For inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Internal Revenue Notices listed in a table undersection 401 of this title.

The enactment of theEconomic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, referred to in subsec. (f), means the enactment ofPub. L. 107–16, which was approvedJune 7, 2001.

The date of the enactment of theSmall Business Job Protection Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (n), is the date of enactment ofPub. L. 104–188, which was approvedAug. 20, 1996.

TheRailroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (r)(1), (2)(C)(i), (ii), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally byPub. L. 93–445, title I, § 101,Oct. 16, 1974,88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§ 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of Title 45, Railroads. Sections 2(b), 3(h), and 4(e) and (h) of the Act are classified to sections 231a(b), 231b(h), and 231c(e) and (h), respectively, of Title 45. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out precedingsection 231 of Title 45,section 231t of Title 45, and Tables.

The date of the enactment of this subparagraph, referred to in subsec. (t)(2)(G)(iv), is the date of enactment ofPub. L. 109–280, which was approvedAug. 17, 2006.

Section 1034 (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this paragraph), referred to in subsec. (t)(8)(D)(i)(II), meanssection 1034 of this title as in effect on the day beforeAug. 5, 1997.Section 1034 was repealed byPub. L. 105–34, title III, § 312(b),Aug. 5, 1997,111 Stat. 839.

TheRobert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, referred to in subsec. (t)(11)(E), (F)(i)(I), isPub. L. 93–288,May 22, 1974,88 Stat. 143, which is classified principally to chapter 68 (§ 5121 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Section 401 of the Act is classified tosection 5170 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out undersection 5121 of Title 42 and Tables.

Section 301 of the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020, referred to in subsec. (t)(11)(F)(i)(II), issection 301 of Pub. L. 116–260, div. EE, title III,Dec. 27, 2020,134 Stat. 3070, which is not classified to the Code.

The date of the enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (t)(11)(F)(iii)(I), is the date of enactment ofPub. L. 117–328, which was approvedDec. 29, 2022.

2022—Subsec. (d)(3).Pub. L. 117–328, § 127(e)(3), added par. (3).

Subsec. (p)(6).Pub. L. 117–328, § 331(c)(1), added par. (6).

Subsec. (q)(2).Pub. L. 117–328, § 323(d)(2), added concluding provisions.

Subsec. (q)(3).Pub. L. 117–328, § 323(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and inserted heading, redesignated former subpars. (A) and (B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, of subpar. (A), and cls. (i) and (ii) of former subpar. (B) as subcls. (I) and (II), respectively, of cl. (ii), and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (t)(2)(A).Pub. L. 117–328, § 323(d)(1), added concluding provisions.

Subsec. (t)(2)(A)(ix).Pub. L. 117–328, § 333(a), added cl. (ix).

Subsec. (t)(2)(H)(v)(I).Pub. L. 117–328, § 311(a), substituted “may, at any time during the 3-year period beginning on the day after the date on which such distribution was received, make” for “may make”.

Subsec. (t)(2)(H)(vi)(IV).Pub. L. 117–328, § 401(b)(1), substituted “403(b)(7)(A)(i)” for “403(b)(7)(A)(ii)”.

Subsec. (t)(2)(I).Pub. L. 117–328, § 115(a), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (t)(2)(J).Pub. L. 117–328, § 127(e)(2), added subpar. (J).

Subsec. (t)(2)(K).Pub. L. 117–328, § 314(a), added subpar. (K).

Subsec. (t)(2)(L).Pub. L. 117–328, § 326(a), added subpar. (L).

Subsec. (t)(2)(M).Pub. L. 117–328, § 331(a)(1), added subpar. (M).

Subsec. (t)(2)(N).Pub. L. 117–328, § 334(c), added subpar. (N).

Subsec. (t)(4)(C).Pub. L. 117–328, § 323(a), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (t)(6).Pub. L. 117–328, § 332(b)(1), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (t)(8)(F).Pub. L. 117–328, § 331(b)(1), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (t)(10).Pub. L. 117–328, § 308(b), substituted “and private sector firefighters” for “in governmental plans” in heading.

Subsec. (t)(10)(A).Pub. L. 117–328, § 329(a), substituted “age 50 or 25 years of service under the plan, whichever is earlier” for “age 50”.

Pub. L. 117–328, § 308(a), substituted “414(d)) or a distribution from a plan described in clause (iii), (iv), or (vi) of section 402(c)(8)(B) to an employeewho provides firefighting services” for “414(d))”.

Subsec. (t)(10)(B)(i).Pub. L. 117–328, § 330(a), substituted “emergency medical services, or services as a corrections officer or as a forensic security employeeproviding for the care, custody, and control of forensic patients” for “or emergency medical services”.

Subsec. (t)(11).Pub. L. 117–328, § 331(a)(2), added par. (11).

2019—Subsec. (p)(2)(D), (E).Pub. L. 116–94, § 108(a), added subpar. (D) and redesignated former subpar. (D) as (E).

Subsec. (t)(2)(H).Pub. L. 116–94, § 113(a), added subpar. (H).

2015—Subsec. (t)(4)(A)(ii).Pub. L. 114–26, § 2(c), inserted “or a distribution to which paragraph (10) applies” after “other than by reason of death or disability” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (t)(10)(A).Pub. L. 114–26, § 2(b), struck out “which is a defined benefit plan” after “section 414(d))”.

Subsec. (t)(10)(B).Pub. L. 114–26, § 2(a), substituted “means—” for “means”, designated remainder of existing provisions as cl. (i), and added cl. (ii).

Subsec. (t)(10)(B)(ii).Pub. L. 114–113 substituted “any air traffic controller” for “or any air traffic controller” and inserted before period at end “, any nuclear materials courier described in section 8331(27) or 8401(33) of such title, any member of the United States Capitol Police, any member of the Supreme Court Police, or any diplomatic security special agent of theDepartment of State”.

2014—Subsec. (c)(4).Pub. L. 113–295, § 221(a)(14)(A), struck out “; except that if such date was beforeJanuary 1, 1954, then the annuity starting date isJanuary 1, 1954” before period at end.

Subsec. (g)(3).Pub. L. 113–295, § 221(a)(14)(B), struck out “January 1, 1954, or” before “the first day”.

Pub. L. 113–295, § 221(a)(14)(B), which directed striking out “, whichever is later”, was executed by striking out “, whichever is the later” after “as an annuity” to reflect the probable intent ofCongress.

