Movatterモバイル変換

FEIS Home Page

Introductory
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Carya cordiformis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).  Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/carcor/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :CARCORSYNONYMS :NO-ENTRYSCS PLANT CODE :   CACO15COMMON NAMES :   bitternut hickory   bitternut   swamp hickory   pignut hickoryTAXONOMY :The currently accepted scientific name for bitternut hickory is Caryacordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch [3,18].  There are no recognizedsubspecies, varieties, or forms.Bitternut hickory naturally hybridizes with the following [26]:         C. illinoensis (C. X brownii Sarg.)        C. glabra (C. X demareei Palmer)        C. ovata (C. X laneyi Sarg.)LIFE FORM :TreeFEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :No special statusOTHER STATUS :NO-ENTRY

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :Bitternut hickory's range extends from southwestern New Hampshire,Vermont, Maine, and southern Quebec; west to southern Ontario, centralMichigan, and northern Minnesota;, and south to eastern Texas andnorthern Florida.  It is most common from southern New England west toIowa and from southern Michigan south to Kentucky [3,13,22,26].ECOSYSTEMS :   FRES10  White - red - jack pine   FRES11  Spruce - fir   FRES12  Longleaf - slash pine   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine   FRES14  Oak - pine   FRES15  Oak - hickory   FRES16  Oak - gum - cypress   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood   FRES18  Maple - beech - birchSTATES :     AL  AR  CT  DE  FL  GA  IN  IA  KS  LA     ME  MD  MA  MI  MN  MS  MO  NE  NH  NJ     NY  OH  OK  PA  RI  SC  TX  VT  VA  WV     WI  ON  PQBLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :NO-ENTRYKUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :   K089  Black Belt   K095  Great Lakes pine forest   K096  Northeastern spruce - fir forest   K097  Southern spruce - fir forest   K099  Maple - basswood forest   K100  Oak - hickory forest   K101  Elm - ash forest   K102  Beech - maple forest   K103  Mixed mesophytic forest   K104  Appalachian oak forest   K106  Northern hardwoods   K107  Northern hardwoods - fir forest   K108  Northern hardwoods - spruce forest   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest   K112  Southern mixed forest   K113  Southern floodplain forest   K114  PocosinSAF COVER TYPES :    21  Eastern white pine    22  White pine - hemlock    23  Eastern hemlock    24  Hemlock - yellow birch    25  Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch    26  Sugar maple - basswood    27  Sugar maple    28  Black cherry - maple    39  Black ash - American elm - red maple    40  Post oak - blackjack oak    42  Bur oak    43  Bear oak    44  Chestnut oak    45  Pitch pine    46  Eastern redcedar    51  White pine - chestnut oak    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak    53  White oak    55  Northern red oak    57  Yellow-poplar    58  Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock    59  Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak    60  Beech sugar maple    64  Sassafras - persimmon    75  Shortleaf pine    76  Shortleaf pine - oak    78  Virginia pine - oak    79  Virginia pine    80  Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine    82  Loblolly pine - hardwood    83  Longleaf pine - slash pine    87  Sweetgum - yellow poplar    91  Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybrak oak   103  Water tupelo - swamp tupelo   108  Red maple   110  Black oakSRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :NO-ENTRYHABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :NO-ENTRY

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :The hardwood of bitternut hickory is used for making tools, furniture,paneling, dowels, and ladders.  Bitternut hickory is also desirable forcharcoal and fuelwood [16,26].IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :Bitternut hickory fruit is generally considered unpalatable to wildlife[28].  Rabbits, beavers, and small rodents will occasionally feed on thebark of bitternut hickory [26].PALATABILITY :NO-ENTRYNUTRITIONAL VALUE :The foliage of bitternut hickory has a high calcium content [26].COVER VALUE :Bitternut hickory provides nesting sites for a variety of cavity-nestingbirds in the Missouri oak-hickory forest [1].VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :The deep lateral roots of bitternut hickory make it a valuable speciesfor watershed protection.  Bitternut hickory has been grown successfullyon zinc mine waste sites in southwestern Wisconsin [2].OTHER USES AND VALUES :Smoke from the wood of bitternut hickory is used to give hams and bacona "hickory smoked" flavor [16,23].OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :Establishing hickory trees from seedlings is difficult because of seedpredators.  Infrequent bumper crops usually produce some seedlings, butseedling survival is poor under a dense canopy.  Wherever advancereproduction is adequate, clearcutting results in fast-growing saplingstands.  If there is no advance hickory reproduction, clearcuttingeliminates hickories except for stump sprouts.  Light thinnings orshelterwood cuts can be used to create advance hickory regeneration[15,21,26].In three studies that were carried out in adjacent fields in southernOntario, atttempts to establish bitternut hickory in open-fieldplantations were unsuccessful.  Sowing of nuts was the least successfulmethod of afforestation because either germination or height incrementswere too low [30].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :Bitternut hickory is a medium-to-large native, deciduous tree, typicallyreaching a height of 60 to 80 feet (18-24 m) [11,13].  Under a forestcanopy, it develops a long branch-free trunk with little taper, and ashort rounded crown of slender ascending branches that broaden the crowntoward the top.  The branchlets are sparse and tend to droop slightlyfrom the main ascending branches.  The leaves are long and slender[9,16].RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :   PhanerophyteREGENERATION PROCESSES :Seed production and dissemination:  Bitternut hickory does not produceabundant seed until the tree is approximately 30 years old [16].Optimum seed production extends from 50 to 125 years; trees that aremore than 175 years old seldom produce seed crops.  Good seed cropsappear at 3- to 5-year intervals, with light seed crops borne in theintervening years.  Bitternut hickory seed is estimated to be from 75 to85 percent viable.  Seed dissemination is almost entirely by gravity[26].Seedling development:  Bitternut hickory is probably more tolerant of amoist seedbed than other hickories and is the least susceptible to frostdamage.  Germination is hypogeal.  Bitternut hickory seedlings grown inthe open or light shade in the Ohio Valley were 13.3 inches (34 cm) at 4years; sprouts of 1-year-old seedlings grown on red clay averaged 11inches (28 cm) [26].Vegetative reproduction:  Bitternut hickory is the most prolific rootandstump-sprouter of the northern species of hickories, with sproutsarising from stumps, root crown, and roots.  Most sprouts from saplingand pole-size trees are root crown sprouts, while those fromsawtimber-size trees are mostly root sprouts.  Stump sprouts are lessnumerous than either root crown sprouts or root suckers [26].SITE CHARACTERISTICS :In the northern parts of its range, bitternut hickory occurs on avariety of sites [5,14].  It is found on rich, loamy or gravelly soil,low wet woods, and along borders of streams, but is also found on dryuplands [31].  In the south, bitternut is more restricted to moist sitesthan in the north.  It reaches it largest size on the rich bottomlandsof the lower Ohio River Basin [5].  In the southwestern parts of itsrange, bitternut hickory is common on poor, dry, gravelly upland soils.Bitternut hickory is absent from the mountain forests of northern NewEngland and New York, and it is not found at the higher elevations inthe Appalachians [25].Principle tree assoicates are listed under Distribution and Occurrence.Other commom tree associates include eastern hophornbean (Ostryavirginiana), butternut (Juglans cinerea), and hackberry (Celtisoccidentalis).  Common understory associates include largeflowerbellwort (Uvularia grandiflora), virginia creeper (Parthenocissusquinquefolia), wood-nettle (Laportea canadensis), and violets (Violaspp.) [20,26].SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :Bitternut hickory are generally classified as intolerant of shade butbitternut hickory seedlings appear to be more tolerant on overflowbottomlands than most of its associates [26].  Top dieback andresprouting may occur frequently with each successive shoot attaining alarger size and developing a stronger root system than its predecessor.By this process, hickory reproduction gradually accumulates and developsunder moderate canopies, especially on sites dry enough to restrictreproduction of more tolerant, but more fire- or drought-sensitivespecies [7,8,26].SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :Bitternut hickory flowers in April or May.  The fruit ripens inSeptember and October and is dispersed from September through December[3,6].

FIRE ECOLOGY
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :Bitternut hickory saplings are easily damaged by fire; older trees arealso susceptible to fire damage because of the low insulating capacityof the bark [26].FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in theFEIS home page under"Find Fire Regimes".POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :   survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex   off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2

FIRE EFFECTS
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :Most fires top-kill the aboveground portions of the plant [26].DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :NO-ENTRYPLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :Bitternut hickory can sprout from the stump, root crown, or rootsfollowing fire [26].The Research Paper byBowles and others 2007 provides information on postfire response of several plant species, including bitternut hickory, that was not available when this species review was originally written.DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :NO-ENTRYFIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :Periodic burning effectively controlled bitternut hickory on the Kansasprairie [4].The absence of fire increased the expansion of the Oak-Hickoryassociation in eastern Nebraska [25].

