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Clausthalite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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PbSe
Colour:
Bluish grey to lead-grey
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
7.8 - 8.22
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Galena Group
Name:
First described as Selenbley by Stromeyer & Hausmann (1825). Named Clausthalie by Beudant in 1832, for the locality where it was first found ("mine de Lorenz près de Klausthal"). It was Dana who, in his first System of Mineralogy (1837), "standardised" the French name to its current mineral name.
Type Locality:
ⓘSt Lorenz Mine, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar District, Lower Saxony, Germany
Galena Group.Clausthalite-Galena Series.

Note: Above 300°C, there is a complete solid solution series along the join PbS-PbSe, whereas miscibility gaps exist below ∼350°C and 805°C along joins PbSe-PbTe and PbS-PbTe, respectively (Liu and Chang, 2018).


Unique Identifiers

Classification of Clausthalite

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
D : With Sn, Pb, Hg, etc.
Dana 8th ed.:
2.8.1.2

2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
Hey's CIM Ref.:
3.6.6

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
6 : Sulphides etc. of Sb and Pb

Mineral Symbols
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Bluish grey to lead-grey
Streak:
Grey-black
Hardness:
2½ - 3 onMohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=44 - 49 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Comment:
Granular fracture
Density:
7.8 - 8.22 g/cm3 (Measured)    8.275 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of Clausthalite
Common Impurities:
Hg,Co,Cu

Crystallography of Clausthalite

Synonyms of Clausthalite

Other Language Names for Clausthalite

Relationship of Clausthalite to other Species
Other Members of Galena Group:
AlabanditeMnSIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m
AltaitePbTeIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m
GalenaPbSIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m
NiningeriteMgSIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m
OldhamiteCaSIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m
Forms a series with:
GalenaClausthalite-Galena Series

Common AssociatesOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma2.CD.05TeallitePbSnS2Orth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m) :Pnma2.CD.05HerzenbergiteSnSOrth.mmm(2/m2/m2/m)2.CD.10 vaQuiroguitePb23Sb6S322.CD.10Keilite(Fe2+,Mg)SIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m2.CD.10AlabanditeMnSIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m2.CD.10NiningeriteMgSIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m2.CD.10GalenaPbSIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m2.CD.10AltaitePbTeIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m2.CD.10OldhamiteCaSIso.m3m(4/m32/m) :Fm3m2.CD.15aCinnabarHgSTrig. 32 :P31212.CD.15bHypercinnabarHgSHex.

Other Information
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    • References for ClausthaliteDana, James D. (1837)A System of Mineralogy (1st ed.)p.423
    Ramsdell, Lewis S. (1925) The crystal structure of some metallic sulfides.American Mineralogist, 10 (9) 281-304
    Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944)The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.204-205
    Earley, J. W. (1950) Description and synthesis of the selenide minerals.American Mineralogist, 35 (5-6) 337-364
    American Mineralogist (1959) 44: 166.
    Ramdohr, Paul (1969)The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp.doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x
    Noda, Y., Masumoto, K., Ohba, S., Saito, Y., Toriumi, K., Iwata, Y., Shibuya, I. (1987) Temperature dependence of atomic thermal parameters of lead chalcogenides, PbS, PbSe and PbTe.Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 43 (8) 1443-1445doi:10.1107/s0108270187091509
    Coveney, Raymond M., Glascock, Michael D. (1989) A review of the origins of metal-rich Pennsylvanian black shales, central U.S.A., with an inferred role for basinal brines.Applied Geochemistry, 4 (4) 347-367doi:10.1016/0883-2927(89)90012-7
    Pašava, J., Sulovský, P., Kovalová, M. (1993) Geochemistry and mineralogy of Proterozoic metal-rich black shales from the Bohemian massif, Czech Republic, with a description of possible new molybdenum selenide and telluride phases. Canadian Mineralogist: 31: 745-754.
    Liu, H., Chang, L. L. Y. (1994) Phase relations in the system PbS-PbSe-PbTe.Mineralogical Magazine, 58 (393) 567-578doi:10.1180/minmag.1994.058.393.04
    Scharm, B. & Scharmová, M. (1997) Akcesorické minerály v proterozoických silicitických horninách z Kokšína u Mítova. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 4-5, 113–120 (in Czech with English abstract).
    (2005) Clausthalite.Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America
    Shawe, D.R. (2011) Uranium-vanadium deposits of the Slick Rock District, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 576-F, 1–80.
    Owen, Nicholas, Ciobanu, Cristiana, Cook, Nigel, Slattery, Ashley, Basak, Animesh (2018) Nanoscale Study of Clausthalite-Bearing Symplectites in Cu-Au-(U) Ores: Implications for Ore Genesis.Minerals, 8 (2) 67doi:10.3390/min8020067
    Matýsek D, Jirásek J (2021): Manganese-rich carbonate and phosphate concretions from the Subsilesian Unit of the Outer Western Carpathians (Czech Republic): Composition and unique selenium weathering products. Geologica Carpathica, 72, 2, 155-169. https://doi.org/10.31577/GeolCarp.72.2.5

