Fort Dodge, Kansas, 1879.

Fort Dodge,Kansas, was one of the most important forts on the western frontier. It is located southeast of the Caches, a noted landmark on theSanta Fe Trail, and present-day Dodge City. On April 10, 1865, Captain Henry Pierce established the fort by order of Major General Grenville M. Dodge. The fort’s primary purpose was to protect the wagon trains along the Santa Fe Trail toNew Mexico.

Santa Fe Trail through Edwards and Ford Counties, Kansas.

The need for a fort at this location was great, as the site was home to an unusually large campsite where the dry and wet routes of the Santa Fe Trail intersected. The dry route came across the divide fromLarned on the Pawnee River, while the wet route followed the river.

The dry route, often called the Jornado de Muerto, the journey of death, was often without water for the whole distance, and wagon trains would lay up to recoup after making the passage. When theIndians discovered this popular stopping-off point, they began to attack the many unwary emigrants and freighters traveling through the area.

Initial fortifications were crude earth dugouts excavated along the north bank of the Arkansas River. Many men, first stationed some Confederate soldiers, preferred a fight with the Indians to languishing, perhaps dying, in northern prisons. Thesoldiers had no lumber or hardware, so they had to use the available materials, grass, and earth, to create the 70 sod dugouts. These were 10 X 12 feet in circumference and seven feet deep. A door to the south faced the river, and a hole in the roof admitted air and light. Banks of earth were bunks for the soddies that slept from two to four men. Sanitation was poor, and spring rains flooded the dugouts. Pneumonia, dysentery, diarrhea, and malaria were common in the first year in the isolated fort.

Indian Attack by Charles Marion Russell.

In 1867, Fort Dodge was relocated and rebuilt in stone buildings. In 1868,Comanche andKiowa Indians attacked Fort Dodge, killing four soldiers and wounding 17. As a result, General Philip H. Sheridan came to the fort in the summer of 1868. He pitched his camp on the hill north of the fort and started outfitting his command against the Indians.

In the fall of 1868, General Alfred Sully took command at the fort in preparation for a winter campaign against thePlains Indians. When the expedition preparations were well underway and his army practically ready to march, General Sully was sent home, and General George A. Custer carried on the campaign.

In its heyday, up to four companies of troops occupied the post, but as the Indian threat was reduced, it was only occupied by about a dozen men in its later years. In December 1880, a portion of Fort Dodge’s reserved lands was opened to homesteaders. However, most who settled were not homesteaders but Dodge City residents, including saloon keepers, gamblers, and “ladies of the night.”

Two years later, the fort was closed in June 1882, creating surprise among the Dodge City people, terrified of Indian raids. The last troops marched southward toFort Supply, Oklahoma, when the flag was lowered on October 2, 1882. Fort Dodge, Guardian of the commercial frontier, the cattleman, and the homesteader, had fulfilled its purpose. A single custodian was assigned to keep watch over the property. Several buildings were torn down or moved away during this period, but many of the stone buildings remained.

Fort Dodge, Kansas, Saloon and Store, 1867.

The military reservation was transferred to the Interior Department on January 12, 1885. The following year, more of the fort’s land was opened for settlement in May 1886, and about 100 claims were staked off. One of these claims was made by Dodge City entrepreneur Robert Wright, who managed to exploit the facilities by housing drovers who awaited the sale of their cattle. By purchasing land surrounding the Fort with money earned by selling whiskey and buffalo hides.

Fort Dodge, Kansas Buildings by Kathy Alexander.

In the meantime, some Dodge City residents worked with government officials to utilize the still functional buildings for a retired soldiers’ home. After much work toward that goal, a federal law was enacted in 1889, authorizing the use of the post as a soldiers’ home by the State of Kansas. The Kansas Soldiers’ Home was opened in early 1890. When rebuilding and repairing began on the Soldiers’ Home, the character of the famous old post was sustained.

Old troopers began arriving. Most of them wereCivil War veterans, but others were veterans of theMexican-American War andIndian Wars. Eventually, dependents and relatives of Kansas veterans were admitted along with Confederate and African-American veterans. It would eventually also house veterans of theSpanish-American, Philippines, Boxer Rebellion,World War I,World War II, Korean, and Vietnam Wars.

The Kansas Soldiers Home includes a library/museum, a modern intensive nursing home, a recreation center, five residence halls, and 60 cottages. The peaceful park displays quiet, shaded, tree-lined walks and dignified old and new buildings.

Custer House at Fort Dodge, Kansas, by Kathy Alexander.

©Kathy Alexander/Legends of America, updated June 2025.