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Index of Species Information
Introductory
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :Uchytil, Ronald J. 1988. Andropogon gerardii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/graminoid/andger/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :ANDGERSYNONYMS :Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii [44,63,137]SCS PLANT CODE :ANGECOMMON NAMES :big bluestemtall bluestemturkey-footTAXONOMY :The scientific name of big bluestem is Andropogon gerardii Vitman (Poaceae) [10,19,45,50,143].There is disagreement over the taxonomic treatment of the thegrasses traditionally known as big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman)and sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.). These two bluestems arerecognized either as distinct species [10,19,45,50] or as varietieswithin a single species [44,63,101,137]. Artificial hybridizationexperiments have shown that these two bluestems are completelyinterfertile [101], with offspring showing intermediate morphologicalcharacteristics [45,101]. These two bluestems, however, show clear ecological differences: big bluestem is widely distributed in NorthAmerica on moist prairie sites, while sand bluestem is restricted todrier, sandy soils in the Great Plains [10]. Where their rangesoverlap, they freely interbreed. In the Nebraska Sandhills, bigbluestem occurs only in low meadows, while sand bluestem is restrictedto upland sand dunes. Hybrids are found in narrow zones 16 to 33 feet(5-10 m) wide at the dune-meadow interface [10].LIFE FORM :GraminoidFEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :No special statusOTHER STATUS :NO ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :Big bluestem is widespread, occupying all but a few western states, butit is most conspicuous in the tallgrass and mixed-grass prairie regions.It is distributed across southern Canada from Quebec to Saskatchewan,south through Montana and Wyoming to Arizona and northern Mexico, andeastward to Florida and Maine [44,50,131,133].ECOSYSTEMS : FRES15 Oak - hickory FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood FRES19 Aspen - birch FRES21 Ponderosa pine FRES32 Texas savanna FRES38 Plains grasslands FRES39 PrairieSTATES : AL AZ AR CO CT DE FL GA HI IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MN MS MO MT NE NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WV WI WY MB ON PQ SK MEXICOBLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 7 Lower Basin and Range 9 Middle Rocky Mountains 10 Wyoming Basin 11 Southern Rocky Mountains 12 Colorado Plateau 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont 14 Great Plains 15 Black Hills Uplift 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken LandsKUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K011 Western ponderosa forest K012 Douglas-fir forest K016 Eastern ponderosa forest K017 Black Hills pine forest K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest K023 Juniper - pinyon forest K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub K038 Great Basin sagebrush K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass K065 Grama - buffalograss K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass K069 Bluestem - grama prairie K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie K074 Bluestem prairie K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie K076 Blackland prairie K079 Palmetto prairie K081 Oak savanna K082 Mosaic of K074 & K100 K083 Cedar glades K084 Cross Timbers K086 Juniper - oak savanna K087 Mesquite - oak savanna K098 Northern floodplain forestSAF COVER TYPES : 1 Jack pine 14 Northern pin oak 16 Aspen 63 Cottonwood 72 Southern scrub oak 237 Interior ponderosa pine 241 Western live oakSRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :NO-ENTRYHABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :Big bluestem is characteristic of climax grasslands throughout thetallgrass prairie region; farther west in the mixed-grass prairie regionit is a climax grass in well-watered lowlands. It once blanketed thetallgrass prairie, often comprising 70 to 90 percent of the vegetation[108].Published classification schemes listing big bluestem as a climaxindicator species or as a dominant part of the vegetation are presentedbelow:Area Classification Authority---- --------------------- ---------------------KS Grasslands Albertson 1937MN Tallgrass Prairie Smeins and Olsen 1970ND Prairie Vegetation Dix and Smeins 1967 TallgrassVegetation Meyer 1985 Grasslands Whitman and Wali 1975NM Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands Kennedy 1983TX Prairie Collins and others 1975
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :Big bluestem provides both food and cover for numerous livestock andwildlife species. It is both palatable and nutritious, and livestockoften prefer it over other grasses on summer ranges [61,118]. Uplandgame birds and songbirds eat the seeds [92].PALATABILITY :Big bluestem is highly palatable to all classes of livestock duringspring and summer, with new growth being particularly palatable[61,118,132]. Palatability decreases as the grass cures, and bigbluestem is probably only of fair palatability during the winter. Therelish and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for bigbluestem in several western states is as follows [28,61,92,118,141]: CO KS MT NE ND SD TX WY Cattle good good good good good good good goodSheep good good good good good good good goodHorses good good good good good good good goodPronghorn ---- fair ---- ---- poor ---- ---- fairElk ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- good ---- poorMule deer ---- ---- ---- ---- poor ---- ---- poorWhite-tailed deer ---- ---- ---- ---- poor ---- poor fairSmall mammals ---- fair ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- fairSmall nongame birds ---- fair ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- fairUpland game birds ---- fair ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- fairWaterfowl ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- poorNUTRITIONAL VALUE :Nutritional value of big bluestem varies seasonally. During spring andsummer, it provides high-quality forage, but as the growing seasonadvances, protein levels decrease significantly [87,88,89]. Thecombination of its chemical composition and high palatability, however,make big bluestem a superior quality summer forage. It should be cutfor hay in early to midsummer, before the nutritive quality decreases.Big bluestem plants collected in Nebraska and North Dakota showed thefollowing seasonal changes in nutrition [52,88]: %Crude %Crude %Crude Nitrogen FreeLocation Date Ash Protein Fiber Fat ExtractNebraska 6/26-7/5 10.7 14.46 30.65 2.99 41.19N. Dakota 8/14 5.61 5.54 30.96 ---- 40.03Nebraska mid-Sept 7.14 5.31 38.26 2.31 46.98Seasonal trends in protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD)of big bluestem plants from Nebraska are given below [89]:Collection Date Crude Protein IVDMD mid-June 14.4% 62.2% late June 10.6% ---- mid-July 8.7% ----early October 7.0% 34.9%COVER VALUE :The tall, coarse, upright vegetative structure of big bluestem, whenfound in pure stands or when mixed with other tall and mid-heightgrasses, provides excellent nesting and protective cover for smallerwildlife species. Big bluestem provides essential nesting cover for thegreater prairie chicken, lesser prairie chicken, ring-necked pheasant,partridges, quail, dabbling ducks, the sedge wren and numerous othersong birds [17,43,59,112,127,138]. Big bluestem provides greatestenvironmental protection during the summer but, because it is resistantto flattening by snow, also provides protective cover during the winter.Big bluestem provides important cover for at least 24 species ofsongbirds that winter on the Konza Prairie in Kansas [38].The degree to which big bluestem provides environmental protectionduring one or more seasons for wildlife species in some western statesis as follows [17,38,59,66,92,114]: IA KS MN MO ND SD WY Pronghorn ---- ---- ---- ---- poor ---- ----Elk ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- poorMule deer ---- ---- ---- ---- good ---- poorWhite-tailed deer ---- ---- ---- ---- good ---- poorSmall mammals ---- ---- good ---- good ---- fairSmall nongame birds ---- good ---- ---- good ---- fairUpland game birds ---- good ---- good good ---- fairWaterfowl good ---- good ---- good good poorVALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :Big bluestem has been seeded with other native prairie species torestore disturbed prairie sites. Many states have successfullyreconstructed prairies for scientific, educational, and aestheticpurposes [22,112]. Big bluestem has also been planted by managersattempting to reestablish native prairie vegetation along highways [90].Big bluestem is not widely used for revegetating mine spoils; it hasshown varying success on different spoil material [8,48,78].For rehabilitation purposes, cultivars released for the area should beused. Cultivars planted in areas with similar climatic conditions andnot more than 300 miles (500 km) north or 180 miles (290 km) east, west,or south of their origin generally perform well. Seed can be purchased,or gathered locally in the early fall by hand