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Ray Mine, Scott Mountain, Pinal County, Arizona, USAi
Regional Level Types
Ray MineMine
Scott MountainMountain
Pinal CountyCounty
ArizonaState
USACountry

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08814250017272009992284.jpg
Ray Mine: Supergene Chrysocolla Zone

Ray Mine, Scott Mountain, Pinal County, Arizona, USA
08814250017272009992284.jpg
Ray Mine: Supergene Chrysocolla Zone

Ray Mine, Scott Mountain, Pinal County, Arizona, USA
08814250017272009992284.jpg
Ray Mine: Supergene Chrysocolla Zone

Ray Mine, Scott Mountain, Pinal County, Arizona, USA
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
33° 8' 57'' North , 110° 59' 13'' West
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
33.14944,-110.98722
GRN:
N23W66
Type:
Mine
Deposit first discovered:
1846
Age:
1600 to 1000 Ma
Geologic Time:
Mesoproterozoic
Köppen climate type:
Csa : Hot-summer Mediterranean climate
Nearest Settlements:
PlacePopulationDistance
Kearny2,038(2017)12.5km
Superior2,943(2017)19.0km
Top-of-the-World231(2011)22.2km
Hayden650(2017)24.7km
Winkelman346(2017)27.0km
Nearest Clubs:
Local clubs are the best way to get access to collecting localities
ClubLocationDistance
Gila County Gem & Mineral SocietyMiami, Arizona30km
Mindat Locality ID:
3377
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:3377:3
GUID (UUID V4):
0
Other/historical names associated with this locality:
Pearl Handle pit; El Paso; Hayden


A Cu-Ag-Au-Mo-Pb-Zn occurrence/mine located in the SE¼ sec. 9, S½ sec. 10, N½ sec. 15, NE¼ sec. 16, as well as in portions of secs. 11 & 14, T3S, R13E, G&SRM, about 2.75 miles (4.43 km) SSW of Scott Mountain, about 3.75 miles (ca. 6 km) S of Hot Tamale Peak, and about 4 miles (6.44 km) NNW of Kelvin. Discovered in 1846. First produced in 1911. Owned by Kennecott Copper (1955-1986). Owned & operated by ASARCO (American Smelting and Refining Company) (100%), New York (1991-present).

NOTE: This mine, named after the mining town of Ray, subhumed that town (which no longer exists). Residents were moved to the new town of Kearny built by the mining company; however, Kelvin is the nearest municipality to the mine.

Mineralization is a porphyry copper deposit (Mineral occurrence model information: Model code: 79; USGS model code: 21a; Deposit model name: Porphyry Cu-Mo; Mark3 model number: 2), hosted in Mesoproterozoic diabase sills, and in Mesoproterozoic Apache Group and the over-faulted older Pinal Schists. The orebody is a horse-shoe shaped, concentric and symmetrical blanket at a thickness of 400 meters, width of 2,400 meters, and length of 3,200 meters, over an area of 7,824 hectares (Cu-Mo porphyry mineralization in an area of 2 miles (3.22 km) x 1.5 miles (2.41 km) x 0.25 mile (0.4 km) deep). Ore is found mainly in the supergene-enriched Pinal Schist, with a depth-to-top of 0 meters. It is disseminated and massive. The primary mode of origin was hydrothermal activity, and the secondary mode was oxidation. Ore control was the intersection of NW and NE fault zones, permeability & type of host rock. Ore concentration was secondary enrichment. Wall rock alteration is moderate (sericitic, propylitic, biotite-clay, chloritization, and epidotization). Area structures include the Broken Hill fault, West End fault, North End fault, and numerous others, mostly normal. Associated rocks include the Paleocene Granite Mountain Porphyry (quartz monzonite). Area rocks include Early Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks.

Workings include surface openings comprised of 2 open pits (the Pearl Handle pit & the West pit). In 1991, operations included dump and heap leaching.

Reserves and resources data: In-situ ore (estimate year1998): Demonstratedreserves were 862,747,000 metric tons of ore. with Cu at 0.6 weight per cent.

Analytical data results: Primary Cu occurs as chalcopyrite, which averages 0.1-0.2% in the Pinal Shale and Granite Mountain Porphyry and more than 0.4% in the diabase.

Select Mineral List Type

StandardDetailedGalleryStrunzChemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.


Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

59 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical ListTree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ'Allanite Group'
Formula:(A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘAllophane
Formula:(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
References:
Rolf LuetckeIdentified by Rolf Luetcke: Visual Identification
ⓘAlunite
Formula:KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘAnatase
Formula:TiO2
References:
Dr. Günter Grundmann collectionIdentified by Dr. Günter Grundmann: Polarised-light microscopy
ⓘAndalusite
Formula:Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘAnhydrite
Formula:CaSO4
ⓘ'Apatite'
Formula:Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘAzurite
Formula:Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Description: Crystals to 1 cm in the West Pit, rosettes to 5 mm with malachite and siderite in the Poorman area.
ⓘBaryte
Formula:BaSO4
ⓘBementite
Formula:Mn7Si6O15(OH)8
Habit: Minute, platy crystals
Description: Occurs as clear crystals with hematite in oxidized capping in the Granite Mountain Porphyry.
ⓘ'Biotite'
Formula:K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘBornite
Formula:Cu5FeS4
ⓘBrochantite
Formula:Cu4(SO4)(OH)6
ⓘCalcite
Formula:CaCO3
ⓘChalcocite
Formula:Cu2S
Description: Massive as veins to several cm in the West Pit, also as pseudomorphs after pyrite; essential element of disseminated ores.
References:
Univ. AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17), Mineralogy of Useful Minerals in AZ: 28.
Ransome, Frederick Leslie (1919) The copper deposits of Ray and Miami, Arizona.Professional Paper 115. US Geological Surveydoi:10.3133/pp115
Schwartz, George Melvin (1947) Hydrothermal alteration in the "porphyry copper" deposits.Economic Geology, 42 (4) 319-352doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.42.4.319
Clarke, O.M., Jr. (1953), Geochemical prospectying for copper at Ray, AZ, Econ.Geol.: 48: 39-45
Lewis, D.V. (1955), Relationships of ore bodies to dikes and sills, Econ.Geol.: 50: 495-516
Metz, Robert A., Rose, Arthur W. (1966) Geology of the Ray Copper Deposit, Ray, Arizona. InGeology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. p.177-188.
Anthony, John W., Williams, Sidney A., Bideaux, Richard A., Grant, Raymond W. (1995)Mineralogy of Arizona (3rd ed.). University of Arizona Press.p.163
ⓘChalcopyrite
Formula:CuFeS2
ⓘChlorargyrite
Formula:AgCl
Description: Occurs as micro-crystal pseudomorphs.
ⓘ'Chlorite Group'
ⓘChrysocolla
Formula:Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x< 1
Colour: Green, black
Description: Spherulitic aggregates of highly birefringent material.
References:
Schwartz, George Melvin (1934) Paragenesis of the oxidized ores of copper.Economic Geology, 29 (1) 55-75doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.29.1.55
Clarke, O.M., Jr. (1953), Geochemical prospectying for copper at Ray, AZ, Econ.Geol.: 48: 39-45
Stephens, J.D. & R.A. Metz (1967), The occurrence of copper-bearing clay minerals in oxidized portions of the disseminated copper deposit at Ray, AZ (abstract), Econ.Geol.: 62: 876-877
Throop, Allen H., Buseck, Peter R. (1971) Nature and Origin of Black Chrysocolla at the Inspiration Mine, Arizona.Economic Geology, 66 (8) 1168-1175doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.66.8.1168
Wilson, Wendell E., White, John Sampson (1977) What's New in Minerals? - Detroit Show 1976.The Mineralogical Record, 8 (1) 58-62
Thompson, Wayne A. (1980) Chrysocolla Pseudomorphs from Ray, Arizona.The Mineralogical Record, 11 (4) 248-250
Jones, Robert W., Wilson, Wendell E. (1983) Famous Mineral Localities: The Ray Mine [Arizona].The Mineralogical Record, 14 (5) 311-322
Anthony, John W., Williams, Sidney A., Bideaux, Richard A., Grant, Raymond W. (1995)Mineralogy of Arizona (3rd ed.). University of Arizona Press.p.174
ⓘCovellite
Formula:CuS
ⓘCuprite
Formula:Cu2O
Description: Crystalline material in the oxidized zone of the deposit.
ⓘCuprite var. Chalcotrichite
Formula:Cu2O
Colour: Ruby-red
Description: Sparkling, ruby-red aggregates of chalcotrichite.
ⓘDelafossite
Formula:Cu+Fe3+O2
ⓘDescloizite
Formula:PbZn(VO4)(OH)
ⓘDioptase
Formula:CuSiO3 · H2O
ⓘEpidote
Formula:(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘGalena
Formula:PbS
Description: Coarsely crystalline vein material found in the Poorman area in July, 1995, with Sphalerite
ⓘ'Garnet Group'
Formula:X3Z2(SiO4)3
ⓘ'Gem Silica'
References:
Chris Boyd
ⓘGoethite
Formula:Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘGypsum
Formula:CaSO4 · 2H2O
ⓘHalite
Formula:NaCl
Habit: Micro-crystals
ⓘHalloysite
Formula:Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘHalotrichite
Formula:FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
ⓘHematite
Formula:Fe2O3
ⓘ'Heulandite Subgroup'
Formula:(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
Description: Occurs mixed with green and black chrysocolla.
ⓘ'Hornblende Root Name Group'
Formula:◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
ⓘHydrohalloysite
Formula:Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O
Description: Occurs in hydrothermally altered porphyry stock; also as veinlets & coating fracture surfaces; often exhibits colloform texture & may be intergrown with chrysocolla.
ⓘ'Hydromuscovite'
ⓘIlmenite
Formula:Fe2+TiO3
ⓘJarosite
Formula:KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘKaolinite
Formula:Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘLaumontite
Formula:CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O
Description: Laumontite was found in a fault gouge in the Poorman area, July 1995.
ⓘLibethenite
Formula:Cu2(PO4)(OH)
ⓘ'Limonite'
References:
Rolf LuetckeIdentification: Visual Identification
ⓘMagnetite
Formula:Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘMalachite
Formula:Cu2(CO3)(OH)2
Description: Occurs cementing holocene gravels with other oxidized copper & iron minerals.
ⓘMetatorbernite
Formula:Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
ⓘMimetite
Formula:Pb5(AsO4)3Cl
ⓘMolybdenite
Formula:MoS2
ⓘ'Monazite Group'
Formula:REE(PO4)
ⓘMontmorillonite
Formula:(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
ⓘMuscovite
Formula:KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘMuscovite var. Sericite
Formula:KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘNative Copper
Formula:Cu
ⓘNative Gold
Formula:Au
ⓘNative Silver
Formula:Ag
Description: Occur son the west side of the pit with secondary copper minerals.
ⓘNeotocite
Formula:(Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?)
ⓘNontronite
Formula:Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Description: Occurs in hydrothermally altered quartz monzonite.
ⓘOpal
Formula:SiO2 · nH2O
References:
Rolf LuetckeIdentified by Rolf Luetcke: Visual Identification
ⓘOpal var. Opal-AN
Formula:SiO2 · nH2O
References:
Rolf LuetckeIdentified by Rolf Luetcke: Visual Identification
ⓘOrthoclase
Formula:K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘPyrite
Formula:FeS2
ⓘQuartz
Formula:SiO2
ⓘQuartz var. Chalcedony
Formula:SiO2
ⓘRutile
Formula:TiO2
ⓘShattuckite
Formula:Cu5(Si2O6)2(OH)2
ⓘSiderite
Formula:FeCO3
ⓘSphalerite
Formula:ZnS
Description: Caorsely crystalline vein material found in the Poorman area in July, 1995, with Galena
ⓘTalc
Formula:Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘ'Tennantite Subgroup'
Formula:Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S
ⓘTenorite
Formula:CuO
ⓘTitanite
Formula:CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘTorbernite
Formula:Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
ⓘ'Tourmaline'
Formula:AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘZircon
Formula:Zr(SiO4)

Gallery:

Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2ⓘAzurite
CaCO3ⓘCalcite
Cu2SⓘChalcocite
CuFeS2ⓘChalcopyrite
ⓘ'Chlorite Group'
Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x< 1ⓘChrysocolla
Cu2OⓘCuprite
Cu2OⓘCuprite var. Chalcotrichite
CuSiO3 · H2OⓘDioptase
ⓘ'Gem Silica'
CaSO4 · 2H2OⓘGypsum
FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2OⓘHalotrichite
Fe2O3ⓘHematite
(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2Oⓘ'Heulandite Subgroup'
Cu2(PO4)(OH)ⓘLibethenite
Cu2(CO3)(OH)2ⓘMalachite
MoS2ⓘMolybdenite
CuⓘNative Copper
AgⓘNative Silver
K(AlSi3O8)ⓘOrthoclase
FeS2ⓘPyrite
SiO2ⓘQuartz
SiO2ⓘQuartz var. Chalcedony
CuOⓘTenorite

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘNative Copper1.AA.05Cu
ⓘNative Gold1.AA.05Au
ⓘNative Silver1.AA.05Ag
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘChalcocite2.BA.05Cu2S
ⓘBornite2.BA.15Cu5FeS4
ⓘCovellite2.CA.05aCuS
ⓘSphalerite2.CB.05aZnS
ⓘChalcopyrite2.CB.10aCuFeS2
ⓘGalena2.CD.10PbS
ⓘMolybdenite2.EA.30MoS2
ⓘPyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
ⓘ'Tennantite Subgroup'2.GB.05Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘChlorargyrite3.AA.15AgCl
ⓘHalite3.AA.20NaCl
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘGoethite4.00.Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘCuprite
var. Chalcotrichite		4.AA.10Cu2O
ⓘ4.AA.10Cu2O
ⓘTenorite4.AB.10CuO
ⓘDelafossite4.AB.15Cu+Fe3+O2
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘHematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘIlmenite4.CB.05Fe2+TiO3
ⓘQuartz
var. Chalcedony		4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘ4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘOpal
var. Opal-AN		4.DA.10SiO2 · nH2O
ⓘ4.DA.10SiO2 · nH2O
ⓘRutile4.DB.05TiO2
ⓘAnatase4.DD.05TiO2
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘSiderite5.AB.05FeCO3
ⓘAzurite5.BA.05Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
ⓘMalachite5.BA.10Cu2(CO3)(OH)2
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘAnhydrite7.AD.30CaSO4
ⓘBaryte7.AD.35BaSO4
ⓘBrochantite7.BB.25Cu4(SO4)(OH)6
ⓘAlunite7.BC.10KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘJarosite7.BC.10KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘHalotrichite7.CB.85FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
ⓘGypsum7.CD.40CaSO4 · 2H2O
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘLibethenite8.BB.30Cu2(PO4)(OH)
ⓘDescloizite8.BH.40PbZn(VO4)(OH)
ⓘMimetite8.BN.05Pb5(AsO4)3Cl
ⓘTorbernite8.EB.05Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
ⓘMetatorbernite8.EB.10Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘZircon9.AD.30Zr(SiO4)
ⓘAndalusite9.AF.10Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘTitanite9.AG.15CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘEpidote9.BG.05a(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘDioptase9.CJ.30CuSiO3 · H2O
ⓘShattuckite9.DB.40Cu5(Si2O6)2(OH)2
ⓘTalc9.EC.05Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘMuscovite9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘvar. Sericite9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘMontmorillonite9.EC.40(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
ⓘNontronite9.EC.40Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
ⓘKaolinite9.ED.05Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘHalloysite9.ED.10Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘHydrohalloysite9.ED.10Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O
ⓘAllophane9.ED.20(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
ⓘChrysocolla9.ED.20Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1
ⓘNeotocite9.ED.20(Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?)
ⓘBementite9.EE.05Mn7Si6O15(OH)8
ⓘOrthoclase9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘLaumontite9.GB.10CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O
Unclassified
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Chlorite Group'-
ⓘ'Heulandite Subgroup'-(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
ⓘ'Limonite'-
ⓘ'Monazite Group'-REE(PO4)
ⓘ'Tourmaline'-AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘ'Hornblende Root Name Group'-◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
ⓘ'Hydromuscovite'-
ⓘ'Garnet Group'-X3Z2(SiO4)3
ⓘ'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ'Gem Silica'-
ⓘ'Allanite Group'-(A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
HⓘAllophane(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
HⓘAluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
HⓘAzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
HⓘBementiteMn7Si6O15(OH)8
HⓘBiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
HⓘBrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6
HⓘChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x< 1
HⓘDescloizitePbZn(VO4)(OH)
HⓘDioptaseCuSiO3 · H2O
HⓘEpidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
HⓘGoethiteFe3+O(OH)
HⓘGypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
HⓘHalloysiteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
HⓘHalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
HⓘHeulandite Subgroup(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
HⓘOpal var.Opal-ANSiO2 · nH2O
HⓘJarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
HⓘKaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
HⓘLaumontiteCaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O
HⓘLibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)
HⓘMalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
HⓘMetatorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
HⓘMuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
HⓘMontmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
HⓘNeotocite(Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?)
HⓘNontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
HⓘOpalSiO2 · nH2O
HⓘShattuckiteCu5(Si2O6)2(OH)2
HⓘTalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
HⓘTorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
HⓘHornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
HⓘMuscovite var.SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
HⓘHydrohalloysiteAl2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O
HⓘApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
HⓘAllanite Group(A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
BBoron
BⓘTourmalineAD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
CCarbon
CⓘAzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
CⓘCalciteCaCO3
CⓘMalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
CⓘSideriteFeCO3
OOxygen
OⓘAllophane(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
OⓘAluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
OⓘAnataseTiO2
OⓘAndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
OⓘAnhydriteCaSO4
OⓘAzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
OⓘBaryteBaSO4
OⓘBementiteMn7Si6O15(OH)8
OⓘBiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
OⓘBrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6
OⓘCalciteCaCO3
OⓘQuartz var.ChalcedonySiO2
OⓘCuprite var.ChalcotrichiteCu2O
OⓘChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x< 1
OⓘCupriteCu2O
OⓘDelafossiteCu+Fe3+O2
OⓘDescloizitePbZn(VO4)(OH)
OⓘDioptaseCuSiO3 · H2O
OⓘEpidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
OⓘGoethiteFe3+O(OH)
OⓘGypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
OⓘHalloysiteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
OⓘHalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
OⓘHematiteFe2O3
OⓘHeulandite Subgroup(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
OⓘOpal var.Opal-ANSiO2 · nH2O
OⓘIlmeniteFe2+TiO3
OⓘJarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
OⓘKaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
OⓘLaumontiteCaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O
OⓘLibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)
OⓘMagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
OⓘMalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
OⓘMetatorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
OⓘMimetitePb5(AsO4)3Cl
OⓘMonazite GroupREE(PO4)
OⓘMuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
OⓘMontmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
OⓘNeotocite(Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?)
OⓘNontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
OⓘOpalSiO2 · nH2O
OⓘOrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
OⓘQuartzSiO2
OⓘRutileTiO2
OⓘShattuckiteCu5(Si2O6)2(OH)2
OⓘSideriteFeCO3
OⓘTalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
OⓘTenoriteCuO
OⓘTitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
OⓘTorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
OⓘTourmalineAD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
OⓘZirconZr(SiO4)
OⓘHornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
OⓘMuscovite var.SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
OⓘGarnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
OⓘHydrohalloysiteAl2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O
OⓘApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
OⓘAllanite Group(A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
FFluorine
FⓘBiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
FⓘHornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
FⓘApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
NaSodium
NaⓘHaliteNaCl
NaⓘHeulandite Subgroup(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
NaⓘMontmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
NaⓘNontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
MgMagnesium
MgⓘBiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
MgⓘMontmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
MgⓘTalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
AlAluminium
AlⓘAllophane(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
AlⓘAluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
AlⓘAndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
AlⓘBiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
AlⓘChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x< 1
AlⓘEpidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
AlⓘHalloysiteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
AlⓘHalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
AlⓘHeulandite Subgroup(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
AlⓘKaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
AlⓘLaumontiteCaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O
AlⓘMuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
AlⓘMontmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
AlⓘNontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
AlⓘOrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
AlⓘHornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
AlⓘMuscovite var.SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
AlⓘHydrohalloysiteAl2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O
SiSilicon
SiⓘAllophane(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
SiⓘAndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
SiⓘBementiteMn7Si6O15(OH)8
SiⓘBiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
SiⓘQuartz var.ChalcedonySiO2
SiⓘChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x< 1
SiⓘDioptaseCuSiO3 · H2O
SiⓘEpidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
SiⓘHalloysiteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
SiⓘHeulandite Subgroup(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
SiⓘOpal var.Opal-ANSiO2 · nH2O
SiⓘKaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
SiⓘLaumontiteCaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O
SiⓘMuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
SiⓘMontmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
SiⓘNeotocite(Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?)
SiⓘNontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
SiⓘOpalSiO2 · nH2O
SiⓘOrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
SiⓘQuartzSiO2
SiⓘShattuckiteCu5(Si2O6)2(OH)2
SiⓘTalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
SiⓘTitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
SiⓘZirconZr(SiO4)
SiⓘHornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
SiⓘMuscovite var.SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
SiⓘGarnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
SiⓘHydrohalloysiteAl2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O
SiⓘAllanite Group(A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
PPhosphorus
PⓘLibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)
PⓘMetatorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
PⓘMonazite GroupREE(PO4)
PⓘTorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
PⓘApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
SSulfur
SⓘAluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
SⓘAnhydriteCaSO4
SⓘBaryteBaSO4
SⓘBorniteCu5FeS4
SⓘBrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6
SⓘChalcopyriteCuFeS2
SⓘChalcociteCu2S
SⓘCovelliteCuS
SⓘGalenaPbS
SⓘGypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
SⓘHalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
SⓘJarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
SⓘMolybdeniteMoS2
SⓘPyriteFeS2
SⓘSphaleriteZnS
SⓘTennantite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C22+)As4S12S
ClChlorine
ClⓘChlorargyriteAgCl
ClⓘHaliteNaCl
ClⓘMimetitePb5(AsO4)3Cl
ClⓘHornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
ClⓘApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
KPotassium
KⓘAluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
KⓘBiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
KⓘHeulandite Subgroup(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
KⓘJarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
KⓘMuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
KⓘOrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
KⓘMuscovite var.SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
CaCalcium
CaⓘAnhydriteCaSO4
CaⓘCalciteCaCO3
CaⓘEpidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
CaⓘGypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
CaⓘHeulandite Subgroup(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
CaⓘLaumontiteCaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O
CaⓘMontmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
CaⓘTitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
CaⓘHornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
CaⓘApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
TiTitanium
TiⓘAnataseTiO2
TiⓘBiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
TiⓘIlmeniteFe2+TiO3
TiⓘRutileTiO2
TiⓘTitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
VVanadium
VⓘDescloizitePbZn(VO4)(OH)
MnManganese
MnⓘBementiteMn7Si6O15(OH)8
MnⓘNeotocite(Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?)
FeIron
FeⓘBiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
FeⓘBorniteCu5FeS4
FeⓘChalcopyriteCuFeS2
FeⓘDelafossiteCu+Fe3+O2
FeⓘEpidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
FeⓘGoethiteFe3+O(OH)
FeⓘHalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
FeⓘHematiteFe2O3
FeⓘIlmeniteFe2+TiO3
FeⓘJarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
FeⓘMagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
FeⓘNeotocite(Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?)
FeⓘNontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
FeⓘPyriteFeS2
FeⓘSideriteFeCO3
CuCopper
CuⓘAzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2
CuⓘBorniteCu5FeS4
CuⓘBrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6
CuⓘChalcopyriteCuFeS2
CuⓘChalcociteCu2S
CuⓘCuprite var.ChalcotrichiteCu2O
CuⓘChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x< 1
CuⓘCovelliteCuS
CuⓘCupriteCu2O
CuⓘNative CopperCu
CuⓘDelafossiteCu+Fe3+O2
CuⓘDioptaseCuSiO3 · H2O
CuⓘLibetheniteCu2(PO4)(OH)
CuⓘMalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
CuⓘMetatorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
CuⓘShattuckiteCu5(Si2O6)2(OH)2
CuⓘTennantite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C22+)As4S12S
CuⓘTenoriteCuO
CuⓘTorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
ZnZinc
ZnⓘDescloizitePbZn(VO4)(OH)
ZnⓘSphaleriteZnS
AsArsenic
AsⓘMimetitePb5(AsO4)3Cl
AsⓘTennantite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C22+)As4S12S
ZrZirconium
ZrⓘZirconZr(SiO4)
MoMolybdenum
MoⓘMolybdeniteMoS2
AgSilver
AgⓘChlorargyriteAgCl
AgⓘNative SilverAg
BaBarium
BaⓘBaryteBaSO4
AuGold
AuⓘNative GoldAu
PbLead
PbⓘDescloizitePbZn(VO4)(OH)
PbⓘGalenaPbS
PbⓘMimetitePb5(AsO4)3Cl
UUranium
UⓘMetatorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
UⓘTorberniteCu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O

