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Libya's economic outlook relies heavily on the oil and gas sector, which constitutes a significant portion of its GDP, government revenue, and exports. With oil production expected to average 1.1 mbpd in 2024, GDP is anticipated to shrink by 2.7 percent this year. As oil output recovers in 2025...

Gängige Ansätze zur Analyse islamistischer Mobilisierung können schwer erklären, warum sich militant islamistische Bewegungen in Libyen nach 2011 zunächst rasch ausbreiteten und dann wie über Nacht fast völlig verschwanden. Ihr Niedergang stellt für herkömmliche Analysemuster ein...

Libya's medium-term growth and development challenges are major and pressing. Key among these is to accelerate and stabilize growth: GDP per capita shrank by 54 percent between 2010 and 2022. Furthermore, Libya's economy was among the most volatile during the past decade due to the conflict,...

The objective of the RDNA is to estimate the impact of the storm and floods on physical assets and service delivery in the most affected areas and take stock of the ensuing recovery needs. The RDNA covers 20 municipalities and provides indepth analysis of the five most affected cities (Derna,...

Prevailing approaches to understanding Islamist mobilisation struggle to explain why militant Islamist movements in Libya initially spread rapidly after 2011 and then disappeared almost overnight. Their decline poses a puzzle for conventional analyses. Tactical choices, such as the search for...

Libya remains a fragile state trapped in political uncertainty. Episodes of active conflict have become less frequent, but the country remains de facto divided between the West and the East and fragmented among various militias with competing objectives. The political economy constraints and...

There are still a number of UN arms embargoes in place to prevent the flow of arms and military material into conflict zones. Although the UN Security Council is not generally deadlocked on this issue, it has only taken relevant decisions to re-design the embargoes in a few cases over the last...

METAC assisted the Libyan Tax Authority in reviewing tax forms to enhance taxpayer data collection. The proposed data set will significantly expand existing information, improving the completeness of taxpayer records and greatly aiding the risk assessment process

In den vergangenen 10 Jahren haben die drei verbündeten Regierungen Ägyptens, Saudi-Arabiens und der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate (VAE) erheblichen Einfluss auf Entwicklungen im Nahen und Mittleren Osten genommen. Gemeinsames Ziel war es, demokratische Transformation zu verhindern, den...

Die seit 2011 in Libyen entstandenen bewaffneten Gruppen haben in den letzten Jahren einen Marsch durch die Institutionen vollzogen. Mittlerweile sind ihre Vertreter sowohl in Armee und Sicherheitsapparat als auch in zivilen Regierungsämtern auf der Spitzenebene angekommen. Zugleich üben sie...

In May 2017, the Egyptian armed forces conducted airstrikes against non-State targets in the neighbouring State of Libya in response to a series of attacks perpetrated against groups of Coptic Christians on Egyptian territory, killings later claimed by the self-styled Islamic State. In...

The banking system in Libya has been facing various challenges due to the political ‎instability and divided governance in the country. This situation has created unique ‎features for the financial sector in Libya. This study aims to explore the relationship ‎between transformational...

Speaking at the inauguration ceremony in June after being sworn in for the third time as the president of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan promised the nation that his policies in the coming five years would "crown the second century of the republic with the Century of Türkiye". Turkey has...

While armed clashed have declined, Libya continues to face fragmentation and fragility. The country's fragility is having far-reaching economic and social impact. Social conditions and public service delivery have been affected. Similar to numerous conflict-affected countries, the World Bank...

Conventional literature on sanctions tends to overfocus on measuring their political efficacy on targeted countries, accused of carrying out terrorist activities. More critically, other studies have focused on the ethical problems arising from the consequences that sanctions have on entire...

Qatar's domestic and foreign policy since the 1990s has developed along three main lines: The emirate has expanded its gas production and supplies liquefied gas to as many countries as possible; it assures itself of US military protection by providing bases; and it conducts a "soft power"...

This Selected Issues paper provides an overview of the challenges facing the banking sector in Libya and puts forward reforms to strengthen financial stability and accelerate credit growth. Priority reforms are identified using the 2012 sound principles for effective supervision, issued by the...