2012—Subsec. (t)(2)(A)(viii).Pub. L. 112–141 added cl. (viii).

2010—Subsec. (a).Pub. L. 111–240 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, gross income includes any amount received as an annuity (whether for a period certain or during one or more lives) under an annuity, endowment, or life insurance contract.”

2008—Subsec. (t)(2)(G)(iv).Pub. L. 110–245, which directed amendment by striking out “, and beforeDecember 31, 2007” after “September 11, 2001”, was executed by striking out “, and on or beforeDecember 31, 2007” after “September 11, 2001”, to reflect the probable intent ofCongress and the intervening amendment byPub. L. 110–458. See Amendment note and Effective Date of 2008 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 110–458 inserted “on or” before “before” in first sentence.

2006—Subsec. (e)(11), (12).Pub. L. 109–280, § 844(a), added par. (11) and redesignated former par. (11) as (12).

Subsec. (t)(2)(G).Pub. L. 109–280, § 827(a), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (t)(10).Pub. L. 109–280, § 828(a), added par. (10).

2004—Subsec. (e)(9).Pub. L. 108–311, § 408(b)(3), amendedPub. L. 107–22, § 1(b)(3)(A). See 2001 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (f).Pub. L. 108–311, § 408(a)(4), substituted “Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001)” for “Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (t)(2)(D)(i)(III).Pub. L. 108–311, § 207(6), inserted “, determined without regard to subsections (b)(1), (b)(2), and (d)(1)(B) thereof” after “section 152”.

Subsec. (t)(7)(A)(iii).Pub. L. 108–311, § 207(7), substituted “152(f)(1)” for “151(c)(3)”.

Subsecs. (w), (x).Pub. L. 108–357 added subsec. (w) and redesignated former subsec. (w) as (x).

2001—Subsec. (e)(9).Pub. L. 107–22, § 1(b)(3)(A), as amended byPub. L. 108–311, § 408(b)(3), substituted “Coverdell education savings” for “educational individual retirement” in heading.

Pub. L. 107–22, § 1(b)(1)(A), substituted “a Coverdell education savings” for “an education individual retirement”.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 402(a)(4)(A), (B), substituted “qualified tuition” for “qualified State tuition” in heading and text.

Subsec. (f).Pub. L. 107–16, § 632(a)(3)(A), substituted “section 403(b)(2)(D)(iii), as in effect before the enactment of theEconomic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001” for “section 403(b)(2)(D)(iii))” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (o)(4).Pub. L. 107–16, § 641(e)(1), substituted “403(b)(8), 408(d)(3), and 457(e)(16)” for “and 408(d)(3)”.

Subsec. (r)(2)(B)(i).Pub. L. 107–90 substituted “3211(b)” for “3211(a)(2)”.

Subsec. (t)(9).Pub. L. 107–16, § 641(a)(2)(C), added par. (9).

1998—Subsec. (e)(9).Pub. L. 105–206, § 6004(d)(3)(B), added par. (9).

Subsec. (n).Pub. L. 105–206, § 6023(3), inserted “(as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of theSmall Business Job Protection Act of 1996)” after “section 101(b)(2)(D)”.

Subsec. (t)(2)(A)(iv).Pub. L. 105–206, § 3436(a), which directed amendment of cl. (iv) by striking out “or” at end, could not be executed because the word “or” did not appear at end.

Subsec. (t)(2)(A)(vii).Pub. L. 105–206, § 3436(a), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (t)(3)(A).Pub. L. 105–206, § 6023(4), substituted “(A)(v)” for “(A)(v),”.

Subsec. (t)(8)(E).Pub. L. 105–206, § 6005(c)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “120th day” for “120 days” and “60th day” for “60 days”.

1997—Subsec. (d)(1)(B)(iii).Pub. L. 105–34, § 1075(b), inserted “If the annuity is payable over the life of a single individual, the number of anticipated payments shall be determined as follows:” before table and struck out “primary” after “If the age of the” in table.

Subsec. (d)(1)(B)(iv).Pub. L. 105–34, § 1075(a), added cl. (iv).

Subsec. (t)(2)(E).Pub. L. 105–34, § 203(a), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (t)(2)(F).Pub. L. 105–34, § 303(a), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (t)(7).Pub. L. 105–34, § 203(b), added par. (7).

Subsec. (t)(8).Pub. L. 105–34, § 303(b), added par. (8).

1996—Subsec. (b)(4)(A).Pub. L. 104–188, § 1704(l)(1), inserted “(determined without regard to subsection (c)(2))” after “contract”.

Subsec. (d).Pub. L. 104–188, § 1403(a), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “Treatment ofEmployee Contributions Under Defined Contribution Plans as Separate Contracts.—For purposes of this section, employeecontributions (and any income allocable thereto) under a defined contribution plan may be treated as a separate contract.”

Subsec. (f).Pub. L. 104–188, § 1463(a), in closing provisions, inserted before period at end “, or to the extent such credits are attributable to services performed as a foreign missionary (within the meaning of section 403(b)(2)(D)(iii))”.

Subsec. (m)(2)(A) to (C).Pub. L. 104–188, § 1704(t)(2), inserted “and” at end of subpar. (A), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B), and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “the consideration for the contract contributed by the employeefor purposes of subsection (d)(1) (relating to employee’s contributions recoverable in 3 years) and subsection (e)(7) (relating to plans where substantially all contributions are employeecontributions), and”.

Subsec. (p)(4)(A)(ii).Pub. L. 104–188, § 1704(t)(77), amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: “Special rules.—The term‘qualified employer plan’—

“(I) shall include any plan which was (or was determined to be) aqualified employer plan or a government plan, but

“(II) shall not include a plan described in subsection (e)(7).”

Subsec. (t)(2)(B).Pub. L. 104–191, § 361(c), substituted “, (C), or (D)” for “or (C)”.

Subsec. (t)(2)(D).Pub. L. 104–191, § 361(b), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (t)(3)(A).Pub. L. 104–191, § 361(a), struck out “(B),” after “Subparagraphs (A)(v),”.

Subsec. (t)(6).Pub. L. 104–188, § 1421(b)(4)(A), added par. (6).

1992—Subsec. (o)(4).Pub. L. 102–318 substituted “402(c)” for “402(a)(5), 402(a)(7)”.