REFERENCES
REFERENCES :.  Allen, Arthur W.; Corn, Janelle G. 1990. Relationships between live tree       diameter and cavity abundance in a Missouri oak-hickory forest. Northern       Journal of Applied Forestry. 7: 179-183.  [13504].  Blewett, Thomas J. 1988. Natural forest recovery of lead pit mines.       Restoration & Management Notes. 6(2): 92-93.  [6140].  Bonner, F. T.; Maisenhelder, L. C. 1974. Carya Nutt.   hickory. In:       Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the       United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of       Agriculture, Forest Service: 269-272.  [7571].  Bragg, Thomas B.; Hulbert, Lloyd C. 1976. Woody plant invasion of       unburned Kansas bluestem prairie. Journal of Range Management. 29(1):       19-24.  [10383].  Braun, E. Lucy. 1936. Forests of the Illinoian till plain of       southwestern Ohio. Ecological Monographs. 6(1): 91-149.  [8379].  Chapman, William K.; Bessette, Alan E. 1990. Trees and shrubs of the       Adirondacks. Utica, NY: North Country Books, Inc. 131 p.  [12766].  Clebsch, Edward E. C.; Busing, Richard T. 1989. Secondary succession,       gap dynamics, and community structure in a southern Appalachian cove       forest. Ecology. 70(3): 728-735.  [6972].  Clements, Frederic E. 1936. Nature and structure of the climax. Journal       of Ecology. 24: 252-284.  [11729].  Duncan, Wilbur H.; Duncan, Marion B. 1988. Trees of the southeastern       United States. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press. 322 p.        [12764].  Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and       Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p.  [905].  Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections       supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p.       (Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny       Series; vol. 2).  [14935].  Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].       1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range       ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of       Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p.  [998].  Godfrey, Robert K. 1988. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of northern       Florida and adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Athens, GA: The University of       Georgia Press. 734 p.  [10239].  Hill, John P.; Dickmann, Donald I. 1988. A comparison of three methods       for naturally reproducing oak in southern Michigan. Northern Journal of       Applied Forestry. 5(2): 113-117.  [14482].  Hix, David M.; Lorimer, Craig G. 1990. Growth-competition relationships       in young hardwood stands on two contrasting sites in southwestern       Wisconsin. Forest Science. 36(4): 1032-1049.  [13440].  Hosie, R. C. 1969. Native trees of Canada. 7th ed. Ottawa, ON: Canadian       Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. 380 p.  [3375].  Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation       of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:       American Geographical Society. 77 p.  [1384].  Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native       and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of       Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p.  [2952].  Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession       following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall       Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council       fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.       14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373.  [1496].  Metzger, F. T. 1990. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch  eastern       hophornbeam. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical       coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 2. Hardwoods. Agric.       Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest       Service: 490-496.  [13970].  Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1953. Forest tree planting. 2d       ed. Bull. No. R 1. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Department of Lands and       Forests, Division of Reforestation. 68 p.  [12130].  Pavlovic, Noel B. 1990. Vegetation restoration planning at Lincoln       Boyhood National Monument. Park Science: A Resource Management Bulletin.       10(3): 22-23.  [12597].  Randall, Charles Edgar. 1968. Enjoying our trees. Washington, DC: The       American Forestry Association. 122 p.  [1933].  Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant       geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p.  [2843].  Rothenberger, Steven J. 1985. Community analysis of the forest       vegetation in the lower Platte River Valley, eastern Nebraska. Prairie       Naturalist. 17(1): 1-14.  [2031].  Smith, H. Clay. 1990. Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut       hickory. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical       coordinators. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Hardwoods. Agric. Handb.       654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service:       190-197.  [17064].  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.       National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.       SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p.  [11573].  Van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States,       their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, DC: U.S.       Department of Agriculture. 362 p.  [4240].  Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest.       Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p.  [7707].  Althen, F. W. von. 1990. Sowing and planting shagbark and bitternut       hickories on former farmland in southern Ontario. Inf. Rep. O-X-403.       Sault Ste. Marie, ON: Forestry Canada, Ontario Region, GreatLakes       Forestry Centre. 11 p.  [14070].  Voss, Edward G. 1985. Michigan flora. Part II. Dicots       (Saururaceae--Cornaceae). Bull. 59. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook       Institute of Science; Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Herbarium.       724 p.  [11472]