History of castles

Fortresses have been built in Japan since early times. A particular need for castles arose in the15th century after the central government's authority had weakened and Japan had fallen into the chaoticera of warring states (sengoku jidai). During that era, Japan consisted of dozens of small independent states which fought each other and built small castles on top of mountains for defense purposes.

WhenOda Nobunaga reestablished a central authority over Japan in the second half of the 16th century, and his successorToyotomi Hideyoshi completed the reunification of Japan, many larger castles were built across the country. Unlike the earlier castles, they were built in the plains or on small hills in the plains, where they served as a region's administrative and military headquarters and a symbol of authority. They became the centers of "castle towns".

After theend of the feudal age (1868), many castles were destroyed as unwelcome relics of the past or were lost inWorld War II. Only a dozen "original castles", i.e. castles with a main keep that dates from thefeudal era (before 1868), survive today. Furthermore, several dozen castles were reconstructed over the past decades - mostly using concrete instead of traditional building materials.

Castle structures and castle towns

The typical castle consisted of multiple rings of defense, with the so called honmaru ("main circle") in the center followed by the ninomaru ("second circle") and possibly some additional circles of defense. The castle tower stood in the honmaru, while the lords usually lived in a more comfortable palace residence in the honmaru or ninomaru.

In the town around the castle, thesamurai were residing. The higher their rank, the closer they lived to the castle. Merchants and artisans lived in separate districts, whiletemple and entertainment districts were usually located in the outskirts or just outside of the city.Tokyo andKanazawa are two good examples among many cities that evolved as castle towns.

The main construction material for castles used to be wood, as can be witnessed when visiting the interior of one of the surviving original castles. Most newer reconstructions, however, were made of concrete, and their interiors are modern. Many castles now house a museum.

The following are some typical castle structures: