorer.org (2013)Litvinenko A.K. (2010)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Elena S. Sorokina et al. (2015)Litvinenko+10 other referencesSmith (1998)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Levitskii V.I. (1990)+1 other referencePavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)Grew et al. (1998)Kievlenko et al. (2003)
    Tanzania
     
    - (2002)Keulen (2014)+1 other referenceHintze (2010)Yang+2 other referencesGrew et al. (1998)Schmetzer et al. (2009)+1 other referenceLarson (2004)www.ganoksin.com (2008)Thomas Krassmann CollectionMaaskant et al. (1980)Keulen (2014)Hintze (2011)Hintze (2011)Hintze (2011)Abart et al. (2009)Hamza KondoUSGS (2003)USGS (2003)USGS (2003)The 1995 ICA World Gemstone Mining ...USGS (2003)+1 other referenceUSGS (2003)+1 other referenceKeulen (2014)Zwaan (1974)+2 other referencesen.wikipedia.org (n.d.)Keulen (2014)
    Thailand
     
    Part II+13 other referencesGübelin et al. (1976)Louis (1894)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Gübelin et al. (1976)Limsuwan+2 other referencesBarr et al. (1979)+2 other referencesKievlenko et al. (2003)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Kievlenko et al. (2003)Li et al. (2023)Kievlenko et al. (2003)
    Togo
     
    GODONOU+1 other reference
    Turkey
     
    Yigit (2012)e-collection.library.ethz.ch (n.d.)Smith J L (1851)Kozlu et al. (2014)Hikmet Kinaci et al. (2023)Erik Vercammen collection
    Uganda
     
    von Knorring et al. (1979)
    UK
     
    Wilson (1975)Hogg (1825)Golley et al. (1995)Golley et al. (1995)Golley et al. (1995)Golley et al. (1995)Greg et al. (1858)+2 other referencesGreg et al. (1858)+2 other referencesDay (1999)N L. BowenSmith (1965)+1 other referenceFerry (1996)Jackson+1 other reference
    Ukraine
     
    Rappenglück (2022)Poliakovska et al. (2023)Yatsenko et al. (2021)Petaev (1995)Fleischer (1969)Yatsenko et al. (2020)Yatsenko et al. (2017)Strebel et al. (2000)YATSENKO et al. (2020)Liventseva (n.d.)Lyckberg et al. (2009)
    United Arab Emirates
     