picking or combining.Local sources include railroad rights-of-way, backcountry roads, and oldcemetaries [110]. Commercially available big bluestem cultivars include[9,15,59,131]:'Bonilla' - originates from Bonilla, South Dakota. It is recommended foruse in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota. It exhibits earlymaturity and early winter hardiness.'Champ' - originates from Iowa and northern Nebraska. It was developedfrom interbreeding big bluestem and sand bluestem. This is an earlymaturing cultivar recommended for use from Nebraska south into Kansas,and eastward on favorable sites.'Kaw' - originates from the Flint Hills of Kansas. This is a tall,leafy, late maturing cultivar recommended for use from central Nebraskasouth through Oklahoma.'Pawnee' - originates from Pawnee County, Nebraska. This is a latematuring cultivar recommended for use from central Nebraska souththrough Oklahoma.'Rountree' - originates from west-central Iowa. This cultivar isresistant to leaf rust and has high forage production. It is recommendedfor use throughout Missouri, Iowa, and southern Illinois.'NDG-4' - is being developed from seed collected in North Dakota forpossible use throughout the Northern Great Plains.For planting guidelines refer to Wasser [131], Reis and others [106],McGinniesand Hassell [83], Oaks [91], Vogel [129], and Woehler [140].OTHER USES AND VALUES :Big bluestem along with other native grasses and forbs has been used todevelop small prairie plantings for use in residential landscaping. Inthese small plantings, plants are seeded in mixtures to approximate thetemporal and physical structure of regional native prairie communities[27].OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :Big bluestem can withstand considerable grazing, but if continuallygrazed closer than 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cm) during the growing season,it will be replaced by less desirable grasses [118]. Bluestem rangeshave traditionally been grazed during the summer. Research in Kansas,however, shows that both continuous and deferred rotation grazingsystems can be used effectively [80].Big bluestem hay should be cut in early summer to midsummer to ensurehigh nutritive quality and to allow adequate time for plants toreplenish carbohydrate reserves before the first killing frosts.Following cutting, livestock grazing should be excluded until after fallfrost; this allows stands to retain good vigor and productivity [80].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :Big bluestem is a native, tall, erect, perennial, warm-season, usuallyrhizomatous, sod-forming grass [47,117]. The flowering stalks arestout, coarse, and solid, and can reach a height of over 10 feet (3 m)in a favorable growing season [51]. The inflorescence consists of twoto six digitate racemes (most commonly three, hence one of its commonnames "turkey foot") which are 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) long [47,117].Spikelets are in pairs along the raceme axis and are approximately equalin length (0.25 to 0.4 inch [7-10 mm]) [47,117,131]. One is sessile,usually fertile, plump, and awned. The other is pedicillate, sterile,slender, and awnless [82,131]. Big bluestem stands display a variety ofcolors from steel gray to wine red [14].Rhizomes are generally 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) below the soil surfacebut are common to a depth of 4 inches [3,133]. They are coarse, 0.1 to0.2 inch (3-6 mm) thick, excessively branched, and are frequentlycontinuous for 6 to 10 inches (15-24.5 cm) [133]. These rhizomes forman open network, which is branched by the multiple roots which arisefrom them. On mature plants, roots are coarse, with laterals extending2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm) [133]. The main roots extend downward almostvertically to depths of 6 to 10 feet (2-3 m), and taper very gradually[132,133]. A large percentage of the roots are found in the A horizonindependent of soil type or horizon depth. Seventy-eight to ninetypercent of root biomass has been found in A horizons ranging from 7 to20 inches (18-50 cm) [136].Big bluestem exhibits wide ecotypic variation. It is generally shorterat maturity in the northern portion of its range, and taller in thesouthern portion of its range [59]. This variation may also be foundwithin a local area. Weaver [132] observed flower stalks varying inheight from 3 feet (0.9 m) on moist slopes to 7 to 12 feet (2.1-3.6 m)on rich bottomland sites. Throughout the tallgrass and mixed-grassprairie regions, big bluestem normally is a rhizomatous, sod-forminggrass. But when found in more arid locations, or on drier