Notre-Dame de Paris,cathedralchurch inParis. It is the most famous of theGothic cathedrals of theMiddle Ages and is distinguished for its size, antiquity, and architectural interest.

Notre-Dame lies at the eastern end of theÎle de la Cité and was built on the ruins of two earlier churches, which were themselves predated by a Gallo-Roman temple dedicated toJupiter. The cathedral was initiated byMaurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, who about 1160 conceived the idea of converting into a single building, on a larger scale, the ruins of the two earlier basilicas. The foundation stone was laid by PopeAlexander III in 1163, and the high altar wasconsecrated in 1189. Thechoir, the western facade, and thenave were completed by 1250, and porches, chapels, and other embellishments were added over the next 100 years.

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Notre-Dame Cathedral consists of a choir andapse, a shorttransept, and a nave flanked by double aisles and square chapels. Its centralspire was added during restoration in the 19th century, replacing the original, which had been completely removed in the 18th century because of instability. The interior of the cathedral is 427 by 157 feet (130 by 48 meters) in plan, and the roof is 115 feet (35 meters) high. Two massive early Gothic towers (1210–50)crown the western facade, which is divided into three stories and has its doors adorned with fine early Gothic carvings and surmounted by a row of figures ofOld Testament kings. The two towers are 223 feet (68 meters) high; the spires with which they were to be crowned were never added. At the cathedral’s east end, the apse has large clerestory windows (added 1235–70) and is supported by single-archflying buttresses of the more daringRayonnant Gothic style, especially notable for their boldness and grace. The cathedral’s three greatrose windows alone retain their 13th-century glass.

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Notre-Dame Cathedral suffered damage and deterioration through the centuries. After theFrench Revolution it was rescued from possible destruction byNapoleon, whocrowned himself emperor of the French in the cathedral in 1804. Notre-Dame underwent major restorations by the French architectEugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc in the mid-19th century. The popularity ofVictor Hugo’shistorical novelNotre-Dame de Paris (1831), wherein the cathedral is the setting, was said to have inspired the renovations. In the 21st century, the cathedral was undergoing a restoration campaign when afire broke out on April 15, 2019, in the cathedral’s attic. The massive blaze destroyed most of the roof, Viollet-le-Duc’s 19th-century spire, and some of the rib vaulting. Pres.Emmanuel Macron immediately promised that the cathedral would be rebuilt—ultimately setting a timetable of five years. Notre-Dame reopened to the public on December 8, 2024, to much fanfare following a restoration project estimated to cost upward of €700 million ($767 million).