Other Databases

Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_mine
Wikidata ID:Q15272025
Link to USGS MRDS:10210616

Localities in this Region

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

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North America PlateTectonic Plate
USA

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References

USGS MRDS ID #M000327.
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), MSHA file No. 0200150.
ASARCO Incorporated, ASARCO Ray Complex- Ray Modernization and Concentrator Expansion Project, Project Description.
https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/USA/Arizona/Pinal%20Co./Mineral%20Creek%20District/Ray/Ray%20Mine
University of Arizona Bulletin 41 (1916-17) Mineralogy of Useful Minerals in Arizona: 28, 29, 46.
Ransome, Frederick Leslie (1919) The copper deposits of Ray and Miami, Arizona.Professional Paper 115. US Geological Surveydoi:10.3133/pp115
Parsons, A.B. (1933) Ray Consolidated Chief in the Porphyry Coppers. A.I.M.E., New York, 1st. edition: 184-203.
Schwartz, George Melvin (1934) Paragenesis of the oxidized ores of copper.Economic Geology, 29 (1) 55-75doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.29.1.55
Schwartz, George Melvin (1947) Hydrothermal alteration in the "porphyry copper" deposits.Economic Geology, 42 (4) 319-352doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.42.4.319
United States Geological Survey (1949) Winkelman, Arizona, quadrangle 7.5 minute series topographic map, scale 1:24,000.
Schwartz, G.M. (1952) Chlorite-calcite pseudomorphs after orthoclase phenocrysts, Ray, Arizona. Economic Geology: 47(6): 665-672.
Clarke, O.M., Jr. (1953) Geochemical prospecting for copper at Ray, Arizona. Economic Geology: 48(1): 39-45.
Lewis, D.V. (1955) Relationships of ore bodies to dikes and sills. Economic Geology: 50(5): 495-516.
United States Geological Survey (1964) Hayden, Arizona, quadrangle 7.5 minute topo map, scale 1:24,000.
United States Geological Survey (1964) Sonora, Arizona, quadrangle 7.5 minute series topographic map, scale 1:24,000.
United States Geological Survey (1964) Teapot Mountain, Arizona, quadrangle, 7.5 minute topographic map, Pinal County, scale 1:24,000.
Kennecott Copper (1966) Annual Report 1966. (surface plant)
Metz, Robert A., Rose, Arthur W. (1966) Geology of the Ray Copper Deposit, Ray, Arizona. InGeology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. p.177-188.
Kennecott Copper (1967) Annual Report. (crusher)
Stephens, J.D., Metz, R.A. (1967) The occurrence of copper-bearing clay minerals in oxidized portions of the disseminated copper deposit at Ray, Arizona (abstract). Economic Geology: 62(6): 876-877.
Skillings Mining Review (1969) 9/6/69. (pilot plant cost)
Paydirt (1970) 5/18/70 (history of property, mine equipment, crushing, drilling, trucks, shovels)
Skillings Mining Review (1970) 6/20/70. (crushing, vat leach, electrowinning)
Cornwall et al. (1971) United States Geological Survey Map GQ-1021.
Pay Dirt (1971) 4/71. (water diversion project)
Throop, Allen H., Buseck, Peter R. (1971) Nature and Origin of Black Chrysocolla at the Inspiration Mine, Arizona.Economic Geology, 66 (8) 1168-1175doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.66.8.1168
Banks, N.G., Stuckless, J.S. (1973) Chronology of intrusion and ore deposition at Ray, Arizona; Part II, fission-track ages. Economic Geology: 68(5): 657-664.
Skillings Mining Review (1973) 10/1973. (vat leach expansion, cone precipatators)
World Mining (1973) 8/73. (mine equipment)
Pay Dirt (1974) 3/25/74. (mine equipment, tailings, expansion, railroad)
Phillips, C.H., Gambell, N.A., Fountain, D.S. (1974) Hydrothermal alteration, mineralization, and zoning in the Ray deposit. Economic Geology: 69(8): 1237-1250.
Skillings Mining Review (1974) 1/5/74. (milling)
Skillings Mining Review (1974) 2/74. (vat leach expansion)
Skillings Mining Review (1974) 4/27/74. (underground leach)
White, John Sampson (1974) What's New in Minerals?.The Mineralogical Record, 5 (5) 233-236pp.233-236