slopes, itsappearance is more similar to a bunchgrass [132].RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : GeophyteREGENERATION PROCESSES :Although big bluestem is capable of both vegetative and sexual modes ofregeneration throughout its range, vegetative regeneration is mostprevalent. Vegetative regeneration occurs with the initiation of growthfrom rhizomes. Parent tillers consist of a rhizome, four to sixadventitious roots, and an aerial shoot, and develop mature buds in leafaxils on their rhizomes [84]. New tillers begin as buds on the rhizomesof their parent tillers. These buds grow horizontally from their parentbefore emerging from the soil surface. In Kansas, rhizome buds begin toswell and break open in late March, and by the end of April, growth oftillers and elongation of the rhizomes occurs and continues throughoutthe summer until August [105]. McKendrick and others [84] observed thateach tiller averaged two tiller offspring during the succeeding growingseason, with about half of these second-year tillers being vegetativelyreproductive but producing no seed. Once a clone is produced, it canlive and reproduce for an unknown number of years, perhaps centuries[105].In undisturbed stands only a small proportion of tillers flower eachyear. This has been attributed to the irregularity of moisture andtemperatures at blooming time [51,68]. Droughtseverely reducesflowering, but flowering increases during a wet year following adrought. Big bluestem also flowers abundantly following fire [68].Abrams [1] found only 2.5 viable seeds per 1,352 cubic centimeters ofsoil in undisturbed stands where big bluestem comprised 77 percent ofthe canopy cover. This almost total absence of buried seeds suggests ahigh dependence on vegetative reproduction. The limited germination inbig bluestem may be attributed to the following: (1) seed predation bybirds, mammals, or insects either after having fallen or while still onthe plant; (2) fungus and bacteria during wet seasons which cause theseeds to rot; and (3) the very limited space for germination in prairiestands. Carter and others [16] reported that 40 percent of the seedcrop of the big bluestem cultivar 'Pawnee' was destroyed by a midge incertain seed production fields. This midge is widespread in NorthAmerica and occurs in many areas where native stands of big bluestemremain.SITE CHARACTERISTICS :Big bluestem occurs on a variety of sites throughout its range butdevelops best on fertile silt and clay loam soils of lowlands. Soilmoisture seems to be the most important factor determining bigbluestem's importance in a community. It develops best on mesic sitesin the true prairie and mixed-grass prairie regions. In the mixed-grassprairie where precipitation is limited, it occupies ravines, lowerportions of gentle slopes, and well-watered lowlands where the soilmoisture content is high due to some surface runoff [3,135]. Along themajor rivers and their tributaries in the mixed-grass prairie, bigbluestem can comprise up to 90 percent of the vegetation over extensiveareas [135]. Here its chief associates are sideoats grama (Boutelouacurtipendula), dropseeds (Sporobolus spp.), switchgrass (Panicumvirgatum), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), and Canada wildrye (Elymuscanadensis). Farther west toward the Rocky Mountains, big bluestembecomes even more dependant upon mesic sites. In the Rocky Mountainfoothills of eastern Wyoming, big bluestem was found only onsouth-facing slopes of steep ravines, and always growing immediatelyadjacent to large rocks which apparently acted as micro watersheds,substantially increasing the usable soil moisture from summer rains[49].In the true prairie region, big bluestem occurs on upland sites and isassociated with little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), but generallycomprises only 5 to 20 percent of the cover [133]. Big bluestem seemsto be less tolerant than little bluestem to low soil moisture. This isapparently due to big bluestem's deep, coarse, root system which iseffective at extracting moisture from the silty or clayey soils of sitesit usually dominates [79]. Even in the true prairie where precipitationis abundant, big bluestem is most plentiful on low mesic sites[58,122,133]. Here it is most often associated with two othertallgrasses: indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) and switchgrass (Panicumvirgatum). In moist stands, individual stems in well-established sodare spaced about 0.5 inch (1 cm) apart [108,132]. Yet the foliage is sodense and spreading that light is reduced at the soil surface by as muchas 58 percent [70], making establishment of