    Localities for ClausthaliteⓘSan Francisco depositZappettini et al. (2014)+1 other referenceBrodtkorb (2002)Minerales de la Republica Argentina+1 other referenceZappettini et al. (2014)Zappettini et al. (2014)+1 other referenceMárquez-Zavalía et al. (2021)Milka K. de BRODTKORB and Sabrina CROSTA (2010)Milka K. de BRODTKORB and Sabrina CROSTA (2010)de Brodtkorb et al. (2010)+1 other referenceRecursos Minerales de la Republica ...+4 other referencesSarp et al. (1987)Grundmann et al. (2018)Anthony et al. (1990)+2 other referencesAhlfeld Friedrich and Angelelll ...+2 other references
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    Firstova et al. (2019)
    Australia
     
    Gilligan et al. (1995)Gilligan et al. (1995)Gilligan et al. (1995)Bloom et al. (1992)+1 other referenceLeckie (1987)Rajesh (2008)Haupt et al. (2025)Griessmann (2011)Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis)+1 other referenceFrancis (2010)Owen et al. (2023)Ehrig et al. (2012)+1 other referenceHabibi et al. (2025)Wülser et al. (2011)Ralph Bottrill et al in prep.+1 other referenceBottrill et al. (2008)Kalleske (2010)Simon et al. (1997)
    Austria
     
    Kolitsch (2014)Kolitsch et al. (2019)Postl et al. (1997)Auer (2020)Arthofer et al. (2025)Auer (2024)Kolitsch (2015)
    Belgium
     
    Jedwab et al. (1982)+1 other reference
    Bolivia
     
    doi:10.3390/min7050068+3 other referencesHurlbut et al. (1969)+1 other reference
    Brazil
     
    Menez+2 other referencesBerni et al. (2014)+1 other reference
    Bulgaria
     
    Kerestedjian (1997)Cook et al. (2002)Cioacă et al. (2018)Bonev+4 other referencesBogdanov et al. (2005)+2 other references
    Canada
     
    personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description)Healy et al. (1992)Richard Gunter Collection.Grammatikopoulos et al. (2007)Stefanie M. Brueckner et al. (2016)Sparkes et al. (2016)Boyle et al. (1966)Richard Gunter Collection.+2 other referencesJ. A. Mandarino (1965)Sabina (1991)Thorpe et al. (1976)+3 other referencesMacMillan (2014)Ames et al. (2003)Kjarsgaard et al. (2010, June)Ames et al. (2007)+2 other referencesKjarsgaard et al. (2010, June)ontariominerals.com+1 other referenceSabina (1991)Parnell et al. (2018)Ohnenstetter et al. (1989)Tourigny et al. (1993)+1 other referenceBoucher (2011)Smith (2021)Smith (2021)Johan et al. (1987)Personal correspondance with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description)+1 other referenceReyx et al. (1993)Rich et al. (1977)+1 other referenceUSGS Open File Report 81-1666Can Min 10:787-796+1 other referenceUSGS Open File Report 81-1666+2 other referencesTom Loomis specimen+1 other referenceMontgomery (n.d.)J. Traill (1952)ROBINSON et al. (1952)Tremblay (1978)+1 other referenceCan Min Vol. 29 (1991)+1 other referenceStylianos Augustithis (1995)
    China
     
