| Natural Stones Physical and Thermal Properties | | A stone or a rock is a naturally occurring composite of minerals. Stone has been used for thousands of years as a major construction material because it possesses qualities of strength, durability, architectural adaptability, and aesthetic satisfaction. |
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| Rock Engineering Properties | | Table chart giving typical properties including Solid density, Unconfined Compressive Strength, Young's Modulus, etc. |
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| Excavation Removal Rates | | Excavation Removal Capacity Volume Rates vs Methods. The cost of excavation depends on many factors, including the volume and nature of the material to be excavated, the method used, the distance moved and disposition of the excavated material, and backfill considerations. |
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| Capillary Number and Pressure Formulas and Calculators | | The capillary number (Nc) is a dimensionless quantity representing the relative effect of viscous drag forces versus surface tension forces acting across an interface between a liquid and a gas, or between two immiscible liquids. |
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| Odor Control and Odor Thresholds | | Ventilation engineering: (1) contemporary construction methods result in buildings that allow less air infiltration through the building envelope; (2) indoor sources of odors associated with modern building materials, furnishings, and office equipment have increased; (3) outdoor air is often polluted; and (4) energy costs encourage lower ventilation rates at a time when requirements for a relatively odor-free environment are greater than ever. |
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