other species difficult. Indrier habitats, big bluestem grows as a bunchgrass, occurring inisolated bunches [32,108]. Big bluestem is shade tolerant, and itsleaves are able to remain green and function with only 5 to 10 percentof full sunlight [108].Big bluestem is believed to have been the prevailing grass presentduring the formation of prairie soils [5]. These soils are generallysilt loam to silty clay loam with soil horizons greater than 10 inches(25 cm). Big bluestem grows best on fertile silt and clay loam soils oflowlands and ravines but is also common on calcareous blackland soils[131]. Generally it grows well in silty or clayey soils, fair in sandysoils, and poor in gravelly soils or dense clay [126,132]. In Texas,big bluestem frequency has been shown to be positively correlated withpercent clay and organic matter of soil [25].Elevational ranges in some western states are as follows [28,42]: CO 3,400 to 9,500 feet (1,036-2,896 m) NM 3,500 to 9,000 feet (1,067-2,743 m) MT 3,300 to 4,000 feet (1,006-1,219 m) WY 3,600 to 9,000 feet (1,067-2,743 m)SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :Obligate Climax SpeciesSelf-perpetuating stands of big bluestem are indicative of climaxgrassland communities. Its ability to dominate the prairie is due to itsrapid growth, dense sod-forming habit, great stature, and shadetolerance [108,132].SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :Big bluestem grows very rapidly, producing large amounts of foliage injust a few short months. A warm-season grass, big bluestem beginsgrowing in mid to late spring, several weeks after cool-season grasses.As the season progresses, plants develop a dozen or more leaves from acentral tiller [105]. In Kansas, new growth begins between April 15 andMay 1, and by early July heavy foliage often exceeds 20 inches (50 cm)[3]. Under favorable conditions, leaves may grow 0.75 inch (2 cm) aday, attaining a mature height of 2.5 to 3 feet (0.75-0.9 m) bymidsummer [133,134]. After vegetative growth is complete, the flowerstalks begin to develop, and elongate 1.5 to 3 inches (3.8-7.6 cm) perday [133]. Most flower stalks are produced in mid to late summer, withplants from the northern portion of big bluestem's range floweringearlier than those from the southern. During a drought, discontinuousflowering may occur. In Illinois, a drought in July and early Augustcaused the tips of the culms to die back. But following rains of abovenormal precipitation in August, new inflorescences developed on theculms below the withered ones [64].The timing of nine phenological stages for eight varieties (cultivars ortest seed) of big bluestem are shown below [95].Phenological stage:1. First emergence of inflorescence, 10 culms or more2. First anthesis, 10 culms or more3. Fifty percent emergence of the inflorescence4. Fifty percent anthesis5. First seed mature6. Fifty percent seed maturity7. Seed mature - starting to shatter8. Most seed shattered9. Complete dormancyPhenolog. stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9origin seed nw MN ND-3784 Jul 11 14 19 27 Aug 20 29 Sep 4 14 Oct 13nw MN ND-3785 Jul 12 15 22 30 Aug 20 29 Sep 4 15 Oct 15 ND ND-4 Jul 13 14 22 29 Aug 18 Sep 2 14 29 Oct 15 SD 'Bonilla'Jul 27 Aug 1 18 23 Sep 11 29 Oct 9 --- --- SD SD-43 Aug 9 10 18 29 Sep 24 --- --- --- --- NE 'Champ' Aug 13 13 27 30 --- --- --- --- --- NE 'Pawnee' Aug 16 16 Sep 4 7 --- --- --- --- --- KS 'Kaw' Aug 31 Sep 2 13 16 --- --- --- --- ---Flowering times for several states are as follows [28,71,94,114,134]:Location Beginning of flowering End of flowering CO July Sept IL July Aug IO July Sept KS July Sept MO July Sept MT Aug Sept ND July Aug NE July Sept SD July ---- WY July Sept
FIRE ECOLOGY
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :Historically, fires occurred frequently in the tallgrass prairie andwere essential in maintaining these grasslands [23]. Across the GreatPlains, lightning-caused fires may have occurred as frequently as every1 to 6 years [74]. Having evolved in a grassland environment subjectedto frequent fires, big bluestem is well adapted to fire. Afteraboveground foliage is consumed by fire, new growth is initiated fromrhizomes. The well-developed rhizomes are generally 1 to 2 inches(2.5-5 cm) below the soil surface [3,133]. In general, grassland firesare of low intensity because the flames pass quickly, and the soiltemperature 1 inch (2.54 cm) below the surface rises very little [74].Plants burned during the spring when dormant quickly send up vigorousnew growth because of stored carbohydrate reserves in belowgroundorgans. If burned during the summer when plants are actively growing,plants normally survive by initiating new growth from rhizomes; however,regrowth may be slower and less vigorous than in plants burned whendormant [36].FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in theFEIS home page under"Find Fire Regimes".POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