    Weng et al. (2023)Dequan Shuai and Xiaojiang Hu (1995)+5 other referencesLuo et al. (2015)Bian et al. (2025)Chen Luming et al. (1993)+1 other referenceBilun Luo (1979)Chuanyi Yang (1985)Wallis (2006)Jiayong Pan et al. (2009)Yingxia Xu et al. (2006)Hongbin Chen et al. (2006)Shifeng Dai et al. (2006)Zhang et al. (2025)Qin et al. (2021)+1 other referenceHu et al. (2024)+1 other referenceXia Ai and Zengyi Chen (1993)Peng Xinjian et al. (2001)+1 other referenceWu et al. (2024)Xu et al. (2014)Hongbin Chen et al. (2006)Wang et al. (2022)Liu et al. (2019)Jianbin Zheng et al. (2006)Zhi Li et al. (1973)+1 other referenceJiajun Liu et al. (1998)+1 other referenceXu et al. (2024)Lianhui Dong and Changlie Tian (2001)Chunqi Wen et al. (2002)+4 other references
    Cuba
     
    Pérez-Vázquez et al. (1998)
    Czech Republic
     
    Pažout et al. (2019)Dolníček et al. (2018)Škácha et al. (2017)Škácha P. et al. (2009)+1 other reference- (Pavel Škácha coll.)+1 other referenceAnthony et al. (1990)+1 other referenceLapis 2002 (7/8)Sejkora et al. (2017)+1 other referencePauliš (2007)Scharm+7 other referencesDolníček et al. (2019)Matýsek D (2021)Sejkora (2016)Pauliš et al. (2004)Sejkora (1994)+2 other referencesFengl (2.)+1 other referenceSejkora et al. (2013)Sejkora J. et al. (Česká republika)Sejkora et al. (2022)+1 other referencePauliš et al. (2019)Veselovský (2019)Pašava et al. (1993)+1 other referenceSimon et al. (1997)Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ...Scharmová et al. (1995)+1 other referenceStrübel+2 other referencesSejkora et al. (2017)Litochleb J.Škácha et al. (2017)ŠoubaSejkora (1994)+1 other referenceKvačekKvaček+1 other referenceKvaček+1 other referenceJ.Suchankova et al. (2007)Vavřín+1 other referenceKvaček (1979)Petr PaulišKvaček+1 other referenceVavřín (1994)Kvaček
    DR Congo
     
    Gauthier et al. (1989)
    Egypt
     
    Shalan (2021)
    Finland
     
    Luukkonen (1994)M. J. Holma and V. J. Keinänen (2006)Gustafsson et al. (2019)Iljina (1994)Iljina (1994)Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ...+1 other referenceVuorelainen et al. (1964)+2 other referencesGeological Survey of Finland 2007 ...Häkli et al. (1965)Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ...Kojonen K: K. (Cu,Fe)+1 other referenceKarinenKinnunenCook et al. (2007)
    France
     
    H. Agrinier and J. Geffroy : "Les Minéraux Séléniés du Point Uranifère de Liauzun-en-Olloix (Puy de Dôme)Anthony et al. (1990)+1 other referenceHohl (1994)A. Sinojmeri et al. (Hautes Alpes)
    Germany
     
