MycoBank number:MB 80691;Index Fungorum number:IF 80691;Facesoffungi number: FoF 01383; 497 species.

Endophytic,pathogenicorsaprobicon terrestrial and rarely submerged plants.Sexual morph:Pseudostromatawell or poorly developed, erumpent, pulvinate, slightly convex or flat, circular, orbicular or irregular, coriaceous, sclerotioid, whitish or brownish to black, with or lacking black zone or a crust containing of fungus tissue, solitary or having up to 10 ascomata in a stroma.Ectostromatic disksubhyaline to hyaline or brown.Ascomataimmersed to erumpent, perithecial, globose or compressed, solitary or aggregated in a valsoid shape, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate.Papillashort or long, black, convergent, erumpent, conical or cylindrical, internal wall concealed by hyaline periphyses, composed of vertically organized parenchymatous tissues.Peridiumcovering exterior layer of thick-walled, flattened, dark-brown cells oftextura angularisand inner, thin-walled, hyaline cells oftextura angularis.Paraphysesunbranched, septate, cylindrical.Asci8-spored, clavate, oblong-clavate to broadly fusoid, unitunicate, sessile, with a distinct apical ring.Ascosporesbiseriate to partially biseriate, hyaline, dark brown, ellipsoid, oblong to fusoid, unicellular or one septate, constricted at septum, with or without appendages at both ends, occasionally narrowly rounded at ends, multi-guttulate, smooth-walled.Asexual morph: Coelomycetous.Conidiomataglobose, acervular or pycnidial, initially immersed, erumpent when mature, black, solitary, coriaceous, scattered, elongated ostiolar necks, sometime becoming multi- loculate with one to numerous noticeably demarcated black necks extending over the stroma, frequently with yellowish conidial mass extruding from ostiole.Peridiumcomprising 3–4 layers of light brown cells oftextura intricatatotextura angularis.Conidiophoresdimorphic.Alpha conidiophoressubcylindrical, firmly aggregated, branched in middle area, comprising 2–3 associate cells, ampulliform, giving rise to septate, cylindrical to irregular conidiogenous cells or paraphyses, straight to sinuous, smooth, 1–5-septate, hyaline to pale brown, cylindrical, branched merely at the base, formed from the inner most layer cells of the conidiomata wall, sometime terminal and lateral, apex with minute periclinal thickening and collarette.Beta conidiophoreshyaline, scattered between alpha conidiophores, subcylindrical, branched, 1–3-septate.Alpha Conidiogenous cellsphialidic, enteroblastic, cylindrical or subcylindrical, terminal and lateral, slightly tapering towards the apex or sometimes apex with minute periclinal thickening and collarette.Beta conidiogenous cellsintegrated, phialidic, terminal and lateral.Alpha conidiahyaline, fusiform to ovate, subcylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid, straight or curved, occasionally irregular, smooth-walled, abundant, 0–2-septate, apex obtuse, base truncate to sub-truncate, straight to curved, occasionally slightly sigmoid, pale to medium brown, with many guttules, sometimes short, bear appendages at both ends.Beta conidiahyaline, aseptate, smooth, subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, fusiform to hooked, base sub-truncate, occasionally widest in middle, tapering to acutely rounded apex, truncate at base.