FIRE EFFECTS
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :Under dry conditions, up to 100 percent of live and dead abovegroundstems and leaves may be consumed by fire [36,53]. Rhizomes, however,usually survive, even when aboveground tissue is completely destroyed.DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :Fires that occur during the the active growth stage in the summer aremost damaging to big bluestem because of the limited carbohydratereserves available for new growth during this time period [23]. Burningtallgrass prairie in Oklahoma during late summer resulted in nearlycomplete combustion of aboveground biomass [36]. On grazed plots withlittle fuel accumulation, tillers were completely defoliated but did notsuffer apical meristem damage. On ungrazed plots with heavy fuelaccumulation, tillers did suffer apical meristem damage. Tiller densitywas significantly lower 2 months after burning on these high fuel plots,and new growth consisted largely of newly initiated tillers.PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :Big bluestem initiates new growth from surviving rhizomes afteraboveground foliage has been damaged or consumed by fire. After summerburns, depending on the amount of damage inflicted, regrowth is eitherfrom undamaged apical meristems or from the initiation of new tillersfrom underground rhizomes [36]. Plants burned during the spring or fallwhen the aboveground foliage is dead resume growth in the spring asnormal. In general, spring burning has a stimulating effect on thegrowth and competitive vigor of big bluestem [74].Big bluestem plants in recently burned areas start growth earlier in thespring, develop faster, and produce more herbage than plants in unburnedareas. This earlier and increased growth is most often attributed toincreased solar radiation reaching the soil following the removal ofstanding dead material [53,56,69,70,94,102] which results in higher soiltemperatures [76,100]. Following spring burning in native bluestemprairie in Missouri, soil surface temperatures in burned areas comparedto unburned area averaged 7.1 degrees F (3.9 deg C) warmer in April,11.4 degrees F (6.3 deg C) warmer in May, 8.3 degrees F (4.6 deg C)warmer in June, and 7.1 degrees F (3.9 deg C) warmer in July [76].Increased soil temperatures promote earlier root growth and activity andthus earlier emergence of shoots [72,99,106]. Also, the emerging shootsreceive more sunlight because they are not shaded by the standing deadshoots and leaves of the previous year. Knapp [69] reported thatfollowing spring burning in Kansas tall grass prairie, big bluestem hada greater photosynthetic rate and increased stomatal conductance andleaf thickness in response to increased solar radiation.In the tallgrass prairie, late spring burning, when warm-season grassesare about to resume growth, is the most beneficial to big bluestem. Bigbluestem stands burned at this time show the highest aboveground biomassgains compared to unburned stands or stands burned at other times of theyear [4,8,123]. In the true prairie region, spring burning of bigbluestem stands that have not been burned within the past few yearsalmost always results in increased yields. Two to three fold increasesare common [46,53,76,94,99,125]. Increases in big bluestem growthfollowing late spring burning are associated with increases in (1) thedensity of tillers [53,68,121], (2) root and rhizome biomass [46], and(3) size and number of leaves [4,69,70,121].Increased flower stalk production is also common following burning[21,32,33,46,54,94]. Following burning in Wisconsin, flower stalkproduction increased six-fold [21]; after a spring burn in Iowa, flowerstalk production increased seven fold but returned to normal by thethird postburn growing season [32]. Although numerous researchersreport dramatic increases in seed production, Abrams [1] observed thatseedlings were less frequent in areas burned annually or on a 4-yearcycle than in unburned areas.Big bluestem rapidly produces large amounts of foliage following fire.Generally, it takes 2 to 5 years after burning for litter accumulationto equal that of unburned areas [23]. When the fire interval is greaterthan about 5 years, bluestem prairie becomes unproductive because thelarge accumulations of standing dead material stifle growth. However,fires occurring more frequently