Pay Dirt (1976) 6/23/76. (milling rate)
Pay Dirt (1976) 11/22/76. (solvent-extraction pilot plant)
World Mining (1976) 6/76. (vat leach)
Engineering and Mining Journal (1977) 6/77. (exploration, ore body dimensions, mine equipment, mill, vat leach, dump leach, electrowinning, railroad)
Kennezonian (1977) Spring 1977. (marketing cathodes)
Kennezonian (1977) Summer 1977. (exploration)
Wilson, Wendell E., White, John Sampson (1977) What's New in Minerals? - Detroit Show 1976.The Mineralogical Record, 8 (1) 58-62
Baer, R.L. (1978) File Report - Ray Mine, Leach Plant, Concentrator and Smelter - Visited 4/18/78 (information on all phases of operation)
Kennezonian (1978) Spring 1978. (drilling)
Pay Dirt (1978) 1/78. (tailings reclamation)
Roman, Sheffer and Stone (1978) Draft Information Circular (IC): "Copper Leaching Practices In Western U.S." (dump leach description)
United States Geological Survey (1978) Mesa, Arizona, quadrangle, 1 Degee X 2 Degrees Series topographic map, 1978 Revision, scale 1:250,000.
Sundt, M.M. (1979) Constructing Plant for Kennecott's Ray Mines. Skillings Mining Review March 31, 1979: 6.
Engineering & Mining Journal (1980) Kennecott's New SX Plant on Stream: June, 1980: 35, 39.
Thompson, Wayne A. (1980) Chrysocolla Pseudomorphs from Ray, Arizona.The Mineralogical Record, 11 (4) 248-250
Sullivan, Bob (1980) Letter From Europe (Column)The Mineralogical Record, 11 (2) 113-116
Arizona Department of Mines & Mineral Resources (1981) Primary Copper Industry of Arizona Special Reports No. 5.
World Mining (1981) September, 1981: 49. (1977-1980 production)
Arizona Department of Mines & Mineral Resources (1982) Primary Copper Industry of Arizona Special Reports No. 6.
Arizona Pay Dirt (1982) Kennecott Surprises Industry by Closing Ray, Chino Indefinitely: March 1982: Front cover and pages 4-5.
Arizona Pay Dirt (1982) Ray Has Been Consistent Producer From Underground, Open pit: March 1982: 6-8, 10-11.
Banks, N.G. (1982) Sulfur and copper in magma and rocks: Ray porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona. In: Titley, S.R. (editor) (1982) Advances in Geology of Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southwestern North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona (227-257).
Sohio (1982) Annual Report: 27-28.
Arizona Pay Dirt (1983) Kennecott Reopening Ray Mine and Mill, Calling Back Workers. August 1983: 18A-19A.
Jones, Robert W., Wilson, Wendell E. (1983) Famous Mineral Localities: The Ray Mine [Arizona].The Mineralogical Record, 14 (5) 311-322
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources (1984) Primary Copper Industry of Arizona Special Report, No. 8. (Ray Mine - 1984 production). http://docs.azgs.az.gov/OnlineAccessMineFiles/Pubs/2013-02-0513.pdf
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources (1984) Primary Copper Industry of Arizona Special Report, No. 9. (Ray Mine - 1984 production). http://docs.azgs.az.gov/OnlineAccessMineFiles/Pubs/2013-02-0514.pdf
Walenga, Karen (1985) Kennecott's Ray Mines Division is Having a Tough Time. Arizona Pay Dirt: June 1985: 3A.
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources (1985) Primary Copper Industry of Arizona Special Report, No. 10. (Ray Mine - 1985 production). http://docs.azgs.az.gov/OnlineAccessMineFiles/Pubs/2013-02-0515.pdf
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources (1986) Primary Copper Industry of Arizona Special Report, No. 13. (Ray Mine - 1986 production).
ASARCO Incorporated (1986) Annual Report: 5, 24.
Epler, B. (1986) Copper Firms Get Concessionary Contracts Without Strikes. Southwestern Pay Dirt, August 1986: 12a-14a.
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources (1987) Primary Copper Industry of Arizona Special Report, No. 14. (1987 production). http://docs.azgs.az.gov/OnlineAccessMineFiles/Pubs/2013-02-0519.pdf
Southwestern Pay Dirt (1987) Modifying Ray SX-EW to Treat Sulphide Leach. February 1987: 4A-6A.
Dayton, S.H. (1988) ASARCO hits the Mark with Arizona Copper Expansion. Engineering and Mining Journal: 189(9): 30-50.
