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Introductory
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :Crane, M. F. 1990. Rosa acicularis.In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/rosaci/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :ROSACISYNONYMS :   Rosa sayi   Rosa bourgeauiana   Rosa engelmanni   Rosa pyrifera   Rosa butleriSCS PLANT CODE :   ROAC   ROACA   ROACSCOMMON NAMES :   prickly roseTAXONOMY :The currently accepted scientific name of prickly rose is Rosaacicularis Lindl. [41].  Prickly rose hybridizes with smooth wild rose(R. blanda), Nootka rose (R. nutkana), prairie wild rose (R. arkansana),and Wood's rose (R. woodsii) [28,84,87].  Two subspecies of prickly roseare recognized [41]:Rosa acicularis subsp. acicularisRosa acicularis subsp. sayiLIFE FORM :ShrubFEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :No special statusOTHER STATUS :NO-ENTRY

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :Prickly rose is circumpolar in the boreal forest region.  It grows fromAlaska to Quebec and New England [72].  On the West Coast, its rangeextends as far south as British Columbia.  It is found in Montana,Wyoming, Colorado, and northern New Mexico in the Rocky Mountains, andin North and South Dakota in the northern Great Plains [28,32,37,72].It grows in the Lake States of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, withoutlying populations as far south as Iowa and northwestern Illinois[68].Subspecies acicularis is primarily Eurasian but extends into Alaska;subspecies sayi is American [28,69,72,87].ECOSYSTEMS :   FRES10  White - red - jack pine   FRES11  Spruce - fir   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch   FRES19  Aspen - birch   FRES20  Douglas-fir   FRES21  Ponderosa pine   FRES23  Fir-spruce   FRES26  Lodgepole pineSTATES :     AK  CO  CT  IL  IA  ME  MA  MI  MN  MT     NH  NM  VT  WY  AB  BC  MB  ON  PQ  SK     YTBLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :    8  Northern Rocky Mountains    9  Middle Rocky Mountains   10  Wyoming Basin   11  Southern Rocky Mountains   15  Black Hills Uplift   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken LandsKUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :   K008  Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest   K012  Douglas-fir forest   K015  Western spruce - fir forest   K017  Black Hills pine forest   K093  Great Lakes spruce - fir forest   K095  Great Lakes pine forest   K099  Maple - basswood forestSAF COVER TYPES :     1  Jack pine     5  Balsam fir    12  Black spruce    16  Aspen    18  Paper birch    21  Eastern white pine    26  Sugar maple - basswood   107  White spruce   201  White spruce   202  White spruce - paper birch   203  Balsam poplar   204  Black spruce   206  Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir   210  Interior Douglas-fir   217  Aspen   218  Lodgepole pine   219  Limber pine   227  Western redcedar - western hemlock   237  Interior ponderosa pine   251  White spruce - aspen   252  Paper birch   253  Black spruce - white spruce   254  Black spruce - paper birchSRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :NO-ENTRYHABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :Prickly rose is a characteristic species of boreal forests under whitespruce (Picea glauca) and relatively open black spruce (P. mariana).  Itis very common in northern hardwood forests composed of paper birch(Betula papyrifera), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), andcottonwood (Populus spp.), and in transitional zones between birch andspruce forest [9].  It is less frequent in closed black spruce forests[9].At treeline in northern Alaska it is found with willows (Salix spp.),alder (Alnus spp.), highbush cranberry (Viburnum edule), and herbs [79].In British Columbia it is characteristic of boreal white spruce andblack spruce stands and also subboreal spruce (Picea glauca xengelmannii) stands [42,61].From Alaska south through Alberta into northern Montana, prickly rose iscommon in quaking aspen parkland and extends into grasslands [3,16,46].It also grows in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), white spruce, andlodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands in Alberta [13] and in blackcottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) groves in northern Montana [46].  