1990—Subsec. (t)(2)(C), (D).Pub. L. 101–508, § 11802(a)(1), (2), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) “Exceptions for distributions from employeestock ownership plans” which read as follows: “Any distribution made beforeJanuary 1, 1990, to an employeefrom an employeestock ownership plan (as defined insection 4975(e)(7)) or a tax credit employeestock ownership plan (as defined in section 409) if—

“(i) such distribution is attributable to assets which have been invested in employer securities (within the meaning ofsection 409(l)) at all times during the 5-plan-year period preceding the plan year in which the distribution is made, and

“(ii) at all times during such period the requirements of sections401(a)(28) and409 (as in effect at such times) are met with respect to such employer securities.”

Subsec. (t)(3)(A).Pub. L. 101–508, § 11802(a)(3), substituted “and (C)” for “(C), and (D)”.

1989—Subsec. (e)(11)(A).Pub. L. 101–239, § 7815(a)(3), (5), substituted “calendar year” for “12-month period” in cls. (i) and (ii), and inserted at end “The preceding sentence shall not apply to any contract described in paragraph (5)(D).”

Subsec. (q)(2)(B).Pub. L. 101–239, § 7811(m)(4), inserted an additional closing parenthesis after “subsection (s)(6)(B))”.

1988—Subsec. (d).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(b)(2)(A), added subsec. (d).

Subsec. (e)(4)(A).Pub. L. 100–647, § 5012(d)(1), inserted at end “The preceding sentence shall not apply for purposes of determining investment in the contract, except that the investment in the contract shall be increased by any amount included in gross income by reason of the amount treated as received under the preceding sentence.”

Subsec. (e)(5)(C).Pub. L. 100–647, § 5012(a)(2), substituted “Except as provided in paragraph (10) and except to the extent” for “Except to the extent”.

Subsec. (e)(5)(D).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(b)(9)(B), substituted “paragraph (8)” for “paragraphs (7) and (8)”.

Subsec. (e)(7).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(b)(9)(A), struck out par. (7) which related to special rules for plans where substantially all contributions are employeecontributions.

Subsec. (e)(8)(A).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(b)(9)(C), struck out “(other than paragraph (7))” after “this subsection”.

Subsec. (e)(9).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(b)(2)(B), struck out par. (9) which related to treatment of employeecontributions as separate contract.

Subsec. (e)(10).Pub. L. 100–647, § 5012(a)(1), added par. (10).

Subsec. (e)(11).Pub. L. 100–647, § 5012(d)(2), added par. (11).

Subsec. (f).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(b)(1)(A), struck out “for purposes of subsections (d)(1) and (e)(7), the consideration for the contract contributed by the employee,” after “contract,” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (n).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(b)(1)(B), substituted “Subsection (b)” for “Subsections (b) and (d)”.

Subsec. (o)(2).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(c)(8), struck out par. (2) which related to additional tax if amount received before age 59½.

Subsec. (p)(3)(A).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(h)(1), inserted “to which paragraph (1) does not apply by reason of paragraph (2) during the period” after “loan”.

Subsec. (p)(3)(B).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(h)(2), substituted “Period” for “Loans” in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For purposes of subparagraph (A), a loan is described in this subparagraph—

“(i) if paragraph (1) does not apply to such loan by reason of paragraph (2), and

“(ii) if—

“(I) such loan is made to a keyemployee (as defined insection 416(i)), or

“(II) such loan is secured by amounts attributable to elective 401(k) or 403(b) deferrals (as defined insection 402(g)(3)).”

Subsec. (q)(2)(B).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1018(t)(1)(B), substituted “subsection (s)(6)(B))” for “subsection (s)(6)(B)))”.

Subsec. (q)(2)(D).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(c)(7), inserted “designated” before “beneficiary”.

Pub. L. 100–647, §§ 1011A(c)(4), 1018(u)(8), amended subpar. (D) identically, substituting a comma for period at end.

Subsec. (q)(2)(E).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(b)(9)(D), struck out “(determined without regard to subsection (e)(7))” after “subsection (e)(5)(D)”.

Subsec. (q)(2)(G).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(c)(4), substituted a comma for period at end.

Subsec. (q)(2)(H).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(c)(6), added subpar. (H).

Subsec. (q)(3)(B).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(c)(5), substituted “taxpayer” for“employee” in cls. (i) and (ii).

Subsec. (s)(5).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1018(k)(2), substituted “certain annuity contracts” for “annuity contracts which are part of qualified plans” in heading.

Subsec. (s)(5)(D).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1018(k)(1), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (s)(7).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1018(t)(1)(A), substituted“primary annuitant” for “primary annuity”.

Subsec. (t)(2)(A)(iv).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(c)(7), inserted “designated” before “beneficiary”.

Subsec. (t)(2)(A)(v).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(c)(1), struck out “on account of early retirement under the plan” after “separation from service”.

Subsec. (t)(2)(C).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(c)(2), substituted “Exceptions for distributions from employeestock ownership plans” for “Certain plans” in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

“(i)In general.—Except as provided in clause (ii), any distribution made beforeJanuary 1, 1990, to an employeefrom an employeestock ownership plan defined insection 4975(e)(7) to the extent that, on average, a majority of assets in the plan have been invested in employer securities (as defined in section 409(l)) for the 5-plan-year period preceding the plan year in which the distribution is made.

“(ii)Benefits distributed must be invested in employer securities for 5 years.—Clause (i) shall not apply to any distribution which is attributable to assets which have not been invested in employer securities at all times during the period referred to in clause (i).”

Subsec. (t)(3)(A).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(c)(3), substituted “(C), and (D)” for “and (C)”.

Subsec. (u)(1)(A).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(i)(1), inserted “(other than subchapter L)” after “subtitle”.

Subsec. (u)(3)(D).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(i)(3), substituted “is purchased” for “which is purchased” and “is held” for “which is held”.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(i)(2), substituted “until all amounts under such contract are distributed to the employeefor whom such contract was purchased or the employee’s beneficiary” for “until such time as the employeeseparates from service”.

Subsec. (u)(3)(E).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(i)(3), substituted “is” for “which is”.

Subsec. (u)(4)(C).Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(i)(4), added subpar. (C).

Subsecs. (v), (w).Pub. L. 100–647, § 5012(b)(1), added subsec. (v) and redesignated former subsec. (v) as (w).

