Abbey Theatre,Dublin theatre, established in 1904. It grew out of the Irish Literary Theatre (founded in 1899 byWilliam Butler Yeats andIsabella Augusta, Lady Gregory, and devoted tofostering Irish poetic drama), which in 1902 was taken over by the Irish National Dramatic Society, led by W.G. and Frank J. Fay and formed to present Irish actors in Irish plays. In 1903 this became theIrish National Theatre Society, with which many leading figures of theIrish literary renaissance were closely associated. The quality of its productions was quickly recognized, and in 1904 an Englishwoman,Annie Horniman, a friend of Yeats, paid for the conversion of an old theatre in Abbey Street, Dublin, into the Abbey Theatre. The Abbey opened in December of that year with a bill of plays by Yeats, Lady Gregory, andJohn Millington Synge (who joined the other two as codirector). Founder members included the Fays, Arthur Sinclair, andSara Allgood.

The Abbey’s staging of Synge’s satireThe Playboy of the Western World, on Jan. 26, 1907, stirred up so muchresentment in the audience over its portrayal of the Irish peasantry that there was a riot. When the Abbey players toured theUnited States for the first time in 1911, similar protests and disorders were provoked when the play opened inNew York City and Philadelphia.

The years 1907–09 were difficult times for the Abbey. Changes in personnel affected the management of the theatre, and the Fay brothers, whose commitment to nationalistic and folk drama conflicted with Yeats’s art-theatre outlook, departed for the United States. Horniman withdrew her financial support, and the management of the theatre changed hands several times with little success until the post was filled by the playwright-directorLennox Robinson in 1910. The onset ofWorld War I and theIrish Rebellion of 1916 almost caused the closing of the theatre. Its luck changed, however, in 1924, when it became the first state-subsidized theatre in the English-speaking world. The emergence of the playwrightSean O’Casey alsostimulated new life in the theatre, and from 1923 to 1926 the Abbey staged three of his plays:The Shadow of a Gunman,Juno and the Paycock, andThe Plough and the Stars, the last a provocative dramatization of theEaster Rising of 1916. In the early 1950s the Abbey company moved to the nearby Queen’s Theatre after a fire had destroyed its playhouse. A new Abbey Theatre, housing a smaller, experimental theatre, was completed in 1966 on the original site. While the Abbey today retains its traditional focus on Irish plays, it also stages a wide range of classic and new works from around the world.