Itgrows in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), subalpine fir (Abieslasiocarpa), lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)stands in the northern Rocky Mountains [15,63,70], and with ponderosapine (Pinus ponderosa) and quaking aspen in the Bighorn Mountains ofWyoming and the Black Hills of South Dakota [39,40,71].  In southernWyoming, it is only found with ponderosa pine [2].Classifications listing prickly rose as an indicator or plant communitydominant are presented below:Forest community types of west-central Alberta in relation to selected  environmental factors [13]Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after  fire in the taiga of interior Alaska [25]Ecosystem classification and interpretation of the sub-boreal spruce  zone, Prince Rupert Forest Region, British Columbia [61]

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :Prickly rose is an important food source for grouse, snowshoe hares, andmicrotine rodents [17].  In Alaska, snowshoe hares browse on pricklyrose all year, but use is particularly heavy in summer [82,92].  InColorado, prickly rose is an important food item for mule deer which eattwigs and foliage in summer and fall [88,89].  In Montana, browsing bymule deer is greatest in fall and winter [97].  White-tailed deer browseon wild roses (Rosa spp.) as do pronghorn, elk, moose, and mountainsheep [49,59].  Black bear and grizzly bear eat prickly rose hips(fruits) in fall [35,48].  Wild rose hips are eaten by songbirds andsmall mammals; upland gamebirds eat buds as well as hips.  Largerfur-bearing mammals such as bears, rabbits, and beaver eat hips, stems,and foliage of roses [49].PALATABILITY :Prickly rose is a preferred food of snowshoe hares in Alaska [58,92].It is also one of the preferred foods of mule deer in Colorado [88,89].In Montana, palatability of prickly rose browse is estimated as good forpronghorn; fair for elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, cattle, andsheep; and poor for horses [31].  Wild rose hips are probably not aspalatable to birds as other fruits and so remain on the shrubs,providing an important winter resource [49].NUTRITIONAL VALUE :Hips of prickly rose are high in vitamin A and are a winter sourceof vitamin C (ascorbic acid) [33,84,90].  Rose hips are highlydigestible and moderately high in crude protein.  Wild rose is excellentsummer browse for big game and livestock, but its protein contentdecreases once leaves are shed [24].  In Montana the energy and proteinvalues of prickly rose are estimated to be poor [31].  Browse samplesfrom Northwest Territories had an ash content of 4.7 percent [90].COVER VALUE :Thickets of wild rose provide excellent nesting sites and protectivecover for birds, as well as shelter for small mammals [49,74].  InMontana, prickly rose is estimated to provide good thermal and feedingcover for mule deer and white-tailed deer and fair cover for elk, uplandgame birds, and small birds and mammals [31].VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :Prickly rose is recommended for revegetation on moist to wet sites inAlaska and Alberta [90].  It is a good choice for erosion control,especially since the prickly stems may discourage overbrowsing [74,90].It is tolerant of acidic situations, is adapted to a wide range of soiltextures and moisture regimes, rapidly covers an area, and is moderatelytolerant of crude oil [90].  It has shown good drought tolerance onamended oil sand tailings in Alberta and competes effectively withseeded grasses [90,95].  In Montana, prickly rose's erosion controlpotential, based on biomass, moderately aggressive growth, andpersistence, is rated as medium.  Its short-term revegetation potentialis low, but long-term revegetation potential is medium [31].Achenes of prickly rose need both warm and cold stratification forgermination; treatment details are described in various papers.  Pricklyrose can be successfully started from rhizome, softwood, and hardwoodcuttings.  Cuttings that include both rhizome and stem tissue give thebest results [90].  Results of one study showed that over 90 percent ofprickly rose rhizome cuttings produced shoots at temperatures of 41, 59,and 77 degrees F (5, 15, and 25 degrees C).  The number of days beforeshoot appearance increased as the temperature decreased [10].OTHER USES AND VALUES :Prickly rose bushes make attractive ornamentals but need careful pruning[84].  In Alaska, prickly rose flowers are a major source of nectar forbees kept by beekeepers [60].  