    Kolitsch et al. (2019)Walenta (1992)DILL et al. (1986)+1 other referenceSeeliger et al. (1965)+1 other referenceKopp et al. (2012)PETITJEAN collection+1 other referenceWittern (2001)Weiß (1990)Weiß (1990)+2 other referencesWeiß (1990)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)+1 other referenceErik Vercammen collectionKoch et al. (2018)Weiß (1990)+1 other referenceGröbner et al. (2011)+1 other referenceWeiß (1990)Schnorrer-Köhler (1991)Schaarschmidt (2007)+1 other referenceTischendorf (1969)Lapis 2002 (11)+1 other referenceMöhn et al. (07/2020)Förster (2004)+2 other referencesVollstädt et al. (1991)Forster et al. (2004)Maggie WilsonWittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Wittern (2001)Kunze (2015)Lapis 30 (7/8)Hans-Jürgen Haas CollectionWittern (2001)Naumann et al. (1898)American Mineralogist (1983)Leon Hupperichs collectionwww.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.)Heider et al. (2022)
    Greece
     
    Economou-Eliopoulos et al. (2005)Eliopoulos+3 other references
    Greenland
     
    Anthony et al. (1990)+1 other reference
    Hungary
     
    Zsombor EvaTakács et al. (2013)
    India
     
    Babu et al. (2002)Babu et al. (2002)
    Indonesia
     
    Clark et al. (2018)
    Ireland
     
    Spinks et al. (2016)Spinks et al. (2016)Spinks et al. (2016)
    Italy
     
    Moroni et al. (2019)- (n.d.)Dini et al. (2024)Dini et al. (2024)
    Japan
     
    田中崇裕・濱根大輔: ...+1 other referenceGalena et al. (216)+2 other referencesPavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012)Nakata et al. (2011)
    Kazakhstan
     
    Kopobayeva et al. (2024)Blyalova et al. (2025)Stepanets et al. (2019)
    Mali
     
    Lawrence et al. (2013)
    Mexico
     
    Hoffmann (1968)+1 other referenceMoore et al. (2003)Lapis 2001 (1)Kring et al. (2020)
    Mongolia
     
    Rallakis et al. (2021)
    Morocco
     
    Vinogradova+5 other referencesLebedev et al. (2019)El Ghorfi et al. (2006)
    Namibia
     
    Desor (03/2024)
    North Macedonia
     
    Petrunov et al. (2001)
    Norway
     
    Heier (1953)Bullock et al. (2018)Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2005)Heier (1953)Cook (1996)Dons (1963)Larsen et al. (2020)Larsen et al. (2020)Mun (2013)
    Philippines
     
    Hermo et al. (2022)+1 other reference
    Poland
     
    Piestrzyński (1992)Jadwiga PIECZONKA et al. (2008)Mochnacka K. 1967: Geologia polimetalicznego złoża w Kowarach (Dolny Śląsk)+2 other referencesPringle et al. (1980)+3 other referencesPiestrzyński et al. (2012)Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ...Harańczyk C. 1972: Mineralizacja ...Piestrzyński et al. (2000)Auguścik-Górajek et al. (2021)Chmielewski et al. (2022)Oszczepalski et al. (2017)Madziarz (2006)Muszer et al. (2006)+1 other referenceGaluskin E. & Szełęg E. 2003: The first finding of Ag-amalgamates in rodingites (Nasławice, Lower Silesia, Poland)Oszczepalski et al. (2017)Nejbert K. 2008: Mineralogy of ...Nejbert K. (2006)Miecznik et al. (2011)
    Portugal
     
    Cabri et al. (1998)
    Romania
     
    Cook et al. (2002)+1 other referenceCook et al. (2004)Singer et al. (2008)
    Russia
     