than every 2 years will probably lowerbiomass production.The Research Project Summary,Herbaceous responses to seasonal burning in experimental tallgrass prairie plots provides information on postfire response of big bluestem in experimental prairie plots that was not available when this species review was originally written.DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :Postburn herbage production indicates that the season of burning, theamount of annual precipitation the area receives, and site conditionsgreatly influence big bluestem's response to burning. Big bluestemincreases as influenced by different annual burning dates in Kansas aresummarized below [123]: Kansas prairie burned annually 48 of 56 yearstime of burning percent big bluestem in the grass community prestudy (unburned) 16.7poststudy (unburned) 18late spring, about May 1 46mid-spring, about April 10 24early spring, about March 20 23winter, about December 1 35Farther west, in the mixed-grass prairie which receives lessprecipitation, big bluestem generally increases following fire ifprecipitation is average or above average but decreases if droughtconditions occur. Response is somewhat variable though, and dependentupon site characteristics. On upland sites in the mixed-grass prairiewhere big bluestem occurs infrequently, it is generally not stimulatedby burning [115]. Big bluestem is more common on lowland sites, andbecause lowlands receive some surface water runoff, burning these sitesin the spring results in increased big bluestem biomass [35,115]. Inthe mixed-grass prairie of north-central South Dakota, big bluestemproduction increased following spring burning on overflow sites, eventhough 2 years of below average precipitation followed [35]. Resultsfrom this study are summarized below: current years burning phenological leaf flower growth (g/m2) date state length (cm) stalks/m2 (air dried) 8/80 8/81 8/80 8/81 8/80May 15, 1980 dormant 21.3 45.2 132.4 69.8 128.8June 16, 1980 5-10 cm tall 16.8 37.0 95.2 53.8 71.4control 42.4 43.4 2.0 15.1 23.0Fires that occur during the summer cause the most harm to big bluestem.Summer burning during a below average precipitation year innorth-central South Dakota resulted in the reduction of big bluestem onoverflow sites, and shifted dominance towards cool-season grasses [115].In the true prairie of Oklahoma, late summer burning resulted in initialreductions of big bluestem tiller density; however, by the end of thegrowing season, tiller density returned to normal [36]. Measurementstaken the following August showed that productivity was within theseasonal normal range. In the Black Hills of South Dakota, big bluestembasal cover remained unchanged following an October burn [13], andincreased slightly following spring burning [41].FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :Late spring is the best time to burn big bluestem stands. The later inthe spring burning occurs, just prior to the emergence of new growth,the greater the postburn herbage production will be. If burns areconducted too early, production may decrease as a result of theincreased evaporation of soil moisture in the interval between the fireand the resumption of new growth [74]. Spring burns leave the soilexposed for the least amount of time and thus reduce soil moisturelevels over the growing season less than winter, early, or mid-springburns [6,85]. Regardless of season of burn, however, soil moisturecontent is consistently lower in burned areas than in unburned areas.Thus in drought years, in areas of low precipitation, or in areas wheresoil moisture is limiting, big bluestem will probably not show the highpostburn biomass increases generally reported for tallgrass prairiesites.Late spring burning can be used to increase grass productivity andimprove cattle use. Cattle prefer vegetation on burned sites over thaton unburned sites [80]. Compared with weight gains of cattle grazing innearby unburned pastures, weight gains of cattle grazing on late springburned pastures were 17 percent higher in Oklahoma [115], and 11 percenthigher in Kansas [80].Late spring burning can be used to increase big bluestem and other warmseason grass composition in warm season pastures or rangelands infestedwith undesirable cool season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass. Latespring burning favors warm season grasses because they are dormant atthe time of ignition, and resume growth as normal from stored foodreserves held in underground organs. Burning at this time generallyharms cool season grasses, however, since they begin spring growthearlier, and are actively growing at the time of ignition.