Juice is extracted from the hips byboiling and used to make jellies and syrups.  Pulp from the hips, afterseeds and skins are removed, is used to make jams, marmalades, andcatsup [33,84].  Other juice or fruit is sometimes added for flavoring.Rose hips may be preserved by drying and then ground into a powder thatmay be added to baked goods [33].  Green hips can be peeled and cooked,and young shoots have been eaten as a potherb.  Leaves, flowers, andbuds can be used to make tea; teas made from flowers and buds mayrelieve diarrhea [33,34,51].  Flower petals are also sometimes eaten rawand may be used for perfume [34,33].  Buds and flowers can be the basisfor an eyewash [51].Native Americans made medicinal tea from wild roses which was used as aremedy for diarrhea and stomach maladies.  They sometimes smoked theinner bark.  Crow Indians used a solution made by boiling rose roots ina compress to reduce swelling.  The same solution was drunk for mouthbleeding and gargled as a remedy for tonsillitis and sore throats; vaporfrom this solution was inhaled for nose bleeding [34].  Evidently,several tribes thought that rose hips would produce itching, althoughthey were sometimes used as emergency food [33,34].  Some tribesbelieved wild rose could keep bad spirits away [34].OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :Prickly rose will sprout from the rhizomes if cut [90].  Data fromshelterwood and clearcutting in Alaskan white spruce indicates thatalthough prickly rose cover is initially reduced by managementpractices, it recovers rapidly.  On these sites it became a dominant,reaching or exceeding prelogging cover and frequency values, within 2years.  There was less of an initial reduction following shelterwoodcuttings than clearcutting [21].  In Colorado prickly rose frequencyincreases following logging [89].A mixture of picloram and 2,4-D effectively controlled prickly roseregrowth following conversion of aspen parkland in Saskatchewan toseeded grasses.  A mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T was less successful atcontrolling prickly rose and a mixture of 2,4-D with dicamba wasintermediate [8].Prickly rose is susceptible to leaf rusts, leaf spots, powdery mildew,stem canker, and crown gall [90].  Prickly rose foliage is verysensitive to fumigation by sulfur dioxide [38].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :Prickly rose plants are quite variable in morphological detailsincluding pubescence, glandularity, and fruit shape [87].  Prickly roseis a deciduous shrub about 4 feet (1.2 m) in height with many fine rootsin the top 8 inches (20 cm) of soil.  Deep roots may extend to 55 inches(140 cm) [73].  The main stems are usually covered with slender,straight bristles or prickles.  The alternate leaves are pinnatelycompound with five to nine leaflets and conspicuous stipules [28,72].The pink or rose-colored flowers have numerous stamens and are bornesingly on lateral branches.  The globose, fleshy, red or orange-red hiphas 10 to 30 achenes.  Each achene is 0.15 to 0.2 inch (3.8-5 mm) longwith stiff hairs along one side [28,37,72].Information about subspecies (varieties) is summarized below [72,87]:    Subspecies (variety) acicularis is octoploid (2n = 56).  It hasglandular pedicels and narrow sepals (less than 0.1 inch or 3 mm).  Itsleaves have five leaflets.    Subspecies sayi (variety bourgeauiana) is hexaploid (2n = 42).  Itspedicels are glabrous and the sepals are wider than 0.1 inch (3 mm).There are five to nine leaflets in each leaf.RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :PhanerophyteREGENERATION PROCESSES :Prickly rose regenerates vegetatively by means of widespread rhizomes.A single clone with 8 to 11 aboveground stems linked by a horizontalrhizome can cover 11.95 to 23.92 square yards (10-20 sq m).  Results ofan Alaskan study found rhizomes between 8 and 12 inches (20-30 cm) deep.This was sufficient for the rhizomes to be in the mineral soil belowdeep organic horizons [10].  Since rhizomes sprout after fire and othertypes of disturbance, prickly rose clones may live for hundreds of years[17].Prickly rose flowers and sets seed frequently in open communities andinfrequently under a canopy [46].  Seed is dispersed by small mammals,song birds, and grouse [1].  Seeds exhibit deep dormancy and requirewarm stratification for the initial stages of germination, followed bycold stratification for germination to continue [10,17,54,90].  