Psycopg is the most popular PostgreSQL adapter used in Python. Its works on the principle of the whole implementation of Python DB API 2.0 along with the thread safety (the same connection is shared by multiple threads). It is designed to perform heavily multi-threaded applications that usually create and destroy lots of cursors and make a large number of simultaneous INSERTS or UPDATES. Psycopg features client-side and server-side cursors, asynchronous communication, and notification. Psycopg 2 is both Unicode and Python 3 friendly.
Installation:
The current psycopg2 implementation supports:
- Python versions from 3.6 to 3.10
- PostgreSQL server versions from 7.4 to 14
- PostgreSQL client library version from 9.1
- pgAdmin 4
For most of the available Operating Systems, the quickest way to install this package is through the wheel package available inthe PyPI library. We must make sure that we use the latest version of pip, which can be updated using the following command in the terminal.
$ pip install -U pip$ pip install psycopg2-binary
This will install the pre-compiled binary version of the module which doesn't require the built or runtime prerequisites. Then we can import the psycopg2 package in the usual manner:
Basic module usage:
The basic use of Psycopg is in implementing the DB API 2.0 protocol to all the database adapters. Here is the basic interactive session of the basic commands.
Example 1: Program to establish a connection between python program and a PostgreSQL database.
Python3importpsycopg2DB_NAME="tkgafrwp"DB_USER="tkgafrwp"DB_PASS="iYYtLAXVbid-i6MV3NO1EnU-_9SW2uEi"DB_HOST="tyke.db.elephantsql.com"DB_PORT="5432"try:conn=psycopg2.connect(database=DB_NAME,user=DB_USER,password=DB_PASS,host=DB_HOST,port=DB_PORT)print("Database connected successfully")except:print("Database not connected successfully")
Example 2:Creating a table using python
Python3importpsycopg2DB_NAME="tkgafrwp"DB_USER="tkgafrwp"DB_PASS="iYYtLAXVbid-i6MV3NO1EnU-_9SW2uEi"DB_HOST="tyke.db.elephantsql.com"DB_PORT="5432"conn=psycopg2.connect(database=DB_NAME,user=DB_USER,password=DB_PASS,host=DB_HOST,port=DB_PORT)print("Database connected successfully")cur=conn.cursor()# creating a cursor# executing queries to create tablecur.execute("""CREATE TABLE Employee( ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, NAME TEXT NOT NULL, EMAI TEXT NOT NULL)""")# commit the changesconn.commit()print("Table Created successfully")
Example 3: Inserting data into the table:
Python3importpsycopg2DB_NAME="tkgafrwp"DB_USER="tkgafrwp"DB_PASS="iYYtLAXVbid-i6MV3NO1EnU-_9SW2uEi"DB_HOST="tyke.db.elephantsql.com"DB_PORT="5432"conn=psycopg2.connect(database=DB_NAME,user=DB_USER,password=DB_PASS,host=DB_HOST,port=DB_PORT)print("Database connected successfully")cur=conn.cursor()cur.execute(""" INSERT INTO Employee (ID,NAME,EMAIL) VALUES (1,'Alan Walker','awalker@gmail.com'), (2,'Steve Jobs','sjobs@gmail.com') """)conn.commit()conn.close()
Passing parameters to SQL queries
Python variables are converted to SQL values with Psycopg, Python determines the function used to convert the object into a string representation suitable for PostgreSQL.Passing parameters to an SQL statement happens in functions such as cursor.execute() by using %s as the placeholder into the SQL statement.
Example 4: Fetching the data from the database and displaying it into the terminal.
Python3frommysqlximportRowimportpsycopg2DB_NAME="tkgafrwp"DB_USER="tkgafrwp"DB_PASS="iYYtLAXVbid-i6MV3NO1EnU-_9SW2uEi"DB_HOST="tyke.db.elephantsql.com"DB_PORT="5432"conn=psycopg2.connect(database=DB_NAME,user=DB_USER,password=DB_PASS,host=DB_HOST,port=DB_PORT)print("Database connected successfully")cur=conn.cursor()cur.execute("SELECT * FROM Employee")rows=cur.fetchall()fordatainrows:print("ID :"+str(data[0]))print("NAME :"+data[1])print("EMAIL :"+data[2])print('Data fetched successfully')conn.close()
Example 5: Updating the data in the database.
Python3fromturtleimportstfrommysqlximportRowimportpsycopg2DB_NAME="tkgafrwp"DB_USER="tkgafrwp"DB_PASS="iYYtLAXVbid-i6MV3NO1EnU-_9SW2uEi"DB_HOST="tyke.db.elephantsql.com"DB_PORT="5432"conn=psycopg2.connect(database=DB_NAME,user=DB_USER,password=DB_PASS,host=DB_HOST,port=DB_PORT)print("Database connected successfully")cur=conn.cursor()cur.execute("UPDATE Employee set EMAI = 'updated@gmail.com' WHERE ID =1 ")conn.commit()print("Data updated Successfully")print("Total row affected "+str(cur.rowcount))conn.close()
Example 6:Deleting data from the database.
Python3fromturtleimportstfrommysqlximportRowimportpsycopg2DB_NAME="tkgafrwp"DB_USER="tkgafrwp"DB_PASS="iYYtLAXVbid-i6MV3NO1EnU-_9SW2uEi"DB_HOST="tyke.db.elephantsql.com"DB_PORT="5432"conn=psycopg2.connect(database=DB_NAME,user=DB_USER,password=DB_PASS,host=DB_HOST,port=DB_PORT)print("Database connected successfully")cur=conn.cursor()cur.execute("DELETE FROM Employee WHERE ID =1 ")conn.commit()print("Data deleted Successfully")print("Total row affected "+str(cur.rowcount))conn.close()
The main entry points of Psycopg are:
- The connect() function creates a new database session and returns a new instance of connection.
- The class connection encloses a database session. It allows to :
- create new cursor instance
- terminate transaction using commit() or rollback() methods.
- The cursor allows interaction with the database:
- send commands to the database using execute() and executemany() methods.
- retrieve data from the database using methods such as fetchone(), fetchmany(), fetchall(), or by iteration.