FIRE CASE STUDY
FIRE CASE STUDY CITATION :Uchytil, Ronald J., compiler. 1988. Effects of different fuel loads on big bluestemin an Oklahoma prescribed fire. In: Andropogon gerardii. In:Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory(Producer). Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/ [].REFERENCE :Ewing, A. L.; Engle, D. M. 1988. Effects of late summer fire on tallgrassprairie microclimate and community composition. The American Midland Naturalist.120(1): 212-223. [36].SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION :Late summer/severeSTUDY LOCATION :This study took place at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station'sAgronomy Research Range, approximately 9 miles (15 km) southwest ofStillwater, Oklahoma.PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY :The vegetation was tallgrass prairie dominated by the big bluestem(Andropogon gerardii), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans),switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), little bluestem (Schizachyriumscoparium), and side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula).TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE :Big bluestem was in an active growth stage at the time of this September5 burn. Plants were probably in flower.SITE DESCRIPTION :Two similar upland study sites with different grazing histories,approximately 2.1 miles (3.5 km) apart, were burned. One site wasmoderately grazed in recent years including the year of burning(considered the low fuel site), while the other had not been grazed forat least 3 years (considered the high fuel site). Mean annualprecipitation is 32.7 inches (83.1 cm) with 75 percent falling betweenApril through October. Precipitation was 17 percent above averageduring the 1985 growing season. Weather conditions were typical ofwildfire conditions - hot and dry. The relative humidity was 36percent, while the ambient temperature was 98.6 degrees F (37 deg C).Wind speed at the low fuel plots was 13.8-24 mph (23-40 kph), and 7.8-18mph (13-30 kph) at the high fuel plots. The low fuel plots had 443 plusor minus 74 grams/m2 of accumulated fuel, while the high fuel plots had1032 plus or minus 60 grams/m2 of accumulated fuel.FIRE DESCRIPTION :The fire was a line head fire ignited by drip torch on September 5, 1985.Fire intensity and fire temperatures demonstrate that fire on the highfuel plot was roughly four times as intense at the soil surface as thaton the low fuel plot. Fire intensity and duration was measured indegree seconds. Degree seconds is the amount of time the sampled areadiffers from the ambient post-burn temperature by more than 2 degrees C(sampled at two second intervals). Data on fire intensity and durationare presented below: Area Sampled degree seconds low fuel high fuelsoil surface 10,400 +or- 1,900 43,000 +or- 3,2006 in (15 cm) above soil surface 6,300 +or- 40 29,000 +or- 2,10012 in (30 cm) above soil surface 3,900 +or- 180 20,300 +or- 1,400FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES :This late summer fire resulted in nearly complete combustion of biomass,with the plots generally having blackened and bare soil with a dustingof ash. Tiller counts two months after the fire showed that bigbluestem recovered well on the low fuel plot. Most of the regrowth camefrom existing tillers which had been completely defoliated but had notsuffered apical meristem damage during the fire. On the high fuel plot,extensive damage to tillers occurred. Reductions in tiller densitieswere apparent 2 months after burning. Regrowth on high fuel plotsconsisted largely of newly initiated tillers. Big bluestem tillerdensity before and after burning is summarized below: low fuel plot high fuel plot before burn after burn before burn after burn (8/15/85) (10/22/85) (8/15/85) (10/22/85)tiller density (#/m2) 23 45 89 17By the end of the following growing season, tiller densities wereroughly equal on burned and unburned plots. Even on the high fuel plot,where fire induced reductions in tiller density was apparent in theearly growing season, tiller densities returned to normal by September.FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS :The rhizomatous character of big bluestem makes it well adapted tosurvive summer fires. Initiating new growth from rhizomes allows thisgrass to quickly revegetate the postburn community. Wildfire in thetall grass prairie region, may initially reduce big bluestemproductivity, but total aboveground biomass may return to normal by theend of the following growing season.
References for species: Andropogon gerardii
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