singularity, theoretical condition that could arrive in the near future when a synthesis of several powerful new technologies will radically change the realities in which we find ourselves in an unpredictable manner. Most notably, the singularity would involve computer programs becoming so advanced thatartificial intelligencetranscendshuman intelligence, potentially erasing the boundary between humanity and computers. Often,nanotechnology is included as one of the key technologies that will make the singularity happen.

In 1993 the magazineWhole Earth Review published an article titled “Technological Singularity” byVernor Vinge, a computer scientist andscience fiction author. Vinge imagined that future information networks andhuman-machine interfaces would lead to novel conditions with new qualities: “a new reality rules.” But there was a trick to knowing the singularity. Even if one could know that it wasimminent, one could not know what it would be like with any specificity. This condition will be, by definition, so thoroughlytranscendent that we cannot imagine what it will be like. There was “anopaque wall across the future,” and “the new era is simply too different to fit into the classical frame of good and evil.” It could be amazing or apocalyptic, but we cannot know the details.

Since that time, the idea of the singularity has been expanded to accommodate numerous visions of apocalyptic changes and technological salvation, not limited to Vinge’sparameters of information systems. One version championed by the inventor and visionaryRay Kurzweil emphasizes biology, cryonics, andmedicine (including nanomedicine): in the future we will have the medical tools to banish disease and disease-related death. Another is represented in the writings of the sociologistWilliam Sims Bainbridge, who describes a promise of “cyberimmortality,” when we will be able to experience a spiritual eternity that persists long after our bodies have decayed, by uploading digital records of our thoughts and feelings into perpetual storage systems. This variation circles back to Vinge’s original vision of a singularity driven by information systems. Cyberimmortality will work perfectly if servers never crash,power systems never fail, and some people in later generations have plenty of time to examine the digital records of our own thoughts and feelings.

One can also find a less radical expression of thesingularity inConverging Technologies for Improving Human Performance. This 2003 collection tacitly accepts the inevitability of so-calledNBIC convergence, that is, the near-future synthesis of nanotech, biotech, infotech, andcognitive science. Because this volume was sponsored by the U.S.National Science Foundation and edited by two of its officers, Mihail Roco and Bainbridge, some saw it as a semiofficial government endorsement of expectations of the singularity.

Unprecedented new technologies will continue to arise, and perhaps they will synthesize with each other, but it is not inevitable that the changes they create will be apocalyptic. The idea of the singularity is a powerful inspiration for people who wanttechnology to deliver a new spiritual and material reality within our lifetimes. This vision is sufficiently flexible that each person who expects the singularity cancustomize it to his or her own preferences.