    Uruguay
     
    Palache et al. (1944)
    USA
     
    Cook et al. (1982)Ransom (1974)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Ransom (1974)Cook et al. (1982)Dean (1995)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)+1 other referenceCook et al. (1982)+1 other referenceCook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)Cook et al. (1982)- (2008)Galbraith (1959)Galbraith (1959)Anthony et al. (1995)MRDS file #10060260.MRDS database Dep. ID #10234920MRDS database Dep. ID #10026747+1 other referenceMRDS database Dep. ID #10113678Wilson (1969)+1 other referenceBideaux et al. (1960)+1 other referenceMcKee (1971)+1 other referenceSmith (1988)Howard (2007)Murdoch (1966)MOHs testZhao et al. (2014)Page et al. (1967)+2 other referencesSharp (1959)+2 other referencesEatonGay et al. (1954)+1 other referencebeing a report of the California State ...+3 other referencesBradley (1941)+2 other referencesRose (1957)+3 other referencesPeck (1924)+6 other referencesAndrew Lawson Univ. California (1903)+4 other referencesKunz (1900)+4 other referencesWebb et al. (11-12)American Mineralogist (1930)- (2005)[micromounts@yahoogroups.com]Cooney (1956)+3 other referencesWebb (1943)+2 other references- (2005)Shawn Underwood Collection- (2005)Rynerson+1 other referenceEaton+5 other referencesSchmeltz (1932)+1 other referenceMerrill+1 other referenceMerrill+1 other referenceSchaller (1905a)+2 other referencesSpry et al. (2021)U.S. Geological Survey Professional ...+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)Pearl (1958)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)U.S. Geological Survey Professional ...+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Spry et al. (2021)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Spry et al. (2021)Eckel et al. (1997)Linda Semenyna P.Geo. (2014)Linda Semenyna P.Geo. (2014)Carnein et al. (2005)Cook (2008)former Ronald Januzzi collection.Shepard CollectionEmerson (1902)Including All Which Are Known to Exist ...+2 other referencesHarvard Mineralogical Museum specimenJanuzziJanuzzi et al. (1976)+1 other referenceJanuzzi (1959)+1 other referenceJanuzzi et al. (1976)Shepard (1837)Rocks & Minerals. Vol. 70. No. 6Corundum and the peridotites of western ...Florida Geological Survey Spec. Pub. 35Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Marc V. Hurst (2012)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Roswell Miller III (1945)Cook (1978)Econ Geol (1991)Ransom (1974)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Hopkins (1914)+1 other referenceCook (1978)Ransom (1974)Cook (1978)King (1894)+1 other referenceCook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)- (1917)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Van Gosen (2005)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)98-100.+2 other referencesVan Gosen (2005)Cook (1978)- (1917)Cook (1978)Hopkins (1914)+1 other referenceCook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Van Gosen (2005)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Rocks & Min.: 64:203.- (1917)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Rocks & Min.:64:204.Cook (1978)Rocks & Min.:64:204.Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)- (1917)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Rocks & Min.: 64:205.Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Cook (1978)Ransom (1974)- (2005)Ream (1995)Rocks & Min.: 9:165.Ream (1995)Ream (2004)- (2005)Ream (1995)Dake (1956)Dake (1956)Ream (1995)Ream (2004)- (2005)Ream (2004)- (2005)Ream (1995)Hwang et al. (2015)Ream (2004)Ream (1995)Ream (1995)- (2005)Ream (1995)- (2005)Carlson et al. (2021)Blatchley et al. (1903)Blatchley et al. (1903)Paul J. Horick (1974)Ernst Zinner et al. (2003)King et al. (1994)King et al. (1994)Thompson et al. (1998)King et al. (1994)Roswell Miller III (1945)Kaye et al. (1965)Kaye et al. (1965)Lincks (1978)Alan R. PlanteAlan R. PlanteLincks (1978)Alan R. PlanteAlan R. PlanteAlan R. Plante- (1917)+1 other referenceKaye et al. (1965)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Heinrich et al. (2004)Hall (1998)Ransom (1974)Tony Nikischer and Luis MenezesAm Min 49:430-435+1 other referenceRansom (1974)Gobla (2012)Betts (n.d.)- (2005)- (2005)Rocks & Min.: 20:60.Dana 6:A3:10+3 other referencesHeinrichRocks & Min.: 20:60.Gübelin et al. (1976)Luetcke (n.d.)USGS Bull 269- (2005)Econ Geol (1984)Berg (2007)Ransom (1974)If there is sapphire there must be ...Gübelin et al. (1976)U.S. BUR. MINES IC 7602MONTANA BUREAU OF MINES & GEOLOGY ...Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens.+1 other referenceRichard Gunter specimen+1 other referenceChris Tucker and John Betts specimens.+1 other referenceMike Royal specimenGobla (2012)- (2005)Collection Arliguie MGobla (2012)USGS Bull 269Gobla (2012)Winchell (1914)USGS Bull 269Ransom (1974)Berg (2007)Castor et al. (2004)NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ...Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)- (2005)Castor et al. (2004)+1 other referenceRoss (1961)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)+1 other referenceCastor et al. (2004)+1 other referenceMa et al. (2006)Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp242-261Schumacher and Robinson (6)Ransom (1974)Ransom (1974)Palache (1935)Betancourt (The Picking Table, Vol. 27)Rocks & Min.: 21:416Manchester (1931)Dunn (1995)Palache (1935)Palache (1935)Lemanski+3 other referencesA Quest for New Jersey Minerals (1978)The Minerals of NYC & Its Environs et al. (1931)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Maxwell et al. (1986)Northrop et al. (1996)Northrop et al. (1996)Robinson et al. (2007)King (n.d.)John H. Betts (2009)Manchester (1931)Glenn RheinManchester (1931)Ransom (1974)Petersen et al. (1989)Chamberlain et al. (2014)A.Mathauser collection+1 other referenceMcKie (1963)King (n.d.)Manchester (1931)+1 other referenceRocks & Min.: 7:91+1 other referenceManchester (1931)Rocks & Min.: 17:107.Rocks & Min.: 15: 375.www.mcrocks.comWilson et al. (1978)Magma Field Trip ReportsUSGS Bull 1979Wilson et al. (1978)Everett HarringtonRocks & Min.:60:86.Scott D. Giorgis et al. (2002)Wilson et al. (1978)Genth+1 other referenceGenth+1 other referenceAmerican Mineralogist 27:233Hadley et al. (1945)Dana 6:515+1 other referenceHadley et al. (1945)Hadley et al. (1945)Richard James JacquotHadley et al. (1945)Hadley et al. (1945)Hadley et al. (1945)Streeter (2003)Pratt et al. (1906)Rocks & Min.:60:88.Joseph H. Pratt (1901)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Agortino et al. (1985)Betts (n.d.)U.S Bureau of Mines (MAS/MILS)GenthGenth et al. (1881)+1 other referenceGenth+1 other referenceGenth+1 other referenceWegert (2006)Richard James Jacquot+1 other referenceWilson et al. (1978)- (2005)Carolina Geological Society Annual ...+1 other referenceGenth+1 other reference ...Pratt et al. (1905)Wilson et al. (1978)Dana 6:1077.White et al. (1979)- (2005)- (2005)North Carolina NOA Site Screening ...+2 other references- (2005)- (2005)Rocks & Min.: 23: 413.Wilson et al. (1978)Rocks & Min.: 60:56.Dyar et al. (1998)+1 other referenceRocks & Min.:60:55.U.S Bureau of Mines (MAS/MILS)Wilson et al. (1978)U.S Bureau of Mines (MAS/MILS)U.S Bureau of MinesU.S Bureau of MinesUSGS Bull 1042GRocks & Min.: 23:414+1 other referenceDana 7:I:678 & 694.Rocks & Min.:60:54.+1 other referenceGerald M.FriedmanDana 6:385.www.rosecreekmine.com (2005)- (2005)Dana 6:1077.U.S Bureau of MinesWilson et al. (1978)U.S Bureau of MinesU.S Bureau of MinesU.S Bureau of MinesU.S Bureau of Mines- (2005)Eckert+1 other referenceWilson et al. (1978)Wilson et al. (1978)Wilson et al. (1978)joseph Hyde Pratt and Joseph Volney Lewis (1905)Wilson et al. (1978)Dana 6: 1077.Wilson et al. (1978)- (2005)Dana 6:1077.Rocks & Min.: 17:62+1 other referenceGenth+1 other referenceGenth+1 other referenceGenth+1 other referenceWilson et al. (1978)Wilson et al. (1978)Genth+1 other reference- (2005)U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils)Richard James Jacquot- (2005)Rocks & Minerals 47:645-648 (1972)Genth+1 other referenceSpeer (1997)Corundum and the peridotites of western ...C.W. Allen collectionWilson et al. (1978)Grant (Feb, 1971)+1 other reference ...Joe Dunleavy (Pers. Comm.)Gordon's Mineralogy of Pennsylvania (1922)AmMin 24:339Gordon (1922)The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1922+1 other referenceBroedel (1961)Ransom (1974)Earle Sloan (1908)Bill Kohout- (2005)- (2005)Earle Sloan (1908)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)- (2005)Earle Sloan (1908)Pratt (1906)Earle Sloan (1908)- (2005)AmMin 85:1617-1624Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6)+2 other referencesW.S. Bayley (1922)- (2005)- (2005)Smith (1991)Bullock (1981)Mineralogical Magazine 1998 62 : 265-269Bullock (1981)Bullock (1981)- (2005)Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996)Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996)[[1]]US Geological Survey (1909)Nielson (1973)Nielson (1973)Owens et al. (2013)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Ransom (1974)Dietrich (1990)- (2005)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dietrich (1990)Dana 7:694Dietrich (1990)Cannon (1975)+1 other referenceUSGS Bull 931HCannon (1975)Hawley (1934)Hausel et al. (2001)Hausel et al. (2001)Hausel et al. (2001)Rocks & Minerals (2001)Hausel et al. (2001)Hausel et al. (2001)
    Uzbekistan
     
