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Debian GNU/Linux 12 supports 9 major architectures and severalvariations of each architecture known as“flavors”.

This document covers installation for the32-bit PCarchitecture using theLinux kernel.If you are lookingfor information on any of the other Debian-supported architecturestake a look at theDebian-Ports pages.

Complete information concerning supported peripherals can be found atLinux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO.This section merely outlines the basics.

2.1.2.1. CPU

Nearly all x86-based (IA-32) processors still in use in personalcomputers are supported. This also includes 32-bit AMD and VIA(former Cyrix) processors, and processors like the Athlon XP and IntelP4 Xeon.

However, Debian GNU/Linux bookworm willnot run on 586 (Pentium) or earlier processors.

	Note
	If your system has a 64-bit processor from the AMD64 or Intel 64 families,you will probably want to use the installer for the amd64 architecture insteadof the installer for the (32-bit) i386 architecture.

From a technical point of view, laptops are normal PCs, so all informationregarding PC systems applies to laptops as well. Installationson laptops nowadays usually work out of the box, including things likeautomatically suspending the system on closing the lid and laptop specfichardware buttons like those for disabling the wifi interfaces (“airplanemode”). Nonetheless sometimes the hardware vendors use specialized orproprietary hardware for some laptop-specific functions whichmight not be supported. To see if your particular laptop works wellwith GNU/Linux, see for example theLinux Laptop pages.

Multiprocessor support — also called“symmetricmultiprocessing” or SMP — is available for this architecture.The standard Debian 12 kernel image has been compiled withSMP-alternatives support. This means that the kernelwill detect the number of processors (or processor cores) and willautomatically deactivate SMP on uniprocessor systems.

Having multiple processors in a computer was originallyonly an issue for high-end server systems but has become common inrecent years nearly everywhere withthe introduction of so called“multi-core” processors. These containtwo or more processor units, called“cores”, in one physical chip.

Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by theunderlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basicframebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktopenvironments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available,depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in somecases on the installation of additional“firmware” blobs(seeSection 2.2, “Devices Requiring Firmware”).

On modern PCs, having a graphical display usually works out of thebox. For quite a lot of hardware, 3D acceleration also works well out ofthe box, but there is still some hardware that needs binary firmware blobsto work well. In some cases there have been reports about hardware onwhich installation of additional graphics card firmware was requiredeven for basic graphics support.

Details on supported graphics hardware and pointing devices can be found athttps://wiki.freedesktop.org/xorg/. Debian 12 shipswith X.Org version 7.7.

Almost any network interface card (NIC) supported by the Linux kernelshould also be supported by the installation system; driversshould normally be loaded automatically.This includes most PCI/PCI-Express cards as well asPCMCIA/Express Cards on laptops.Many older ISA cards are supported as well.

ISDN is supported, but not during the installation.

Support for braille displays is determined by the underlying supportfound inbrltty. Most displays work underbrltty, connected via either a serial port, USBor bluetooth. Details on supported braille devices can be found on thebrltty website.Debian GNU/Linux 12 ships withbrltty version6.5.

Support for hardware speech synthesis devices is determined by theunderlying support found inspeakup.speakup only supports integrated boards andexternal devices connected to a serial port (no USB, serial-to-USB or PCIadapters are supported). Details on supported hardware speech synthesisdevices can be found on thespeakup website.Debian GNU/Linux 12 ships withspeakup version3.1.6.

Linux supports a large variety of hardware devices such as mice,printers, scanners, PCMCIA/CardBus/ExpressCard and USB devices. However, most of thesedevices are not required while installing the system.

USB hardware generally works fine. On some very old PC systems someUSB keyboards may require additional configuration (seeSection 3.6.6, “Hardware Issues to Watch Out For”).On modern PCs, USB keyboards and mice work without requiring anyspecific configuration.