1986—Subsec. (b).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1122(c)(2), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “Gross income does not include that part of any amount received as an annuity under an annuity, endowment, or life insurance contract which bears the same ratio to such amount as the investment in the contract (as of the annuity starting date) bears to the expected return under the contract (as of such date). This subsection shall not apply to any amount to which subsection (d)(1) (relating to certain employeeannuities) applies.”

Subsec. (d).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1122(c)(1), struck out subsec. (d) which related to employee’s annuities where the employee’s contributions were recoverable in 3 years.

Subsec. (e)(4)(C).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1826(b)(3), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (e)(5)(D).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1122(c)(3)(B), substituted “paragraphs (7) and (8)” for “paragraph (7)” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1854(b)(1), inserted closing provisions which read as follows: “Any dividend described in section 404(k) which is received by a participant or beneficiary shall, for purposes of this subparagraph, be treated as paid under a separate contract to which clause (ii)(I) applies.”

Subsec. (e)(7)(B).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(c)(1), in introductory provisions substituted “any plan or contract” for “any trust or contract”, in cl. (ii) substituted “85 percent or more of” for “85 percent of”, and inserted closing provision: “For purposes of clause (ii), deductible employee contributions(as defined in subsection (o)(5)(A)) shall not be taken into account.”

Subsec. (e)(8), (9).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1122(c)(3)(A), added pars. (8) and (9).

Subsec. (f).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(c)(3), in introductory provisions, substituted “subsections (d)(1) and (e)(7)” for “subsection (d)(1)” and “subsection (e)(6)” for “subsection (e)(1)(B)”.

Subsec. (m)(2)(B).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(c)(4)(A), inserted “and subsection (e)(7) (relating to plans where substantially all contributions are employeecontributions)”.

Subsec. (m)(2)(C).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(c)(4)(B), substituted “subsection (e)(6)” for “subsection (e)(1)(B)”.

Subsec. (m)(5).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(a)(2)(C), which directed that par. (5) be amended by substituting“5-percent owners” for“owner-employees” in heading, was executed by substituting“5-percent owners” for “key employees”, to reflect the probable intent ofCongress and intervening amendment bysection 713(c)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 98–369.

Subsec. (m)(5)(A).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1123(d)(1), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “This subparagraph shall apply—

“(i) to amounts which—

“(I) are received from a qualified trust described insection 401(a) or under a plan described in section 403(a), and

“(II) are received by a5-percent owner before such owner attains the age of 59½ years, for any reason other than such owner becoming disabled (within the meaning of paragraph (7) of this section), and

“(ii) to amounts which are received from a qualified trust described insection 401(a) or under a plan described in section 403(a) at any time by a 5-percent owner, or by the successor of such owner, but only to the extent that such amounts are determined (under regulations prescribed by the Secretary) to exceed the benefits provided for such individual under the plan formula.

Clause (i) shall not apply to any amount received by an individual in his capacity as a policyholder of an annuity, endowment, or life insurance contract which is in the nature of a dividend or similar distribution and clause (i) shall not apply to amounts attributable to benefits accrued beforeJanuary 1, 1985.”

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(a)(2)(A), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “This paragraph shall apply—

“(i) to amounts (other than any amount received by an individual in his capacity as a policyholder of an annuity, endowment, or life insurance contract which is in the nature of a dividend or similar distribution) which are received from a qualified trust described insection 401(a) or under a plan described in section 403(a) and which are received by an individual, who is, or has been, a 5-percent owner, before such individual attains the age of 59½ years, for any reason other than the individual’s becoming disabled (within the meaning of paragraph (7) of this subsection), but only to the extent that such amounts are attributable to contributions paid on behalf of such individual (other than contributions made by him as a 5-percent owner) while he was a 5-percent owner, and

“(ii) to amounts which are received from a qualified trust described insection 401(a) or under a plan described in section 403(a) at any time by an individual who is, or has been, a 5-percent owneror by the successor of such individual, but only to the extent that such amounts are determined, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, to exceed the benefits provided for such individual under the plan formula.”

Subsec. (m)(5)(C).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(a)(2)(B), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: “For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘5 percent owner’ have the same meanings as when used in section 416.”

Subsec. (m)(10).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1898(c)(1)(B), inserted “who is the spouse or former spouse of the participant”.

Subsec. (o)(5).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1101(b)(2)(C), inserted “and made for a taxable year beginning beforeJanuary 1, 1987,” in subpar. (A), substituted “subsection (p)(3)(A)(i)” for “section 219(e)(3)” in subpar. (C), and substituted “subsection (p)(3)(B)” for “section 219(e)(4)” in subpar. (D).

Subsec. (p)(2)(A)(i).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1134(a), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: “$50,000, or”.

Subsec. (p)(2)(B)(ii).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1134(d), amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: “Clause (i) shall not apply to any loan used to acquire, construct, reconstruct, or substantially rehabilitate any dwelling unit which within a reasonable time is to be used (determined at the time the loan is made) as a principal residenceof the participant or a member of the family (within the meaning of section 267(c)(4)) of the participant.”

Subsec. (p)(2)(C), (D).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1134(b), added subpar. (C) and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (D).

Subsec. (p)(3).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1134(c), added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1101(b)(2)(B), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: “For purposes of this subsection, the term‘qualified employer plan’ means any plan which was (or was determined to be) a qualified employer plan(as defined in section 219(e)(3) other than a plan described in subsection (e)(7)). For purposes of this subsection, such term includes any government plan(as defined in section 219(e)(4)).”

Subsec. (p)(4), (5).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1134(c), redesignated former pars. (3) and (4) as (4) and 5, respectively.

Subsec. (q).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1123(b)(1)(B), substituted “10-percent” for “5-percent” in heading.

Subsec. (q)(1).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1123(b)(1)(A), substituted “10 percent” for “5 percent”.

Subsec. (q)(2).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1123(b)(3), substituted “Paragraph (1)” for “This subsection” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (q)(2)(B).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1826(c), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: “made to a beneficiary (or to the estate of an annuitant) on or after the death of an annuitant,”.

Subsec. (q)(2)(D).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1123(b)(2), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) read as follows: “which is one of a series of substantially equal periodic payments made for the life of a taxpayer or over a period extending for at least 60 months after the annuity starting date,”.

Subsec. (q)(2)(E).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(c)(2), inserted “(determined without regard to subsection (e)(7))”.