    Golovko et al. (2010)
    Vietnam
     
    Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)"Mario Lazzerini Denchi" CollectionPham Van Long et al. (2004)Gems & Gemology (1995)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Izokh+6 other referencesP.I. Fedorov and A.V. Koloskov (2005)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Gems & Gemology (1995)Long et al. (2004)+1 other referencePham Van Long et al. (2004)Nguyôn et al. (2005)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Nguyôn et al. (2005)Shigley et al. (2010)Betts (n.d.)+1 other referenceKievlenko et al. (2003)+2 other referencesBlauwet (2006)Le Thi-Thu Huong et al. (2016)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)+1 other referenceGarnier et al. (2008)+2 other referencesPham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)Pham Van Long et al. (2004)
    Yemen
     
    Dan Carlson Collection
    Zimbabwe
     
    Cairncross (2004)Schreyer (1988)+2 other referencesCairncross (2004)Cairncross (2004)Cairncross (2004)Grew et al. (1997)Cairncross (2004)159 pages.+1 other referenceBartholomew (1990)Cairncross (2004)Cairncross (2004)Cairncross (2004)Rocks & Minerals (1955)+1 other reference- (2011)Cairncross (2004)
    Outer Space
     
    Gornitz (2007)+1 other reference
    The Moon
     
    El Goresy et al. (1971)
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