Whilemost seeds germinate following snowmelt the second spring after seedset, germination of one seed crop may spread over several years [17].SITE CHARACTERISTICS :Prickly rose is a characteristic species of boreal forests under whitespruce and relatively open black spruce.  It is very common in northernhardwood forests composed of paper birch (Betula papyrifera), aspen(Populus tremuloides), and cottonwood (Populus spp.), and intransitional zones between birch and spruce forest.  It is less frequentin closed black spruce forests [9].In the northern Great Plains and Alberta, it is found on woodedhillsides, along streambanks, and on rocky bluffs and ledges [28,72,90].Near the Great Lakes, prickly rose is found on sandy and gravellyshores, and sandy woodlands with jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and oak(Quercus spp.).  It also grows on rocky ridges and shores, in moistthickets, in swamps, and in openings in conifer forests [87].  Pricklyrose grows on active floodplains [26,54,76,81,90].In Alaska, prickly rose is common with aspen in old burns and is foundin thickets, alongside roads, and in bogs [84].  Soil relationships:  In interior Alaska and on the Saskatchewan andMacKenzie river deltas, prickly rose does best on soils based onalluvium that may be seasonally flooded.  However, it does not do wellon peats or in basins with restricted drainage [18,20,57].  FromBritish Columbia to Manitoba prickly rose does well on a variety of soiltextures and soil moisture regimes and it has good drought tolerance[14,64,90].  In Alberta, prickly rose does not seem to grow on thepoorest sites, although in Alaska it grows on gravels that are low innutrients and susceptible to rapid freezing and thawing [14,90].  InBritish Columbia subboreal spruce stands, prickly rose is characteristicof mesic and mesotrophic sites on both fine and coarse textured soils[42,61].  A Minnesota report describes it as growing on sites that rangefrom poor and dry to moderate [5].  Elevation:  Elevational ranges in some western regions are [14,19]:                     Minimum                   Maximum                   feet      meters         feet      metersAlberta           1,650        500          6,550     2,000Colorado          4,500      1,372         10,900     3,322Montana           3,300      1,006          9,000     2,743Wyoming           5,000      1,524         10,900     3,322SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :Prickly rose is moderately shade tolerant [90].  In Minnesota forests,this is evident from reported frequencies of 71 to 100 percent in theopen and 1 to 40 percent under a canopy [5].  Around Lake Michigan, itis a seral dominant during succession on lake dunes [96].  In northernMontana rough fescue (Festuca scabrella) grasslands, patches of pricklyrose, serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), and snowberry(Symphoricarpos spp.) appear to originate when rodents throw up baresoil on which the shrubs may establish [46].  Along the eastern slopesof the Rocky Mountains, it invades on patches of mineral soil exposed bydisturbance and pioneers on gravel bars along rivers or after fire [90].Along rivers in British Columbia and Alaska, it first establishes withpioneering willows and replaces them after they are overtopped bycottonwoods on exposed gravel and silt bars [26,76,78,81].Following disturbance on black spruce sites, prickly rose may appear assprouts on the freshly disturbed or burned site.  It can spread rapidlyby stem and root shoots and reaches greatest density during the tallshrub-sapling stage or under seral aspen.  It decreases as the canopycloses [22,25,82].  In white spruce stands, prickly rose sproutsfollowing disturbance, becoming a seral dominant under various mixturesof aspen, birch, lodgepole pine, and white spruce.  Finally, it is anunderstory dominant in the climax stand [22,54,61].  In BritishColumbia's interior cedar-hemlock transitional subzone, it is found inseral shrub communities with aspen, paper birch, and lodgepole pine[29].SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :In New England, prickly rose blooms in mid-June [69].  In northwestIllinois, the normal bloom period is during the last 2 weeks in May, andfruit is set by July [66].  In Alaska, prickly rose blooms in June andJuly, and hips turn red in August [84].

