…regardedkalām theologians (called themutakallimūn) with a certain contempt, holding them to be mere apologists and indifferent to the philosophical question of truth. Herein they did not do justice to their adversaries, for many representatives ofkalām displayed a genuine speculative impulse. The school’s theology, forged in disputes with…

…Sharīʿah), and not the Muslimmutakallimūn (dialectic theologians), who rely on dialectical arguments. To establish the true, inner meaning of religious beliefs and convictions is the aim of philosophy in its quest for truth. This inner meaning must not be divulged to the masses, who must accept the plain, external…