…public assistance officials and the social workers of today in his command of statutory financial aid. The voluntary charitable agencies of the time differed on the relative merits of deterrent poor-law services on the one hand, implying resistance to the growth of statutory welfare, and on the provision of alternative…

Psychiatric social workers also became psychotherapists and played prominent roles in mental health centers. New roles emerged for nurses, including behavior therapy and the management of chronic mental illness in the community.

…welfare worker who led the social-work education movement in the United States.