In Flanders Fields, one of history’s most famous wartime poems, written in 1915 during theFirst World War by Canadian officer and surgeonJohn McCrae. It helped popularize the redpoppy as a symbol of remembrance.

Ypres

When he volunteered at age 41 for service in the First World War, McCrae wrote to a friend that “I am really rather afraid, but more afraid to stay at home with my conscience.” In April 1915, McCrae and a young friend, Alexis Helmer, joined the 18,000 soldiers of the First Canadian Division in their positions near Ypres, Belgium. TheSecond Battle of Yprescommenced on 22 April and lasted for six hellish weeks. It was during this battle that the Germans launched the first large-scale poison gas attacks of the war.

A Montréal physician, McCrae served as a major and a surgeon with the Canadian Field Artillery, in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Ypres was the Force’s first major engagement of the war.

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Remembering World War I: John McCrae: In Flanders Fields

“The general impression in my mind is of a nightmare,” McCrae wrote to his mother, “…And behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead, the wounded, the maimed, and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way.”

On 2 May, Alexis Helmer was killed. Because the brigadechaplain was absent, McCrae—as the brigade doctor—conducted the burial service for his friend. Later, at Helmer’s grave, he wrote a few lines of verse that were the beginning of the poem “InFlanders Fields.”

“In Flanders Fields” published

Before the war, McCrae had writtenpoetry inCanada, and some of his work had been published.

McCrae later sent a finished copy of his war poem to The Spectator magazine inLondon, where it was rejected. But a journalist who visited the hospital took a copy back toPunch magazine, which printed it—anonymously, without McCrae’s name—on 8 December 1915. Within months it became the most popular poem of the war. Its powerful use of the symbol of the poppies blooming from thechurned earth led to the tradition, to this day, of the poppy as a symbol of remembrance for those killed in service.

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By 1917 “In Flanders Fields” was known throughout the English-speaking world. It was used to further the war effort, to raise money for the troops, and to help recruit American soldiers as theUnited States mobilized to enter the war. John McCrae became a household name in the US.

Legacy

McCrae’s poem is read by millions in Canada and around the world each Remembrance Day. There have also been various settings to music, among which that ofWilliam Hewlett is used during Remembrance Day ceremonies in Ottawa. A history museum in the ancient Cloth Hall in Ypres (Ieper), Belgium, is named after the poem. The special exhibition gallery in the Canadian War Museum is also named for McCrae.

The poem

In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
Thelarks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.


We are the dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved, and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.


Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.

An earlier version of this entry was published byThe Canadian Encyclopedia.