Additional Reading

Paul J. Scheips (ed.),The Panama Canal: Readings on Its History (1979);David McCullough,The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914 (1977);Alexander Missal,Seaway to the Future: American Social Visions and the Construction of the Panama Canal (2008);Julie Greene,The Canal Builders: Making America’s Empire at the Panama Canal (2009);Matthew Parker,Panama Fever: The Epic Story of the Building of the Panama Canal (2009); andNoel Maurer andCarlos Yu,The Big Ditch: How America Took, Built, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal (2011), detail the history of the canal’s construction.

Works treating the canal mostly from the point of view of international law and foreign relations includePaul B. Ryan,The Panama Canal Controversy: U.S. Diplomacy and Defense Interests (1977);J. Michael Hogan,The Panama Canal in American Politics: Domestic Advocacy and the Evolution of Policy (1986);Walter LaFeber,The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective, updated ed. (1989);John Major,Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903–1979 (1993);Mark Falcoff,Panama’s Canal: What Happens When the United States Gives a Small Country What It Wants (1998); andVelma Newton,The Silver Men: West Indian Labour Migration to Panama, 1850–1914 (2004).

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

• Aileen Cho
• Wayne D. Bray
• William E. Worthington
  Specialist, National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.
• Norman J. Padelford
• Burton L. Gordon
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Other Contributors

• Patrick Gormely
• Matthew Sherman

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

• Vivek Abhinav
• Adam Augustyn
• Encyclopaedia Britannica
• Gloria Lotha
• Deepti Mahajan
• Meg Matthias
• Melissa Petruzzello
• Emily Rodriguez
• Marco Sampaolo
• Kathleen Sheetz
• Gaurav Shukla
• Shiveta Singh
• Amy Tikkanen
• Grace Young

Article History