O'Neil, Tim (1989) ASARCO: Plant Expansions and Modernizations Continue Amidst Company Restructuring. Mining Engineering: 6: 430-434.
Walenga, Karen (1989) Mission, Ray Expansion to Assure Copper Feed. Southwestern Paydirt, March 1989: 4A-8A.
American Mining Congress Journal (1990) 9/90: 20.
Mining Engineering (1990) 5/90: 414.
Phillips, K.A., Beard, R.R., Niemuth, N.J., Bain, D.R. (1991) Active Mines in Arizona - 1992. Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources Directory 39, 20 pages.
Dillard, G. (1992) Expansion Doubles Production, Lowers Costs. Southwestern Pay Dirt, June 1992 (No. 636): 4A-11A.
Dillard, G. (1992) Ray Greatly Expands Ore Reserves Without Drilling a Hole. Southwestern Pay Dirt: September 1992: 3A.
Kilburn, J. (1992) Ray Expansion Boosts ASARCO Copper Output. Northern Miner: 11/23/92: 1-2.
Metal Bulletin Monthly (1992) 8/92: 43.
Mining Engineering (1992) 4/92: 294.
Mining Journal (1992) 319(8185) (8/7/92): 104.
Mining Record (1992) 3/11/92: 5.
Mining Record (1992) 8/26/92: 14.
Niemuth, Nyal J., Phillips, Ken A. (1992, July) Copper Oxide Resources.Open-file Report 92-10. Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resourcesp.15 - Table 1
Sawyer, M.B., Gurmendi, A.C., Daley, M.R., Howell, S.B. (1992) Principal Deposits of Strategic and Critical Minerals in Arizona. United States Bureau of Mines Special Publication, 334 pages.
Skillings Mining Review (1992) 3/7/92: 7.
Skillings Mining Review (1992) 8/8/92: 13.
ASARCO, Incorporated (1993) Annual Report: 5.
ASARCO Incorporated (1993) Form 10-K: A15, A18.
Dillard, G. (1993) Ray Complex is Hit Hardest by Rail link Washout. Southwestern Pay Dirt, February 1993: 4A-10A.
McGhee, S.A. (1993) Ray Modernization and Concentrator Expansion Project, Preprint Number 93-36, Society of Mining Engineers Annual Meeting February 15-18, 1993, 7 pages.
Coughlin, P.J. (1994) Commissioning ASARCO's Ray Expansion. Mining Engineering: 7/94: 637-640.
Mining Record (1994) 105(31) (8/17/94): 6, 7.
ASARCO, Incorporated (1995) Annual Report: 7.
Caney, D.J. (1995) ASARCO Overcomes Ray Problems. American Metal Market: 103(30) (2/14/95): 2.
Caney, D.J. (1995) American Metal Market: 8/9/95: 2.
Anthony, John W., Williams, Sidney A., Bideaux, Richard A., Grant, Raymond W. (1995)Mineralogy of Arizona (3rd ed.). University of Arizona Press.
Southwestern Pay Dirt (1995) 2/95: 3a.
United States Bureau of Mines (1995) Minerals Availability System/Mineral Industry Location System (MAS/MILS), U.S. Bureau of Mines, file ID #0040210006.
Skillings Mining Review (1996) ASARCO Curtails Operations at Ray Complex: October 5, 1996: 11.
[1]American Smelting and Refining Company (1998) Form 10K: A15.
Force, E.R. (1998) Laramide alteration of Proterozoic diabase: a likely contributor of Copper to Porphyry systems in the Dripping Spring Mountains area, southeastern Arizona. Economic Geology: 93(2): 171-183.
Porter, T.M. (1998) An overview of the World's porphyry and other hydrothermal copper & gold deposits and their distribution. In: Porter, T.M. (ed.) (1998) Porphyry and Hydrothermal Copper and Gold Deposits: a global perspective, PACRIM '98 Conference Proceedings, Australian Mineral Foundation: 3-17.
Kendrick, M.A., Burgess, R., Pattrick, R.A.D., Turner, G. (2001) Halogen and Ar-Ar age determinations of inclusions within quartz veins from porphyry copper deposits using complementary noble gas extraction techniques. Chemical Geology: 177(3-4): 351-370.
www.portergeo.com.au (n.d.)http://www.portergeo.com.au/database/mineinfo.asp?mineid=mn208
(2005)Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS), US Geological Survey.
www.portergeo.com.au (n.d.)http://www.portergeo.com.au/database/mineinfo.asp?mineid=mn626
www.copperarea.com (n.d.)https://www.copperarea.com/pages/ray-mining-history/
tucson.com (n.d.)https://tucson.com/news/local/mine-tales-ray-mining-district-has-history-of-more-than/article_5560fe20-f4c4-559f-8298-1c8be0b75c77.html
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