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This repo contains my study resources for learningcloud quantum programming.

Shown to the left is a conceptual rendering of a bit vs a qubit, which is a fundamental concept of work in quantum computing. The Repo is a companion to my LI_L course"Cloud Quantum Computing Essentials"

Aqubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. A quantum computer performs quantum computations using the principles of quantum mechanics.

AQPU (quantum processing units) manipulates the quantum states of available qubits in a controlled way to perform computations, such as algorithms. A qubit is a quantum bit of information.

Aquantum computer contains QPU processors, some number of qubits and the support mechanisms which allow these items to interact based on quantum instructions or programs.

This Repo is organized by folder as follows:

• concepts - info about quantum languages, libraries, operations, reference programs (Shor's, Grover's, etc...) and notation
• cloud-vendors - info about quantum runtime environments (and simulators) organized by cloud vendor (AWS, Azure, GCP and IBM)
• whitepapers - academic research papers of interest including quantum programming algorithms and examples
• o-reilly-book - code examples, slides and link from a 15-week-long bookclub covering the referenced book on quantum programming

There are a number of quantum computer vendors. These vendors produce hardware (quantum computers) which contains a particular number of qubits and QPUs.

One example is theD-Wave company. Shown to the right are photos from one of D-Wave's quantum computers. This computer contains QPU units, which is hardware with qubits (image taken from D-Wave whitepaper). To run quantum programs on quantum hardware, use quantum languages or libraries.

NOTE: Generally quantum programs are run on quantum simulators prior to being run on quantum hardware due to the cost and time run on live QPUs.

Shown below are screenshots from a couple of quantum programming development environments. This is just a small subset of the available options. Generally these IDEs are either cloud-based (IBM Composer) or downloadable via a SDK (D-Wave).

• The first example (shown below) shows running a quantum program in the IBM Quantum Composer IDE. This example runs theGrover-example quantum program. The visual environment includes the composer, which shows quantum operations written in the OPENQASM quantum programming language and a number of other visualization tools.

• The second example (shown below) is from from D-Wave Systems cloud athttps://cloud.dwavesys.com/ and is being run using VSCode as an IDE. The sample shows a path optimization solver and is calledpath in the D-Wave examples. The program is written using the D-Wave Python-like quantum programming library. This IDE is a more traditional environment and doesn't include as many visualization tools for the state of the qubits used in computation.

• Yet another example of a quantum program visualization tools is the browser-basedQuantum Playground -http://www.quantumplayground.net/. Shown below is an example of animated output using the H gate example code. This is a particularly good tool for gaining an intuition into key quantum operations and program examples.

• The QuanTime website (partnership with National Q-12 Education Partnership group) aggregates resources and links to materials which are designed to be used by educators -https://q12education.org/quantime