FIRE ECOLOGY
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :Wild roses are moderately fire resistant [36].  Prickly rose can sproutfrom the base of fire-killed aerial stems or from rhizomes [55,56].Because rhizomes are located in mineral soil, prickly rose is welladapted for sprouting after fire [10].  Although prickly rose recoveryfollowing fire is primarily vegetative, roses germinate from on-site andoff-site seeds as well [1,36].  Prickly rose seeds are fire resistant,and germination may be stimulated by fire [55,56,85].FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in theFEIS home page under"Find Fire Regimes".POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :   Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown   Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil   Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)   Secondary colonizer - off-site seed

FIRE EFFECTS
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :Fire usually kills aboveground parts of prickly rose.  Severe firesthat remove organic soil horizons kill shallow rhizomes or portions ofrhizomes, leaving alive only those rhizome portions growing in mineralsoil.DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :NO-ENTRYPLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :Prickly rose sprouts following fire and may also establish seedlings[1,25,77,85,90].  Rowe [66] has observed that depth of sprouting buds issite-specific in sprouting species and may vary in different regions ofthe continent.  Prickly rose recovery from fire appears to vary byregion and site.  In Alaska, prickly rose rhizomes grow in mineral soil,and the plant is found on nearly all recently burned sites [10,45].  Theseverity and timing of the fire and site factors appear to be veryimportant to prickly rose response in western Canada and the RockyMountains [30,65,67].  In northeastern broadleaf forests, prickly roseis not as fire tolerant as other associated shrubs.  It recovers wellafter light fires but is infrequent following more severe fires [93].DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :Alaska and northwest Canada:  In Alaskan black and white spruce stands,prickly rose's habit of rooting in mineral soil allows it to survivefires that consume all or most of the deep organic layers and toflourish in early succession [11,25].  Following early summer wildfiresin black spruce stands ranging in age from 50 to 125 years and in aspenwoodlands, prickly rose responded rapidly and vigorously, greatlyincreasing its cover over prefire values [82,91].  After fires which donot burn to mineral soil in Alaskan spruce forests, it sprouts but maynot be as vigorous [80].  In Alaska's taiga, repeated fires at lowerelevations may lead to meadows dominated by bluejoint reedgrass(Calamagrostis canadensis), sedges (Carex spp.), and prickly rose [77].In northern British Columbia, frequent fires or repeated burning canconvert white spruce and aspen forests on valley slopes to shrubcommunities which include prickly rose as a dominant [54].Western Canada and Rocky Mountain States:  In the sub-boreal spruce zoneof British Columbia prickly rose increases in abundance following fireon moist sites but decreases on drier sites [30].  Prickly rose was adominant in some British Columbia and Alberta subalpine fir andEngelmann spruce stands 8 years after fire [7].  It sprouted promptlyon moist sites in a dry Douglas-fir stand in Montana following awildfire [15].  On Montana rough fescue grassland, prickly rose did notregain its prefire dominance until the second year following a fall fire[67].  In spring following a fall grassland fire in Saskatchewan,substantial patches of prickly rose showed no sign of sprouting and wereapparently killed [65].  Annual spring burning over a 24-year periodseverely reduced the frequency and cover of prickly rose in Albertaaspen parkland [4].Great Lakes Region:  In the Great Lakes region, prickly rose is lessfrequent on severely burned sites than on lightly burned sites althoughits degree of dominance is similar for burned and unburned sites [1].Results from a study of both spring and summer wildfires in Minnesotamixed conifer-hardwood stands showed reduced frequency for prickly rose.Most postfire plants were sprouts, but some plants apparently startedfrom seed [43].  However, in another Minnesota study the biomass ofindividual prickly rose plants increased after a mid-May wildfire,nearly doubling from the second to the fifth postfire sampling date[53].  Thirty-three years after another Minnesota wildfire, prickly roseis still of some importance in mixed stands containing aspen, birch andjack pine, although it appears to be a remnant of early postfiresuccession [52].  In Ontario jack pine stands, prickly rose is a stablespecies that is present before and after prescribed fires [50].For information on prescribed fire and postfire responses of many plant species, including prickly rose, see these Research Project Summaries:
Forest floor and plant responses to experimental fires in an Alaskanblack spruce/feather moss community
Understory recovery after burning and reburning quaking aspen stands in central Alberta
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :Clearcutting followed by slashburning was sufficiently severe to sharplyreduce prickly rose survivors in Alaskan white spruce stands.  Since atleast some rhizomes in mineral soil survived, it was able to recover,although more slowly than following clearcutting alone [21].  Pricklyrose sprouts after fire in black spruce, but it is not competitive withblack spruce [12].

REFERENCES
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