This 2023 Article IV Consultation discusses that Libya's institutional framework has helped the country through a period of significant macroeconomic volatility and turmoil. There have been exceptional swings in oil production and revenues since 2011. The economy contracted sharply in 2020 due...

Die seit 2011 in Libyen entstandenen bewaffneten Gruppen haben in den letzten Jahren einen Marsch durch die Institutionen vollzogen. Mittlerweile sind ihre Vertreter sowohl in Armee und Sicherheitsapparat als auch in zivilen Regierungsämtern auf der Spitzenebene angekommen. Zugleich üben sie...

In den vergangenen 10 Jahren haben die drei verbündeten Regierungen Ägyptens, Saudi-Arabiens und der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate (VAE) erheblichen Einfluss auf Entwicklungen im Nahen und Mittleren Osten genommen. Gemeinsames Ziel war es, demokratische Transformation zu verhindern, den...

The armed groups that have formed in Libya since 2011 have progressively taken over the state. They are undergoing a process of institutionalisation, and their representatives are reaching the top levels of the army, the security apparatus and the civilian government. At the same time, they are...

The formation of the Libyan Stock Market (LSM) has been greatly affected by instability in the country. The stock market has been active, inactive, active and inactive since its inception in 2006. On the other end, there has been a growing concern and existence of constant pressure to activate...

Prior to the conflict, Libya used to be one of the most developed countries in the North African region, with relatively comprehensive public services and a significant number of contributory and non-contributory benefits supported by a robust social protection legal framework. In the aftermath...

Libya is struggling to cope with a trifecta of crises, including the civil conflict, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and most recently, the impact of the Russia-Ukraine crisis. Notwithstanding the tempering of conflict intensity since 2021, the Libyan economy has been battered by the...

Calls for an independent European security policy have increased following the withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan and the AUKUS submarine deal, but does the EU currently have the forces it needs to deal with a short-term security emergency on its own? Given the importance of...

Middle East Technical Assistance Center (METAC) has arranged a two-phase capacity development (CD) for the Libyan Customs Administration (LCA) of the Libyan Ministry of Finance. The purpose of this mission is to assess the development status of the ASYCUDA World (AW) prototype piloted in the...

We use novel survey data to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the Libyan population. In our sample, 9.5% of respondents report that a household member has been infected by COVID-19, while 24.7% of them have suffered economic damages and 14.6% have experienced negative health effects due...

In the 1990s, Algeria experienced a violent civil war with various atrocities. Civilians confronted violence from both state forces and from extremist armed groups. The suspension of the electoral process in 1992 by the military, which was associated with profound societal polarisation and...

Changes in the sentiment of migration-related news published in destination countries affect the timing of migrants' journeys to these countries. Using geo-localized data on migrants in Libya and the complete record of news articles in their country of destination, this paper shows that a...

The current geopolitical transition in global interstate relations from a unipolar power structure, in which American primacy was largely uncontested and generally acknowledged, to a multipolar international system characterized by the relative decline of the United States and what Zakaria...

This article investigates the complex problems arising from the discrepancy of traditional liberal crisis response approaches in the new type of complex emergencies. Based on the in-depth empirical analysis, it examines the EU role in addressing security sector reforms, humanitarian assistance...

Libya's present complicated transitional situation offers an opportunity to discuss a new state model which is less path-dependent and more reflective of the country's long-term peace and development needs. Libyans have an opportunity to choose between the liberal market-led model, the...

Libya's present complicated transitional situation offers an opportunity to discuss a new state model which is less path-dependent and more reflective of the country's long-term peace and development needs. Libyans have an opportunity to choose between the liberal market-led model, the...

Financial scandals in developed countries such as the USA and the UK have highlighted the need for greater transparency and credibility in order to protect shareholders and stakeholders alike. It has been argued that the audit committee (AC) is a key mechanism for achieving this transparency and...

The diffusion of innovation theory has already addressed the major contextual factors hindering or facilitating the diffusion of management accounting innovations (MAIs) in organisations. However, the diffusion of MAIs in less developed countries (such as Libya) is still very low, and the...