The amine functional group is one of the most common and important nitrogen-containing groups in organic chemistry. Amines are derivatives of ammonia (NH₃), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.   Amines play central …Read more

The amide functional group is an important carbonyl-containing group in organic chemistry. Amides are widely found in proteins, peptides, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic polymers, and they play key roles in condensation, hydrolysis, and acylation reactions.     Since amides contain a …Read more

The ester functional group is another common and important carbonyl-containing group in organic chemistry. Esters are widely found in fragrances, flavorings, fats, oils, and biological molecules, and they play key roles in condensation and hydrolysis reactions.     Since esters …Read more

The ketone functional group is another common and reactive carbonyl-containing group in organic chemistry. Like aldehydes, ketones play a central role in nucleophilic addition reactions, oxidation-reduction processes, and are widely found in both biological molecules and industrial compounds. Since ketones …Read more

The aldehyde functional group is one of the most common and reactive carbonyl-containing groups in organic chemistry. It plays a central role in oxidation-reduction reactions, nucleophilic additions, and many biological pathways. It is a carbonyl-containing group, so for starters, recall …Read more

The presence of a lone pair on an atom sometimes brings an exception to the shortcut for determining its hybridization.Recall that for a quick and accurate way of determining the hybridization, we count the steric number of the atom – …Read more

You have mastered the concept of resonance structures, can draw valid resonance transformations, and now all you hear is “that is a significant resonance structure” or “that is not a significant resonance structure.”So, what are significant and non-significant resonance structures? …Read more

We have learned that resonance structures are different Lewis structures of the same molecule. In other words, they are different ways of drawing the same species. So, what does “different” refer to if they represent the same species? The term …Read more

Functional groups are what set apart the chemical properties of organic compounds. For example, if we draw pentane and heptane, or pentanol and heptanol next to each other, they will look quite similar because the length of the carbon chain …Read more

Have resonance structures been a major topic in your class recently? It may seem that there are too many rules to memorize about resonance structures, but there are a few important things you need to realize before getting into the …Read more