Type genus –DiaportheNitschke

Notes – Diaporthaceae was introduced and placed in Diaporthales by Höhnel (1917d) and it encompasses numerous endophytic and phytopathogenic fungal species. Wehmeyer (1975) confined two genera,DiaportheandMazzantiato this family. However, Barr (1978) synonymized Diaporthaceae in Valsaceae. Castlebury et al. (2002) presented the distinct placement of Diaporthaceae in Diaporthales, forming an analyzed LSU sequence data of diaporthoid taxa in a well-supported clade. Previously, onlyDiaporthe(Phomopsis) andMazzantiawere accommodated in Diaporthaceae based on phylogenetic analysis (Castlebury et al. 2002). Nevertheless,ApioporthellaandLeucodiaporthewere included in this family by Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010). Lamprecht et al. (2011) showed the phylogenetic placement ofStenocarpellaandPhaeocytostromain Diaporthaceae using LSU sequences analysis. Based on combined gene analysis of LSU, SSU andtef1sequence data, Dai et al. (2014b) introducedPustulomyces. Phylogenetic placement ofPhaeodiaporthein Diaporthaceae was confirmed by Voglmayr & Jaklitsch (2014). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) listedAllantoporthe,Apioporthella,Clypeoporthella,Diaporthe,Diaporthella,Diaporthopsis,Leucodiaporthe,Mazzantia,Mazzantiella,OphiodiaportheandPustulomycesas genera of Diaporthaceae based on an analysis of LSU sequence data. Based on greater usage of the nameMazzantia, Rossman et al. (2015) synonymizedMazzantiellaunderMazzantia.Clypeoporthellawas established onC.brenckleiPetr., and a newly collectedC.brencklei(BPI 843482) specimen was developed in culture and sequenced. It has aPhomopsisasexual morph and DNA sequence data disclosed thatC.brenckleiclustered together withDiaporthe. Thus,Clypeoporthellais regarded as a synonym ofDiaporthe(Sogonov et al. 2008).Diaporthopsiswas introduced to accommodate species that are similar toDiaporthe, with unicellular ascospores and was typified byD.angelicae. Molecular analysis of LSU sequence data showed thatD.angelicaeclustered within theDiaporthe. In addition,Diaporthopsis angelicaehas similar characters ofDiaporthesuch as stromata, perithecia, and centrum to species.Diaporthopsiswas synonymized underDiaporthebased on morphology and molecular data (Castlebury et al. 2002, Gomes et al. 2013).Diaporthellais comprised of aggregated perithecia within well- developed stromata and median, 1-septate ascospores.Diaporthella corylinais parasitic and causes dieback ofCorylusstems.Diaporthella corylinashows similar characters toAnisogramma anomalamorphologically.Anisogrammabelongs in the Gnomoniaceae based onA.virgultorum(Castlebury et al. 2002, Vasilyeva et al. 2007). Based on combined LSU, ITS,rpb2andtef1gene analysis, Senanayake et al. (2017a) confirmed the phylogenetic placement ofDiaporthellaoutside of Diaporthaceae, and it does not show affinities with any families in Diaporthales. A recent study by Senanayake et al. (2017a) accepted a few genera within this family in addition to Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016b) by introducing three new genera:Chiangraiomyces,HyaliappendisporaandParadiaporthebased on morphology and phylogeny.Massariotheawas added to the family by Thambugala & Hyde (2018). Therefore 15 genera:Apioporthella,Apiosphaeria, Chaetoconis,Chiangraiomyces,Diaporthe,Hyaliappendispora,Leucodiaporthe,Massariothea,Mazzantia,Ophiodiaporthe,Paradiaporthe,Phaeocytostroma,Phaeodiaporthe,PustulomycesandStenocarpellaare accepted in Diaporthaceae (Senanayake et al. 2018).

Clypeoporthe,Cryptonectriella,Kensinjia,LollipopaiaandSkottsbergiellawere listed in Diaporthaceae by Wijawawardene et al. (2017).Clypeoporthewas introduced and is typified byC. monocarpa. There are five species listed under this genus (Species fungorum 2020). However, some species in this genus have eutypelloid configuration of ascomata in parenchymatous stromatic tissues.Clypeoporthewas reduced to synonymy underGnomoniaby Monod (1983), while Kirk et al. (2008) mentionedClypeoportheis the sexual morph ofPhaeocytostroma. However, the latter is not proven by culture or molecular data and it is necessary to obtain DNA sequence data to resolve this genus. Therefore, Senanayake et al. (2017a, 2018) and Wijayawardhene et al. (2018) accepted this genus in Gnomoniaceae.Cryptonectriella(Höhn.) Weese (≡Cryptonectriopsis(Höhn.) Weese) was introduced and is typified byC. biparasiticaand a second speciesC. geoglossi(Species Fungorum 2020). Weese (1919) accommodated this genus in Hypocreales.Kensinjiawas introduced and is typified byK. umbrinaby Reid & Booth (1989). However this species was synonymized underCryptosporellaasC. umbrina(Jenkins) Jenkins & Wehm., which is a genus in Gnomoniaceae. The monotypic genusLollipopaiawas introduced and typified byL. minutaand accommodated in Diaporthales generaincertae sedis(Inderbitzin and Berbee 2001). There are only two nrSSU sequences and blast searches in GenBank showL. minutais closely related to economically important plant pathogens in Diaporthaceae. However our phylogenetic analysis (unpublished) shows thatL. minutaclusters away from Diaporthaceae; but within Diaporthales.Lollipopaia minutais somewhat different from taxa of Diaporthaceae in having solitary to aggregated, carbonaceous ascomata with long, slender necks and long, filiform, multiseptate ascospores. Senanayake et al. (2017a, 2018) acceptedLollipopaiawithin Diaporthales generaincertae sedisbased on morphology and here we follow this.Skottsbergiellawas introduced and typified bySkottsbergiella diaporthoideswhich has large perithecia immersed in massive, externally crustose, pseudoparenchymatous stromata. Petrak (1971) assigned this genus to eutypoid fungi based on its stromata. This genus is morphologically similar toDiaporthella, which is placed in Diaporthales generaincertae sedis(Barr 1978). However,Skottsbergiella diaporthoideswas synonymized underDiaporthe diaporthoides(Barr 1978) and accommodated in Diaporthaceae. This was followed by Senanayake et al. (2017a, 2018).

Genera