    Vikentev (2016, April)Belogub et al. (2008)Vishnevsky A. V. et al. (2017)+1 other referenceGaluskin (2007)Spiridonov et al. (the South Urals)+3 other referencesPlotinskaya et al. (2020)Ayupova et al. (2015)+2 other referencesAnthony et al. (1990)Mineralogy of the Baimka Cu-Au trend et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B)Chitalin et al. (2023)Chitalin et al. (2023)Kolova et al. (2021)Pekov (1998)Golubev et al. (2008)Sidorov et al. (2017, August)Kozlov et al. (n.d.)[Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180]+1 other referenceBortnikov et al. (2023)Wanlie Ding (2005)Буханова (2018)Fats’yanov et al. (2010, November)Kuznetsov et al. (2012, January)Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002)Pekov (1998)Kovalenker et al. (1975)+3 other referencesVolkov et al. (2023)Groshev+7 other referencesIvanyuk et al. (2018)- (2014)Grokhovskaya et al. (2000)Kalinin (2021)Kalinin (2021)+1 other referenceBazai et al. (2009)Belogub et al. (2008)Grant et al. (2001)Grokhovskaya et al. (2005)- (2014)Safonov et al. (2003)Svetova et al. (2024)American Mineralogist+4 other referencesKuleshevich et al. (2012)Коневин et al. (2020)V. I. Ivashchenko et al. (2007)+1 other referenceКулешевич et al. (2020)Kailachakov et al. (2020)[World of Stones 12:49]Kondratieva et al. (2021)Kondratieva et al. (2021)Gerasimov et al. (2025)Simon et al. (1997)+1 other referenceLehmann et al. (1999)Kuzhuget et al. (2022)Kuzhuget et al. (2015)Kuzhuget et al. (2023)+1 other referenceBur´yanova et al. (1957)+2 other referencesGongalsky et al. (2007)
    Slovakia
     
    Chovan et al. (2016)+2 other referencesŠtevko et al. (2018)Kozub G. et al. (2011)Kozub G. et al. (2011)Koděra (1986)
    South Africa
     
    McFall et al. (2019)Cairncross (1991)+1 other referenceCairncross (1991)Cairncross et al. (1995)Armitage et al. (2002)Kinloch et al. (1990)+1 other referenceCairncross et al. (1995)
    Spain
     
    Simon et al. (1997)+1 other referenceCastillo et al. (2009)+1 other referenceC. Canet et al.
    Sweden
     
    Billström et al. (2022)Simon et al. (1997)+1 other referenceDobbe (1991)Dobbe (1991)Scherbina (1941)+4 other referencesCiobanu et al. (2024)Juve (1974)
    Switzerland
     
    Stalder et al. (1998)Beda Hofmann (1986)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Stalder et al. (1998)Wülser et al. (2006)Meisser (2012)Stalder et al. (1998)+1 other referenceStalder et al. (1998)
    Tajikistan
     
    Badalov et al. (1975)Badalov et al. (1975)
    Tanzania
     
    Wilhelmij et al. (2016)Bindi+2 other references
    Turkey
     
    Özgür (1993)Özgür (1993)
    UK
     
    By EPMA at UCL 23/10/08Stanley et al. (1990)+1 other referenceSpinks et al. (2014)
    USA
     
    Anthony et al. (1995)Stolburg (1984)Adams (2016)+1 other referenceUSGS Prof Paper 320USGS Prof Paper 320Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Eckel et al. (1997)Shawe et al. (2011)Eckel et al. (1997)+1 other referenceEckel et al. (1997)Rocks & Min.:64:189+1 other referenceQuigley+1 other referenceEcon Geol (1987)Castor et al. (2004)Castor et al. (2004)Tharalson+5 other referencesCain et al. (2007)Taksavasu et al. (2018)Castor et al. (2004)Aird et al. (2021)Castor et al. (2004)Northrop et al. (1996)Lapham et al. (1976)Lapham et al. (1976)Smith (1991)Smith (1991)Barton et al. (2018)Young et al. (1960)Chuck Adan collection and personal ...Kampf et al. (2012)Canadian Mineralogist (2001)Kampf et al. (2012)Bullock (1981)
    Uzbekistan
     
    Koneev et al. (2005)Сайитов et al. (2023)Rustam Koneev et al. (2005)Kovalenker (2003)+1 other referenceIl'ina+4 other references
    Zimbabwe
     
    Oberthür et al. (2008)
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