Subsec. (q)(2)(G).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1826(d), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (q)(2)(I), (J).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1123(b)(4), which added subpars. (I) and (J) directed the amendment of subpar. (G) by striking out “or” at the end thereof, and of subpar. (H) by striking out the period at the end thereof, could not be executed to subpars. (G) and (H) because subpar. (G) does not contain “or”, and no subpar. (H) was enacted.

Subsec. (q)(3).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1123(b)(3), added par. (3).

Subsec. (s)(1).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1826(b)(2), substituted “any holder of such contract” for “the holder of such contract” in subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (s)(5).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1826(a), added par. (5).

Subsec. (s)(6), (7).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1826(b)(1), added pars. (6) and (7).

Subsec. (t).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1123(a), added subsec. (t) and redesignated former subsec. (t) as (u).

Subsecs. (u), (v).Pub. L. 99–514, § 1135(a), added subsec. (u) and redesignated former subsec. (u) as (v).

1984—Subsec. (e)(5)(D).Pub. L. 98–369, § 523(b)(1), substituted “Except as provided in paragraph (7), this” for “This”.

Subsec. (e)(5)(D)(ii)(IV).Pub. L. 98–369, § 211(b)(1), which directed substitution of “section 818(a)(3)” for “805(d)(3)” in subpar. (D)(i)(IV), was executed to subpar. (D)(ii)(IV) to reflect the probable intent ofCongress.

Subsec. (e)(7).Pub. L. 98–369, § 523(a), added par. (7).

Subsec. (k).Pub. L. 98–369, § 421(b)(1), repealed subsec. (k) relating to payments in discharge of alimony.

Subsec. (m)(5).Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(c)(1)(B), substituted “key employees” for“owner-employees” in heading.

Subsec. (m)(5)(A).Pub. L. 98–369, § 521(d)(1), (2), substituted“5-percent owner” for “key employee” wherever appearing and struck out “in a top-heavy plan” at end of cl. (i).

Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(c)(1)(A), substituted “as a key employee” for “as an owner-employee” in cl. (i).

Subsec. (m)(5)(C).Pub. L. 98–369, § 521(d)(3), substituted “the term ‘5 percent owner’ ” for “the terms ‘key employee’ and ‘top-heavy plan’ ”.

Subsec. (m)(9).Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(d)(1), repealed par. (9) relating to return of excess contributions before due date of return.

Subsec. (m)(10).Pub. L. 98–397 added par. (10).

Subsec. (o)(1).Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(3), substituted “402 and 403” for “402, 403, and 405”.

Subsec. (o)(3)(A).Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(b)(1)(A), inserted “(other than the exception contained in paragraph (2) thereof)”.

Subsec. (o)(4).Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(4), substituted “and 408(d)(3)” for “408(d)(3), and 409(b)(3)(C)”.

Subsec. (p)(2)(A).Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(b)(1)(B), inserted at end “For purposes of clause (ii), the present value of the nonforfeitable accrued benefit shall be determined without regard to any accumulated deductible employee contributions(as defined in subsection (o)(5)(B)).”

Subsec. (p)(2)(A)(ii).Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(b)(4), substituted as cl. (ii) “the greater of (I) one-half of the present value of the nonforfeitable accrued benefit of the employeeunder the plan, or (II) $10,000” for “½ of the present value of the nonforfeitable accrued benefit of the employeeunder the plan (but not less than $10,000)”.

Subsec. (p)(3).Pub. L. 98–369, § 523(b)(2), inserted “other than a plan described in subsection (e)(7)”.

Subsec. (q)(1).Pub. L. 98–369, § 222(a), amended par. (1) generally, striking out designation “(A) In general.—” preceding text, substituting “which is includible in gross income” for “includible in gross income which is properly allocable to any investment in the annuity contract made during the 10-year period ending on the date such amount was received by the taxpayer”, and striking out former subpar. (B), which had provided that for purposes of subpar. (A), the amount includible in gross income would be allocated to the earliest investment in the contract with respect to which amounts had not been previously fully allocated under this par.

Subsecs. (s), (t).Pub. L. 98–369, § 222(b), added subsec. (s) and redesignated former subsec. (s) as (t).

1983—Subsec. (o)(2)(A).Pub. L. 97–448, § 103(c)(6), struck out “to which the employeemade one or more deductible employee contributions” after “from a qualified employer planor government plan”.

Subsec. (p)(3).Pub. L. 97–448, § 103(c)(3)(B)(i), struck out “without regard to subparagraph (D) thereof” after “as defined in section 219(e)(3)”.

Subsecs. (r), (s).Pub. L. 98–76 added subsec. (r) and redesignated former subsec. (r) as (s).

1982—Subsec. (e).Pub. L. 97–248, § 265(a), in par. (1) substituted provisions relating to the application of this subsection to amounts received under annuity, endowment, or life insurance contracts which are not received as annuities and to amounts received as dividends for provisions which stated a general rule relating to the includability as gross income of amounts that were received under annuity, endowment, or life insurance contracts which were not received as annuities and also stated that for the purposes of this section amounts which were received as dividends would be treated as amounts not received as an annuity, in par. (2) substituted provisions stating a general rule as to the includability as gross income of amounts received before or after the annuity starting date for provisions which set out those amounts which would be treated as amounts not received as an annuity, and added pars. (3) to (6).

Subsec. (m)(4).Pub. L. 97–248, § 236(b)(1), struck out par. (4) which related to amounts constructively received with respect to assignments or pledges, and loans on contracts.

Subsec. (m)(5).Pub. L. 97–248, § 237(d)(1), (2), in subpar. (A) substituted applicability to key employeesfor applicability to owner-employeesand added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (m)(6).Pub. L. 97–248, § 237(d)(3), struck out “except in applying paragraph (5),” after “shall”.

Subsec. (m)(8).Pub. L. 97–248, § 236(b)(1), struck out par. (8) which related to loans to owner-employees.

Subsec. (o)(3)(A).Pub. L. 97–248, § 236(b)(2), substituted reference to subsec. (p) of this section for references to subsec. (m)(4) and (8) of this section.

Subsec. (p).Pub. L. 97–248, § 236(a), added subsec. (p). Former subsec. (p) redesignated (q).

Subsec. (q).Pub. L. 97–248, § 265(b)(1), added subsec. (q). Former subsec. (q) redesignated (r).

Pub. L. 97–248, § 236(a), redesignated former subsec. (p) as (q).

