During a survey of saprophytic microfungi on decomposing woody, herbaceous debris and soil from different regions in Southern Europe, a wide range of interesting species of asexual ascomycetes were found. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial gene sequences of SSU, LSU and ITS provedthat most of these fungi were related toSordariomycetes andDothideomycetes and to lesser extent toLeotiomycetes andEurotiomycetes. Four new monotypic orders with their respective families are proposed here, i.e.Lauriomycetales, Lauriomycetaceae; Parasympodiellales,Parasympodiellaceae; Vermiculariopsiellales, Vermiculariopsiellaceae andXenospadicoidales, Xenospadicoidaceae. One new order and three families are introduced here to accommodate orphan taxa, viz.Kirschsteiniotheliales, Castanediellaceae, Leptodontidiaceae andPleomonodictydaceae.Furthermore,Bloxamiaceae is validated. Based on morphology and phylogenetic affinitiesDiplococcium singulare, Trichocladium opacum andSpadicoides atra are moved to the new generaParadiplococcium, Pleotrichocladium andXenospadicoides, respectively.Helicoonfuscosporum is accommodated in the genusMagnohelicospora. Other novel genera includeNeoascotaiwania with the type speciesN. terrestris sp. nov., andN. limnetica comb. nov. previously accommodated inAscotaiwania; Pleomonodictys withP. descalsiisp. nov. as type species, andP. capensis comb. nov. previously accommodated inMonodictys;Anapleurothecium typified byA. botulisporum sp. nov., a fungus morphologically similar toPleurothecium but phylogenetically distant;Fuscoscleratypified byF. lignicola sp. nov., a meristematic fungus related toLeotiomycetes; Pseudodiplococcium typified byP. ibericum sp. nov. to accommodate an isolate previously identified asDiplococcium pulneyense; Xyladictyochaeta typified withX. lusitanicasp. nov., a foliicolous fungus related toXylariales and similar toDictyochaeta, but distinguished by polyphialidic conidiogenous cells produced on setiform conidiophores. Other novel species proposed areBrachysporiella navarrica, Catenulostroma lignicola, Cirrenalia iberica,Conioscypha pleiomorpha, Leptodontidium aureum, Pirozynskiella laurisilvatica, Parasympodiella lauri andZanclospora iberica. To fix the application of some fungal names, lectotypes and/or epitypes are designated forMagnohelicospora iberica, Sporidesmium trigonellum, Sporidesmiumopacum, Sporidesmium asperum, Camposporium aquaticum andPsilonia atra.

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