Subsec. (r).Pub. L. 97–248, §§ 236(a), 265(b)(1), redesignated former subsec. (p) as (r).

1981—Subsec. (m)(6).Pub. L. 97–34, § 312(d)(1), expanded definition of“owner-employee” to include an employeewithin the meaning of section 401(c)(1) except in applying paragraph (5).

Subsec. (m)(8).Pub. L. 97–34, § 312(d)(2), added par. (8).

Subsec. (m)(9).Pub. L. 97–34, § 312(e)(1), added par. (9).

Subsecs. (o), (p).Pub. L. 97–34, § 311(b)(1), added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p).

1976—Subsec. (c)(2), (3)(A).Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

Subsec. (d)(1).Pub. L. 94–455, § 1901(a)(12), struck out in subpar. (B) “(whether or not beforeJanuary 1, 1954)” after “beginning on the date”, and in provisions following subpar. (B) struck out “(under this paragraph and prior income tax laws)” after “until there has been so excluded”.

Subsec. (f).Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

Subsec. (i).Pub. L. 94–455, § 1951(b)(1)(A), struck out subsec. (i) which related to joint annuities where first annuitant died in 1951, 1952, or 1953.

Subsec. (m)(2), (3).Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

Subsec. (m)(4)(A).Pub. L. 94–455, § 1901(a)(13), substituted “an individual retirement account” for “an individual retirement amount”.

Subsec. (m)(5)(A)(ii), (7).Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

1974—Subsec. (m)(1).Pub. L. 93–406, § 2001(h)(2), struck out par. (1) which related to certain amounts received before annuity starting date.

Subsec. (m)(4)(A).Pub. L. 93–406, § 2002(g)(10)(A), inserted references to an individual retirement amount described in section 408(a) and an individual retirement annuity described in section 408(b).

Subsec. (m)(5)(A).Pub. L. 93–406, § 2001(e)(5), (h)(3), substituted “(other than contributions made by him as an owner-employee)” for “(whether or not paid by him)” in cl. (i), and struck out cl. (iii) which had made reference to amounts which were received, by an individual who was or had been, an owner-employee, by reason of the distribution under the provisions of section 401(e)(2)(E) of his entire interest in all qualified trusts described in section 401(a) and in all plans described in section 403(a).

Subsec. (m)(5)(B).Pub. L. 93–406, § 2001(g)(1), substituted provisions that if a person receives an amount to which subsec. (m)(5) applies, his tax under this chapter for the taxable year in which such amount is received shall be increased by an amount equal to 10 percent of the portion of the amount so received which is includible in his gross income for such taxable year for provisions that if the aggregate amounts to which subsec. (m)(5) applied received by any person in his taxable year equalled or exceeded $2,500, the increase in his tax for the taxable year in which such amounts were received and attributable to such amounts could not be less than 110 percent of the aggregate increase in taxes, for the taxable year and the 4 immediately preceding taxable years, which would have resulted if such amounts had been included in such person’s gross income ratably over such taxable years, with provision for alternate computation if deductions had been allowed under section 404 for contributions paid for a number of prior taxable years less than 4.

Subsec. (m)(5)(C) to (E).Pub. L. 93–406, § 2001(g)(2)(A), struck out subpars. (C) to (E) which contained special rules for the application of subsec. (m)(5).

Subsec. (m)(6).Pub. L. 93–406, § 2002(g)(10)(B), inserted reference to an individual for whose benefit an individual retirement account or annuity described in section 408(a) or (b) is maintained.

Subsec. (n).Pub. L. 93–406, §§ 2005(c)(3), 2007(b)(2), redesignated former subsec. (o) as (n) and in heading of subsec. (n) as so redesignated inserted reference to survivor benefit plan. Former subsec. (n), which set out provisions covering the treatment to be accorded total distributions, was struck out.

Subsec. (o).Pub. L. 93–406, § 2005(c)(3), redesignated former subsec. (p) as (o). Former subsec. (o) redesignated (n) and amended.

Subsec. (p).Pub. L. 93–406, § 2005(c)(3), redesignated subsec. (p) as (o).

1969—Subsec. (n)(1).Pub. L. 91–172, § 515(b)(1), altered section to accommodate the insertion into sections 402 and 403 of provisions under which employer contributions to qualified pension, profit sharing, stock bonus, and annuity plans for plan years beginning after 1969 are to be treated as ordinary income when received in a lump sum distribution, but with such amounts to be eligible for a special averaging procedure.

Subsec. (n)(4).Pub. L. 91–172, § 515(b)(2), added par. (4).

1966—Subsecs. (o), (p).Pub. L. 89–365 added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p).

1965—Subsec. (m)(5)(A)(i).Pub. L. 89–97, § 106(d)(2)(A), substituted “paragraph (7) of this subsection” for “section 213(g)(3)”.

Subsec. (m)(7).Pub. L. 89–97, § 106(d)(2)(B), added par. (7).

Subsec. (n)(1).Pub. L. 89–97, § 106(d)(2)(C), substituted in subpars. (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) “subsection (m)(7)” for “section 213(g)(3)”.

Subsec. (n)(3).Pub. L. 89–44 substituted “sections 31 and 39” for “section 31” in sentence following subpar. (B).

1964—Subsec. (e)(3).Pub. L. 88–272 struck out par. (3) which provided for a limit on the tax attributable to the receipt of a lump sum.

1962—Subsec. (d)(2).Pub. L. 87–792, § 4(a), designated existing provisions as cl. (A) and added cl. (B).

Subsec. (f).Pub. L. 87–834 inserted sentence providing that par. (2) shall not apply to amounts which were contributed by the employer afterDec. 31, 1962, and which would not have been includible in the gross income of the employeeby reason of the application ofSection 911 if such amounts had been paid directly to the employeeat the time of contribution, and making such sentence inapplicable to amounts which were contributed by the employer, as determined under regulations, to provide pension or annuity credits, to the extent such credits are attributable to services performed beforeJan. 1, 1963, and are provided pursuant to pension or annuity plan provisions in existence onMar. 12, 1962, and on that date applicable to such services.

Subsecs. (m) to (o).Pub. L. 87–792, § 4(b), added subsecs. (m) and (n) and redesignated former subsec. (m) as (o).

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title I, § 115(c),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5297, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title I, § 127(g),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5330, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 308(c),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5345, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 311(b),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5347, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 314(b),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5350, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 323(e),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5358, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 326(b),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5359, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 329(b),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5361, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 330(b),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5361, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 331(a)(3),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5363, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 331(b)(3),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5365, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 331(c)(2),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5366, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 332(c),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5368, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 333(b),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5368, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 334(e),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5372, provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title IV, § 401(c),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5388, provided that:

Pub. L. 116–94, div. O, title I, § 108(b),Dec. 20, 2019,133 Stat. 3149, provided that:

Pub. L. 116–94, div. O, title I, § 113(b),Dec. 20, 2019,133 Stat. 3156, provided that:

Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title III, § 308(b),Dec. 18, 2015,129 Stat. 3089, provided that:

Pub. L. 114–26, § 2(d),June 29, 2015,129 Stat. 319, provided that:

Amendment byPub. L. 113–295 effectiveDec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, seesection 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note undersection 1 of this title.

Pub. L. 111–240, title II, § 2113(b),Sept. 27, 2010,124 Stat. 2567, provided that:

Pub. L. 110–458, title I, § 112,Dec. 23, 2008,122 Stat. 5113, provided that:

Pub. L. 110–245, title I, § 107(b),June 17, 2008,122 Stat. 1631, provided that:

Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 827(c),Aug. 17, 2006,120 Stat. 1001, provided that:

Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 828(b),Aug. 17, 2006,120 Stat. 1001, provided that:

Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 844(g),Aug. 17, 2006,120 Stat. 1013, provided that:

Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, § 906(c),Oct. 22, 2004,118 Stat. 1654, provided that:

Amendment by section 207(6), (7) ofPub. L. 108–311 applicable to taxable years beginning afterDec. 31, 2004, seesection 208 of Pub. L. 108–311, set out as a note undersection 2 of this title.

Amendment byPub. L. 107–90 applicable to calendar years beginning afterDec. 31, 2001, seesection 204(f) of Pub. L. 107–90, set out as a note undersection 24 of this title.

Amendment byPub. L. 107–22 effectiveJuly 26, 2001, seesection 1(c) of Pub. L. 107–22, set out as a note undersection 26 of this title.

Pub. L. 107–16, title IV, § 402(h),June 7, 2001,115 Stat. 63, provided that:

Pub. L. 107–16, title VI, § 632(a)(4),June 7, 2001,115 Stat. 115, provided that:

Amendment by section 641(a)(2)(C), (e)(1) ofPub. L. 107–16 applicable to distributions afterDec. 31, 2001, seesection 641(f)(1) of Pub. L. 107–16, set out as a note undersection 402 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3436(b),July 22, 1998,112 Stat. 761, provided that:

Amendment by section 6023(3), (4) ofPub. L. 105–206 effectiveJuly 22, 1998, seesection 6023(32) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note undersection 34 of this title.

Amendment by sections 6004(d)(3)(B) and 6005(c)(1) ofPub. L. 105–206 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of theTaxpayer Relief Act of 1997,Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, seesection 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note undersection 1 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–34, title II, § 203(c),Aug. 5, 1997,111 Stat. 809, provided that:

Pub. L. 105–34, title III, § 303(c),Aug. 5, 1997,111 Stat. 831, provided that:

Pub. L. 105–34, title X, § 1075(c),Aug. 5, 1997,111 Stat. 949, provided that:

Pub. L. 104–191, title III, § 361(d),Aug. 21, 1996,110 Stat. 2072, provided that:

Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1403(b),Aug. 20, 1996,110 Stat. 1791, provided that:

Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1421(e),Aug. 20, 1996,110 Stat. 1800, provided that:

Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1463(b),Aug. 20, 1996,110 Stat. 1824, provided that:

Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1704(l)(2),Aug. 20, 1996,110 Stat. 1882, provided that:

Amendment byPub. L. 102–318 applicable to distributions afterDec. 31, 1992, seesection 521(e) of Pub. L. 102–318, set out as a note undersection 402 of this title.

Amendment byPub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of theTechnical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988,Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, seesection 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note undersection 1 of this title.

Amendment by sections 1011A(b)(1)(A), (B), (2), (9), (c)(1)–(8), (h), (i), and 1018(k), (t)(1)(A), (B), and (u)(8) ofPub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of theTax Reform Act of 1986,Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, seesection 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note undersection 1 of this title.

Amendment by section 5012(a), (b)(1), (d) ofPub. L. 100–647 applicable to contracts entered into on or afterJune 21, 1988, with special rule where death benefit increases by more than $150,000, certain other material changes taken into account, certain exchanges permitted, and special rule in the case of annuity contracts, seesection 5012(e) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as an Effective Date note undersection 7702A of this title.

Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, § 1101(c),Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2414, provided that:

Amendment bysection 1122(c)(1) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to individuals whose annuity starting date is afterJuly 1, 1986, amendment bysection 1122(c)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to individuals whose annuity starting date is afterDec. 31, 1986, and amendment bysection 1122(c)(3) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to amounts received afterJuly 1, 1986, in the case of any plan not described insection 72(e)(8)(D) of this title, seesection 1122(h)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note undersection 402 of this title.

Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, § 1123(e),Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2475, as amended byPub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1011A(c)(11), (12),Nov. 10, 1988,102 Stat. 3476, provided that:

Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, § 1134(e),Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2484, provided that:

Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, § 1135(b),Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2485, provided that:

Amendment by sections 1826(a), (d), 1852(a)(2), (c)(1)–(4), and 1854(b)(1) ofPub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of theTax Reform Act of 1984,Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, seesection 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note undersection 48 of this title.

Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1826(b)(4),Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2850, provided that:

Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1826(c),Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2850, as amended byPub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1018(t)(1)(D),Nov. 10, 1988,102 Stat. 3587, provided that the amendment made bysection 1826(c) of Pub. L. 99–514 is effective with respect to distributions commencing after the date 6 months afterOct. 22, 1986.

Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1854(b)(6),Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2878, provided that:

Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1898(c)(1)(C),Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2951, provided that:

Amendment byPub. L. 98–397 effectiveJan. 1, 1985, except as otherwise provided, seesection 303(d) of Pub. L. 98–397, set out as a note undersection 1001 of Title 29, Labor.

Amendment bysection 211(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning afterDec. 31, 1983, seesection 215 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note undersection 801 of this title.

Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title II, § 222(c),July 18, 1984,98 Stat. 774, as amended byPub. L. 99–514, § 2,Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2095, provided:

Amendment bysection 421(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transfers afterJuly 18, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, subject to election to have repeal apply to transfers after 1983 or to transfers pursuant to existing decrees, seesection 421(d) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note undersection 1041 of this title.

Amendment by section 491(d)(3), (4) ofPub. L. 98–369 applicable to obligations issued afterDec. 31, 1983, seesection 491(f)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note undersection 62 of this title.

Amendment bysection 521(d) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to years beginning afterDec. 31, 1984, seesection 521(e) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note undersection 401 of this title.

Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title V, § 523(c),July 18, 1984,98 Stat. 872, provided that:

Amendment by section 713(b)(1), (4), (c)(1)(A), (B) ofPub. L. 98–369 effective as if included in the provision of theTax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982,Pub. L. 97–248, to which such amendment relates, seesection 715 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note undersection 31 of this title.

Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, § 713(d)(1),July 18, 1984,98 Stat. 957, as amended byPub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1875(c)(5),Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2895, provided that the amendment made bysection 713(d)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 is effective with respect to contributions made in taxable years beginning afterDec. 31, 1983.

Pub. L. 98–76, title II, § 227(b),Aug. 12, 1983,97 Stat. 426, as amended byPub. L. 99–514, § 2,Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2095, provided that:

Pub. L. 97–448, title I, § 103(c)(3)(B)(ii),Jan. 12, 1983,96 Stat. 2376, provided that:

Amendment by title I ofPub. L. 97–448 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provision of theEconomic Recovery Tax Act of 1981,Pub. L. 97–34, to which such amendment relates, seesection 109 of Pub. L. 97–448, set out as a note undersection 1 of this title.

Pub. L. 97–248, title II, § 236(c),Sept. 3, 1982,96 Stat. 510, as amended byPub. L. 97–448, title III, § 306(a)(11),Jan. 12, 1983,96 Stat. 2404;Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title V, § 554, title VII, § 713(b)(2),July 18, 1984,98 Stat. 897, 957;Pub. L. 99–514, § 2,Oct. 22, 1986,100 Stat. 2095, provided that:

Pub. L. 97–248, title II, § 265(c),Sept. 3, 1982,96 Stat. 547, provided that:

Amendment bysection 237(d) of Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to years beginning afterDec. 31, 1983, seesection 241 of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as an Effective Date note undersection 416 of this title.

Pub. L. 97–34, title III, § 312(f),Aug. 13, 1981,95 Stat. 285, as amended byPub. L. 97–448, title I, § 103(d)(3),96 Stat. 2378, provided that:

Amendment by section 1901(a)(12), (13) ofPub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning afterDec. 31, 1976, seesection 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note undersection 2 of this title.

Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1951(d),Oct. 4, 1976,90 Stat. 1841, provided that:

Amendment bysection 2001(e)(5) of Pub. L. 93–406 applicable to contributions made in taxable years beginning afterDec. 31, 1975, seesection 2001(i)(4) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as a note undersection 401 of this title.

Pub. L. 93–406, title II, § 2001(i)(5), (6),Sept. 2, 1974,88 Stat. 958, provided that:

Amendment bysection 2002(g)(10) of Pub. L. 93–406 effective onJan. 1, 1975, seesection 2002(i)(2) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as an Effective Date note undersection 4973 of this title.

Amendment bysection 2005(c)(3) of Pub. L. 93–406, applicable only with respect to distributions or payments made afterDec. 31, 1973, in taxable years beginning afterDec. 31, 1973, seesection 2005(d) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as a note undersection 402 of this title.

Amendment bysection 2007(b)(2) of Pub. L. 93–406 applicable to taxable years ending on or afterSept. 21, 1972, seesection 2007(c) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as a note undersection 122 of this title.

Amendment byPub. L. 91–172 applicable to taxable years ending afterDec. 31, 1969, seesection 515(d) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note undersection 402 of this title.

Amendment byPub. L. 89–365 applicable with respect to taxable years ending afterDec. 31, 1965, seesection 1(d) of Pub. L. 89–365, set out as an Effective Date note undersection 122 of this title.

Amendment byPub. L. 89–97 applicable to taxable years beginning afterDec. 31, 1966, seesection 106(e) of Pub. L. 89–97, set out as a note undersection 213 of this title.

Amendment byPub. L. 89–44 applicable to taxable years beginning on or afterJuly 1, 1965, seesection 809(f) of Pub. L. 89–44, set out as a note undersection 6420 of this title.

Amendment byPub. L. 88–272 applicable to taxable years beginning afterDec. 31, 1963, seesection 232(g) of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as a note undersection 5 of this title.

Pub. L. 87–834, § 11(c)(2),Oct. 16, 1962,76 Stat. 1006, provided that:

Amendment byPub. L. 87–792 applicable to taxable years beginning afterDec. 31, 1962, seesection 8 of Pub. L. 87–792, set out as a note undersection 22 of this title.

For provisions that nothing in amendment byPub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior toNov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending afterNov. 5, 1990, seesection 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note undersection 45K of this title.

Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1951(b)(1)(B),Oct. 4, 1976,90 Stat. 1836, provided that:

Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title II, § 2202,Mar. 27, 2020,134 Stat. 340, as amended byPub. L. 116–260, div. N, title II, § 280(a),Dec. 27, 2020,134 Stat. 1982;Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title V, § 501(c)(2)(A),Dec. 29, 2022,136 Stat. 5389, provided that:

[Pub. L. 116–260, div. N, title II, § 280(b),Dec. 27, 2020,134 Stat. 1982, provided that:

Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1011A(c)(13),Nov. 10, 1988,102 Stat. 3476, provided that:

For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle D [§§ 1401–1465] of title I ofPub. L. 104–188 require an amendment to any plan or annuity contract, such amendment shall not be required to be made before the first day of the first plan year beginning on or afterJan. 1, 1998, seesection 1465 of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note undersection 401 of this title.

For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle B [§§ 521–523] of title V ofPub. L. 102–318 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or afterJan. 1, 1994, seesection 523 of Pub. L. 102–318, set out as a note undersection 401 of this title.

For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§ 1101–1147 and1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§ 1800–1899A] ofPub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or afterJan. 1, 1989, seesection 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note undersection 401 of this title.

Pub. L. 110–458, title I, § 100,Dec. 23, 2008,122 Stat. 5093, provided that: